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Shaftesbury as a Popperian: critical rationalism before
its time? Part I

Shaftesbury as a Popperian: critical rationalism before its time? Part I

Author(s): Lydia Amir / Language(s): English Issue: 35/2016

Shaftesbury has assigned humor an unparalleled role within philosophy, which may be encapsulated in the following tenets: (1) ridicule is the test of truth; (2) humor and good humor have a habilitating function with regard to truth; (3) the most effective criticism is humorous; and (4) humor is the mark of rationality. In the present article, I introduce Shaftesbury’s views on ridicule, good humor and humor in order to assess both the originality and viability of Shaftesbury’s contribution. I argue, first, that Shaftesbury’s views on ridicule as a test of truth and on good-humor as habilitating truth are thoroughly original, but cannot be implemented without adhering to his metaphysics and epistemology. Second, Shaftesbury’s views on humor are only partially original, though these can be implemented independently of metaphysical and epistemological assumptions for the greatest benefit of philosophers in general and critical rationalists in particular. I conclude that not only does Shaftesbury anticipate the view that critical thinking is the core of rationality, the main principle of the view known as critical rationalism associated with the renown 20th century philosopher of science and social philosopher, Karl Popper, but he also offers a viable means to enhance criticism as rationality by taking into consideration the psychological resistance to criticism that Popper acknowledges but refuses to address.

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Czy istnienie może być lepsze albo gorsze od nieistnienia? Część I: Ustalanie wartości w ramach dobrostanu

Czy istnienie może być lepsze albo gorsze od nieistnienia? Część I: Ustalanie wartości w ramach dobrostanu

Author(s): Mirosław Rutkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2016

The aim of this paper is to examine whether there is any possibility to compare the value of someone’s existence with his nonexistence. The final conclusion is that such a comparative evaluation can never be made in a meaningful and valid manner. Nobody can know as well whether he would be better off or worse off created than he would have been had he never existed.

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Sfera niczyja jako źródło życia psychicznego: Nietzsche, Scheler, Wittgenstein, Goffman

Sfera niczyja jako źródło życia psychicznego: Nietzsche, Scheler, Wittgenstein, Goffman

Author(s): Katarzyna Gurczyńska-Sady / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2016

Traditionally mental life of the person goes into “seclusion” called his/her interior. It is believed that because of its secret nature of the it and because it is not immediately given to other subject who may – at best – guess of what “goes in”. Free access one has got only to his/her own experiences (feelings, emotions, thoughts etc.). In the twentieth century (and a bit earlier) this traditional view is criticized and changed. As a fruit of this criticism emerged the opposite trend: the knowledge of both my and his/her inner experience is explain by introducing an element that allows this knowledge and is placed outside any of them. I call it the impersonal sphere of nobody – supra-individual matrix of the knowledge of my and his/her mental life. In this article I try to indicate the origin of the idea of this sphere giving its main characteristics. A description is based on the views of known philosophers: Nietzsche, Scheler and Wittgenstein and one sociologist – Goffman.

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Podmiot jako wewnętrzny biegun symbolizmu. Antymentalistyczna wykładnia „Traktatu logiczno-filozoficznego”

Podmiot jako wewnętrzny biegun symbolizmu. Antymentalistyczna wykładnia „Traktatu logiczno-filozoficznego”

Author(s): Jakub Gomułka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2016

The purpose of this paper is to offer a radical anti-mentalistic interpretation of Wittgensteinʼs Tractatus. Contrary to mentalistic approaches postulating that the task of projection must be performed by a subject (transcendental or psychological), the author claims – after Rhees, Diamond and McGinn – that the projection itself is an intrinsic relation within the symbol. The main point of the paper is the thesis that the transcendenal subjectivity – or, as Wittgenstein calls it, the metaphysical subject – is the inner pole of the symbol, and since the meaning of the symbol is itʼs other inner pole (as anti-realist interpretations point out), the whole intentional relation of symbolizing is intrinsic to the symbolism.

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Dysjunktywizm i natura percepcyjnej relacji

Dysjunktywizm i natura percepcyjnej relacji

Author(s): Paweł Zięba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2016

This paper surveys selected (though arguably representative) versions of metaphysical and epistemological disjunctivism. Although they share a common logical structure, it is hard to find a further common denominator among them. Two main conclusions are: (1) a specific standpoint on the nature of perceptual relation is not such a common denominator, which means that it is very unlikely that all of these views could be refuted with a single objection; (2) contrary to what its name suggests, disjunctivism can be correctly expressed without the employment of disjunction.

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Czy emocje mogą być racjonalne? Analiza wybranych aspektów filozofii emocji Ronalda de Sousy

Czy emocje mogą być racjonalne? Analiza wybranych aspektów filozofii emocji Ronalda de Sousy

Author(s): Andrzej Dąbrowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2016

In the paper I examine the three aspects of Ronald de Sousa’s philosophy of emotions: intentionality, objectivity, and rationality of emotions. In the beginning, I put up the basic question, how he sees emotions? De Sousa argues that emotions are a kind of perception (perception of axiological properties). At the same time he defends an objectivist approach to emotions. It implies that emotion apprehends something in the world that exists independently of us. The fundamental question, how emotions relate to their objects, leads to the inquiry on the intentional structure of emotion and, then, to the study of the truth of emotion. Finally, I reconstruct a very important study concerning rationality: cognitive rationality, strategic rationality, and axiological rationality. The latter one is specific to the emotions.

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Czy istnienie może być lepsze albo gorsze od nieistnienia? Część II: Wartości osobowe a obiektywne racje moralne

Czy istnienie może być lepsze albo gorsze od nieistnienia? Część II: Wartości osobowe a obiektywne racje moralne

Author(s): Mirosław Rutkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2016

The aim of this paper is to examine whether there is any possibility to compare the value of someone’s existence with his nonexistence. The final conclusion is that such a comparative evaluation can never be made in a meaningful and valid manner. Nobody can know as well whether he would be better off or worse off created than he would have been had he never existed.

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Zwierzę jako absolutny Inny – otwieranie nie/możliwości

Zwierzę jako absolutny Inny – otwieranie nie/możliwości

Author(s): Patryk Szaj / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2016

The starting point for consideration is to put the Emmanuel Levinas’s philosophy into question whether the status of “absolute Otherness” may also belong to the Other other than man. On the basis of the thought of Levinas it receives a negative response and it is because of his involvement in the so-called anthropological machine (which he shares with Martin Heidegger and some other critics of metaphysics). But it is, however, possible to open the (broadly defined) phenomenological ethical thought drew on the achievements of Levinas to the question of the animal. This attempt might be centered around the proposals of Jacques Derrida, the author of the essay The Animal That Therefore I Am (More To Follow), where he spoke about the singularity of each animal, the problematic status of border between man and animal, and the being-with animals as a full-fledged modality of being. This is a provocative thought which asks us about our attitude to such issues as “responsibility” and “responsiveness”, “carno-phallogocentrism”, or the status of non-human animals. Derrida’s thought is here very close to some kind of phenomenological language, but it is rather the phenomenology of the otherness than the phenomenology of intentional subject. The same phenomenology that we find in Bernhard Waldenfels’s or John D. Caputo’s writing.

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Jak czytać/pisać historię? Wobec sztuki, literatury i przeżycia

Jak czytać/pisać historię? Wobec sztuki, literatury i przeżycia

Author(s): Dominika Gruntkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2016

The author of the article tries to describe the most important issues in thoughts of Frank Ankersmit, Hayden White and Dominic LaCapra. The author of the article wants to analyze, how Ankersmit and White treat connection between historiography and literature and other fields of art. The object of the article was also to describe the problem of memory in history studies, this problem is united with trauma and her influence to the memory of the experience (LaCapra). This article tries also to describe the most important assumption of microhistory in thoughts of Ankersmit and White.

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„Bezstronny obserwator” Adama Smitha a neutralne kryteria oceny w etyce społecznej

„Bezstronny obserwator” Adama Smitha a neutralne kryteria oceny w etyce społecznej

Author(s): Cezary Kalita / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2016

Ethical theory for Adam Smith is first of all the basic mechanism of social controls. Going out from decisions of the matter of the moral feelings, which the ‘sympathy’ states the foundation; it tries to work out the neutral criteria of ethical opinions introducing the ‘impartial spectator’ figure. Superiority of this category in relation to John Rawls ‘veil of ignorance’ depends on this, that the Smith places his philosophical theory in the strong empirical context (the kind of sociological philosophy). Social ethicist is the base to build more folded regulators of community life, or social, such as economy and politics. The neutral criteria of ethical opinions are the foundation of different derivative social workings (economy, politics).

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(Nie)obiektywna podmiotowość

(Nie)obiektywna podmiotowość

Author(s): Piotr Piotrowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2016

In this article, I analyze the issue of subjectivity in the form in which it appears in Charles Taylor’s and Richard Rorty’s writings. Positions of these philosophers are generally regarded as contradictory. I will, however, argued that the position on subjectivity represented by Rorty finds its complementation in Taylor’s concept. To do this, I will show firstly that both Rorty and Taylor use the category of contingency, presenting some common thesis about subjectivity. This way I will show that the location of the category of subjectivity and the scope of its use in each of them concept is closely related to the understanding of objectivity accepted by each of them. This will allow then to reconstruct the concept of subjectivity presented by Taylor and Rorty. Next, in the conclusion, I will present such a summary of those two standpoints, which will include justification of the thesis of their complementarity.

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O kształceniu studentów niepełnosprawnych w uniwersytecie

O kształceniu studentów niepełnosprawnych w uniwersytecie

Author(s): Marek Mariusz Tytko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

1. The goal of this article is to present the situation of disabled persons at the university in the 21st century on the basis of selected examples. 2. Methodology. The author used the historiographical method for the analysis of document and observation. 3. The main results of analysis. The author presents the following issues: disabled persons and the university (masters context), The University Office for Disabled Persons, educational and professional activities of disabled persons, and two models of disabilities (medical and interactive). The author also shows the problem of disability in the context of such categories as: society, state, culture, and civilization. The author discusses the formation of altruistic attitudes towards disabled persons and educational assistance for them at the university when they are studying. The article examines issues surrounding hearing-impaired persons at the university (methods of working with such students) and the blind within the context of visual culture at the university. The author presents some problems of conscience and disabled persons at the university. 4. Limitations of results of analysis. This article is a contribution to discussions of the place of disabled persons at the university. Limitations concern relations to the university. 5. Practical implications. The results of the analysis may be used in these discussions as an argument for the change of situation of disabled at the university. 6. Social implications. The results of analysis may be related to the group of disabled students at the university. 7. The originality of the article (new value, novelty). The paper is based on original sources and on situations of disabled students at the university in the context of culture and possibilities of help.

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Psihološke karakteristike pojave i širenja mobinga

Psihološke karakteristike pojave i širenja mobinga

Author(s): Snježana Z. Stanar / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 4/2017

The paper shows the results of the individual research on the perception of the factors which contribute to the occurrence and expansion of mobbing. The aim of this research is defined as the empirical verification of the data on the consolidation of the relation between psychological characteristics and perception of the factors which contribute to the occurrence and expansion of mobbing. The research was realised on the adequate stratified sample of 411 employees in private and public firms and organizations. We tested the hypothesis of the significant differences in the perception of the factors which contribute to the occurrence and expansion of mobbing regarding psychological characteristics of the examinees. Within the variety of psychological characteristics, as independent variables we singled out emotional competence, self-respect, belief in justice, loneliness and authoritative style of the family upbringing. The factors which contribute to the occurrence and expansion of mobbing are organized in three categories: factor of the personality of manager, factor of the acceptance of the situation and factors of tradition. We used adequate measure instruments with satisfying metrical characteristics: the perception of the factors which contribute to the occurrence and expansion of mobbing scale, emotional competence scale, self-respect scale, belief in justice scale, loneliness scale and authoritative style of upbringing scale. The acquired results indicate that the initial hypothesis is only partially confirmed, regarding the following: - there are significant differences in the perception of the factors which contribute to the occurrence and expansion of mobbing regarding the level of the belief in justice and self-respect, while regarding other questioned characteristic of the examinees there are no difference in the perception of the factors of the personality of manager; - there are no significant differences in the activity of the factor of the acceptance of situation regarding the questioned psychological characteristics of the examinees; - there are no significant differences in the perception of the factors of tradition regarding the questioned psychological characteristics of the examinees.

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Ф. М. ДОСТОЈЕВСКИ, СИМОНА ВЕЈ И СТОЈАН
СТИВ ТЕШИЋ O ДУХОВНОЈ ИСКОРИЈЕЊЕНОСТИ
САВРЕМЕНОГ ЧОВЈЕКА И ПУТЕВИМА КОЈИ МОГУ
ДОВЕСТИ ДО ПОНОВНОГ УКОРЈЕЊИВАЊА

Ф. М. ДОСТОЈЕВСКИ, СИМОНА ВЕЈ И СТОЈАН СТИВ ТЕШИЋ O ДУХОВНОЈ ИСКОРИЈЕЊЕНОСТИ САВРЕМЕНОГ ЧОВЈЕКА И ПУТЕВИМА КОЈИ МОГУ ДОВЕСТИ ДО ПОНОВНОГ УКОРЈЕЊИВАЊА

Author(s): Radoje Šoškić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 49/2/2012

The present paper strives to analyse the works and ideas of three authors F. M. Dostoevsky („Legend of the Grand Inquisitor“), Simone Weil (The Need for Roots), and Stojan Steve Tesich (On the open road) in the light of their struggle for reviving man’s primordial forms of conscience and consciousness which will help humanity regain ability to resist religious and ethical mutations of the present era. These authors believe that the official religious institutions of Christian church, having cast away Christ’s gospel of brotherly love, have sided with “Him”, (as voiced and testified by Dostoevsky’s Grand Inquisitor) the Satan himself, who tempted Christ in the desert by offering him rule over “kingdom of earth” in exchange for Christ’s submission. Scientific humanism coupled with Christianity’s betrayal of eternal values posited by Christ has stripped man naked of the religious context which gave his life meaning, leaving him/her free falling in the abyss of nihilism. Weil suggests, which is one of her major ideas in The need for Roots, that the cure to the moral plight of modern European humanity resides in its ability to bring back “the spirit of truth”, love and grace into modern Christianity, which is in its present state devoid of these evangelical virtues. Weil and Dostoevsky’s ideas are shared by Steve Tesich, a Serbian-American screenwriter, playwright and novelist, whose play On the open road is based on Dostoevsky’s „Legend of the Grand Inquisitor“.

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Nesuvokiamoji tikrovės motina: materijos sampratos formavimasis antikinėje filosofijoje

Author(s): Naglis Kardelis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 10/2015

The author of the article, drawing upon the data from the history of Classical philosophy and linguistics, presents an analysis of the formation of the concept of matter in the philosophy of Classical Antiquity. In the first chapter of the article, a few preliminary remarks are given concerning with the differences of conceptual economy of the concept of matter in two different spheres – that of ideology and that of pure theoretical philosophy. In the author’s opinion, the understanding of matter in ideologically oriented materialisms, such as the so-called dialectical materialism and the so-called historical materialism, serves certain ideological goals and has nothing or almost nothing to do with genuine efforts to elucidate the concept of matter and to grasp – in terms of pure philosophy and theoretical analysis of purely philosophical nature – the nature of matter and the conceptual economy of this concept. In the preliminary chapter of the article, the author also presents some observations concerning the narrowness and particularity characteristic of the analysis of matter (or materiality understood in various senses and from different angles of view) both in materialistically oriented analytic philosophy, driven by reductionistic agenda, and in materialistically oriented continental philosophy concerned mostly with practical (especially ethical and political) aspects of materiality and corporality. In the second chapter, the author analyses the commonly held views about matter, characteristic of everyday consciousness, as well as the understanding of matter prevalent in the pre-philosophical stage of Classical culture. The author is of the opinion that the most informative corpus of data about the specific features of the understanding of matter in the earliest (pre-philosophical) period of Classical culture can be drawn from the history of language. Therefore, the etymologies of Classical Greek, Latin, and Lithuanian words, meaning matter, materiality, and other similar concepts, are discussed in connection with various possible lines of philosophical interpretation of presented linguistic data. The author shows the philosophical potential inherent in the language itself, even in its most archaic, pre-philosophical, layer, and even in the common, pre-terminological strata of everyday linguistic usage. The Latin words materia “matter (also subject matter as a thing under discussion); the raw material; the mother-stem of a tree; the cen- 40 trally located essential part of any living thing”, matrix “matrix, mother (thought of as giving birth, generating); womb, receptacle; hard form (stereotype); template (prepared in advance for some soft, liquid mass, or molten matter); pattern, form (either material or ideal); etc” (in connection with their common etymological ancestor, the Latin word mater “mother”), and silva “forest; felled trees, logs (collectively); the raw material”, the ancient Greek word hulē “forest; felled trees, logs (collectively); the raw material”, the Lithuanian words medžiaga “matter (also subject matter as a thing under discussion); felled trees, logs (collectively); the raw material”, mediena “felled trees, logs (collectively)”, medis “tree”, medžias “forest”, and other relevant lexical examples are examined at some length. In the third chapter of the article, the author presents an analysis of the formation of the concept of matter in Presocratic and late Platonic philosophy. It is argued that the Presocratics, although lacking any definite, exactly articulated, concept of matter in, say, Aristotelian or late Platonic sense, each viewed their postulated principle (arkhē) of reality as some sort of material substance (sometimes thought of as inherently possessing some ideal, or spiritual, qualities). The author of the article stresses the conceptual relation between the Greek concept of phusis “nature”, commonly employed by the Presocratics, and the concept of hulē, which is evidently the ultimate source of the Latin word materia, understood as a philosophical term and coined by the Romans after hulē, although this latter word began its career as a clearly defined philosophical term only with the writings of Aristotle). The understanding of matter characteristic of the Presocratic Ionian philosophers (Anaximenes, Heraclitus, etc), the ancient Greek Atomists (Leucippus, Democritus, etc), and Empedocles is briefly touched upon in the context of the author’s analysis of the formation of the concept of matter in this period. After that is discussed the late Platonic notion of matter, presented in the Timaeus (in the context of a philosophical myth) as a very vague and inscrutable principle of reality. The late Platonic notion of “Receptacle” (the “Mother” and “womb” of all reality), which might be thought of as ingeniously combining the notion of matter, as a soft substrate of “hard” forms, and the notion of hard matrix, as a receptacle of “soft” material mixture under formation, might be viewed as a great step in the direction of Aristotelian understanding of prime matter. This inscrutable “Mother” of all Reality is given by Plato a lot of different and imprecise names, thus evading strict, non-ambivalent definition. Exemplifying a very significant milestone in the evolution of the concept of matter, the Platonic notion of “Receptacle” – and Plato’s understanding of matter in general, closely related to this vague notion – is given by the author of the article much more attention than all previous stages in the development of the concept of matter. 41NESUVOKIAMOJI TIKROVĖS MOTINA: MATERIJOS SAMPRATOS FORMAVIMASIS ANTIKINĖJE FILOSOFIJOJE In the fourth chapter of the article, the author discusses the Aristotelian understanding of matter. The Aristotelian theory of matter is viewed as a pinnacle and ultimate expression of Classical Greek thinking about matter. The prime matter, thought of as matter par excellence and the purest exemplification of the principle of matter as such, is understood by Aristotle as pure potentiality and contrasted with the conceptually opposite principle of form, that is, the principle of pure actuality. Therefore, the Aristotelian concept of prime matter might be viewed as some kind of a liminal concept (or a conceptual limit), that enables the human mind to think about substances and is employed in order to grasp the difference between substance and its form. The difference between the Aristotelian concept of prime matter and that of secondary matter is also briefly discussed by way of analogy. It is argued that the Aristotelian understanding of matter is significantly removed from the everyday experience of materiality, substantiality and corporality. It is, therefore, somewhat counterintuitive for most people lacking philosophical training, but, nevertheless, despite its counter-intuitiveness – and, arguably, namely for that very reason – it has become part of a very powerful and universal conceptual tool that might be productively employed in the analysis of various and very different manifestations of reality. In the fifth chapter of the article, the author, combining and synthesizing the results achieved in all previous chapters, somewhat extends the Aristotelian understanding of matter and projects it into the context of contemporary science, thus revealing a few contradictions inherent in the very concept of matter. First of all, attention is drawn to the fact that matter, as it is understood in contemporary physics, is almost synonymous with energy, while the Aristotelian concept of matter underscores its closest affinity to the concept of potentiality (thought of as a polar opposite with respect to the concept of actuality, that is, the concept of form). Secondly, the concepts of matter and matrix, after closer analysis, reveal both mutual conceptual proximity and conceptual opposition: in different conceptual contexts, each one of them – both matter and matrix – although usually understood as different types or aspects of matter (the etymology of both two words, linking them to their common source, the word mater “mother”, testifies to their conceptual relation) might acquire an aspect of form (and, so to speak, “masculinity”) in relation to its conceptual counterpart. Thus, viewing them from different interpretative angles and in different conceptual settings, we notice that both matter and matrix might appear, if not as a “mother” and a “father” with respect to its “conjugal” counterpart, yet, surely, as a “more motherly” mother and “less motherly” mother in relation to its “spouse” – and changing places in different conceptual settings. Thirdly, we notice 42 that our commonly used English expressions, such as the “subject matter” (and similar others), which underscore the conceptual relation between the meaning of the word matter (thought of as referring to some sort of subject of thought or speech) and the idea of the “material” content of a grammatical or logical form, are used to express the notion of information (thought of as a material mass “poured” into some sort of “matrix” as a “hard” form). Therefore, information, the nature and essence of which is, necessarily, of an ideal, abstract, and formal (that is, strictly immaterial) kind, in some conceptual settings appears as something material – as a material mixture poured into a matrix as a hard “form”, despite the fact that the pieces of information themselves might be viewed as mental forms (that is, ideal entities constituted in the process of thinking). The conclusion is made that the concept of matter, which is the result of long conceptual evolution in linguistic prehistory, Classical times and afterwards, is irremediably vague notion, yet, nevertheless, very conducive to productive philosophical thought: the very paradoxes of this concept exert a benign effect on human thinking, liberating it from its stupor.

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THE FORMATION OF THE CRIMEAN TATAR PERIODICALS

THE FORMATION OF THE CRIMEAN TATAR PERIODICALS

Author(s): Liliya Dynikova / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

The goal of the present article is to investigate non-Slavic typography of the XVIII–XX centuries. There are ma-terials about the first Printing house in Crimea and the activity of the Crimean Tatar Printing house in Bakhchisarai. The methodology of the research consists in historical, cultural and comparative methods that allow to investigate the whole process of the formation of the Crimean Tatar periodicals. Academic novelty lies in the grounding of the fact that the development of the tatar periodicals was influenced by certain historical processes that formed its contextual filling. There is an Interesting story about publishing of newspapers “Terjiman” and “Enclosing to Terjiman”, where compositions of the Crimean Tatar authors were published. Conclusions. Due to the deportation of the Crimean Tatar people, the typography has not been developing for a long time in Crimea. Most of print and electronic media in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea are issued in the Russian language.

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ИСКУССТВО КРЫМСКОГО ХАНСТВА В ЛОГИКЕ ИНТЕРВАЛЬНОГО АНАЛИЗА

ИСКУССТВО КРЫМСКОГО ХАНСТВА В ЛОГИКЕ ИНТЕРВАЛЬНОГО АНАЛИЗА

Author(s): Meryem Idrisova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2016

Purpose of Article. The problem of research of art of the Crimean khanate of XIV-XVI centuries is analysed in the article from positions of interdisciplinary methodology of intervality. The analysis of the literary sources, published by the researchers of different directions is conducted. Methodology. Using historical, cultural, philosophical methods of study and analysis of art, the author of the article gives preference poli-methodological theory of intervality which is the product of Post-modernism. The interval approach is based on exposure and coordination of intervals in the separately taken contexts. Scientific novelty. The author underlines the necessity of the using in modern Cultural discourse the Post-modernism interval methodology, which assists more scalene and multidimensional analysis of different types of art in the arts and culture of the Crimean khanate. Conclusions. The culture of the Crimean khanate represents the Eastern Black Sea type of medieval traditional Muslim culture. It has been developing as many others ethnoses of that region. The author highlights the impact of the different ethoses (Armenians, Greeks, Jews, Circassians, the Georgian etc.) on the art culture of the Crimean Tatars. Since the15th century the Crimean khans, understanding advantage of policy of tolerance, gave the chance to numerous ethnoses to keep and create the culture. Today in the Crimea the art monuments, created during the period of the Khanate by Armenians, Greeks, etc. have been remained. Although, it should be noted that the epoch of the Crimean khanate was interval. So it means that in the Crimea the Islamic culture dominated. Analyzing the art culture of the Crimean Khanate, we should note a role of the cross-cultural interference of different ethnoses. The Intervality allows to consider culture as a multilevel phenomenon in which all intervals are democratic and pluralistic. It is expedient to analyse a phenomenon of the art culture of the Crimean Khanate as a system of intervals such as "fine arts", "literature", "music", "folklore". They are divided into types and genres.

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GENDER EQUALITY AS AREA OF I. GASPRINSKY’S AWARENESS-RAISING ACTIVITIES

GENDER EQUALITY AS AREA OF I. GASPRINSKY’S AWARENESS-RAISING ACTIVITIES

Author(s): Liliya Dynikova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The objective of the paper is to study and to produce a holistic view of the I. Gasprinsky activity aimed at the establishment of a Muslim woman as an equal member of society. Methodology. Scientific thinking on the I. Gasprinsky feminist activity had been based on usage of the axiological and culturological (that has allowed to unfold a humanity and to detect values in the I. Gasprinsky educational activities under review) and integral (that has allowed to analyze the commonality of the I. Gasprinsky cultural and educational system) approaches, and also on source studies (when exam-ining press reports) and contextual analysis (when examining the subject matter of iss. «Alemi Nisvan» («Woman») and other publications of enlightener). The novelty of the issue lies in the fact that I. Gasprinsky activity is studying from the point of view of the feminism, which is important, because of a significant impact of the behalf of women on the Muslim society as a whole. In the work the complete picture of the enlightener’s feminist activity is organized. Conclusions.I. Gasprinsky made a significant step towards fundamental reform of the status of women, which gradually got constant and undeniable rights in a Muslim society. Such kind of activity of the educator laid the foundation of a democratic tradi-tion in Crimean Tatar national movement.

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MUSICAL INDICATORS OF HISTORICAL PROCESSUALITY IN THE PARALLELISMS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA AND EUROPE

MUSICAL INDICATORS OF HISTORICAL PROCESSUALITY IN THE PARALLELISMS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA AND EUROPE

Author(s): Bingqiang Liu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The purpose of given work is to discover musical signs of historic knowledge in connection with the reality of chronological parallelisms of musical development of China and Europe of the Middle Ages and New Time. Methodological basis of the work is an idea about a tone of epoch, put forward by G.Hegel and evolved in the conception of Renaissance by A. Losev. Scientific novelty of the study is determined by the fact that for the first time it indicates synchronization of culture reformations of development of China and Europe, provided that, historically interaction and interinfluence were excepted. Conclusions. "New relationship" (after C. Jung) reveals itself – "semantic acausal relationship", which allows to understand the regular nature of chronological coincidences in the history of music culture of China and Europe.

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FREEMASONRY IN UKRAINE: THE MAIN STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

FREEMASONRY IN UKRAINE: THE MAIN STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Author(s): Tetiana Sergeevna Reva / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

Freemasonry as a political and social phenomenon is viewed. The main versions of freemason origins and its typology are reviewed. The main symbols of the freemason and their meanings are characterized. The historic links of the freemasonry with different churches and state authority are analyzed. The stages of Ukrainian freemasonry development and its political orientations in XVIII-XX centuries are highlighted.

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