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FAIDRAS: LOGOGRAFIJOS SPINDESYS IR SKURDAS

Author(s): Skirmantas Jankauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 72/2007

Two relatively separate parts could be distinguished in Plato’s dialogue “Phaidros” – the first one, encompassing three speeches on love and the second one, discussing the art (τεχνη) of eloquence. The paper deals with the second part of the dialogue in which Plato tries to cope with the problems of talking and writing. The problems are prompted not only by the very structure of the dialogue that provokes the necessity to reflect the advantages and shortcomings of the written speeches. Philosophizing in general develops as an activity that implements itself in writing. Therefore, the problem of the relation between philosophizing and writing is bound to arise sooner or later. It is demonstrated here that it is the sophists who achieved most in relating philosophizing and writing. While creating their rhetoric, they isolate the art of eloquence. Plato exploits the fruits of sophists and binds the art of eloquence to the values that constitute philosophizing. The privatization of the art of eloquence for the needs of philosophy results in dialectical specification of theoretical thinking. Dialectical thinking realises itself in writing, which discloses the autonomy of theoretical thinking. The autonomy, in its turn, reveals the constructive possibilities of dialectical thinking and the impossibility to convey the ethical content of philosophizing into writing. Thus, writing forces Plato to deal with a certain ambiguity: he condemns writing for its deafness to live philosophizing, yet he can not avoid using it as a tool of philosophizing. That is why Plato refers to writing as having the effect of a drug.

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STEPS TOWARDS ANTI-PHYSICALISM

Author(s): Mariusz Grygianiec / Language(s): English Issue: 89/2016

Ontological physicalism is the thesis that all existing entities – individuals, properties, events, states of affairs – are wholly physical. This doctrine is said to receive a very strong support form contemporary science. In particular, physicalists have customarily been convinced that scientific theories, taken in general, somehow directly imply their metaphysical doctrine. What is more, they have tended to say that other elements of their philosophical approach, such as the causal closure principle or the no-overdetermination rule are also consequences of scientific theories. In my text, I present some arguments in favour of antiphysicalist position, according to which ontological physicalism is not true and its justification does not look as promising as physicalists are usually prepared to think. In particular, I argue, contrary to a widespread opinion, that the principle of causal closure is not true and cannot be used in any anti-dualistic argumentation. I also voice some scepticism with regard to the law of the conservation of energy and the no-overdetermination rule as an element of physicalist argumentative strategies. Then, as an illustration of an anti-physicalist methodology, I describe methodological dualism – a typical methodological approach universally accepted within cognitive sciences, neuroscience, and psychology. At the end of the paper I briefly and schematically present five model arguments against physicalism. The general aim of the paper is to show that physicalism, although it has enjoyed a great popularity among contemporary philosophers and can still boast of scientific support, has in fact to grapple with many theoretical difficulties, which however are constantly ignored by physicalists. Although I do not present any positive argument for dualism as such, my attempts can nevertheless be interpreted as an indirect argumentation in favour of every position that is opposed to physicalism.

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Post-tyrimas ugdymo moksluose: ontologinės ir epistemologinės įžvalgos

Author(s): Justina Garbauskaitė-Jakimovska / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 41/2018

In the academic community, it is becoming more outspoken that the traditional tools for perceiving the world have become not sufficient. The existing research methods used by social scientists are not flexible enough – they are unnecessarily simplifying the world and the processes that are happening in it. In order to address this issue, scientists started to question the procedures that are followed in order to explain the everyday processes, activities of organizations and individuals, but would not reduce them to something that can be known by observing or surveying a few informants or a few hundred of respondents. Rebecca Coleman and Jessica Ringrose, in an introduction to a book edited by them that is titled Deleuze and Research Methodologies, note the “need for methodologies capable of attending to the social and cultural world as mobile, messy, creative, changing and open ended, sensory and affective” (Ringrose, Coleman 2013, 1). This article is aiming to expand the scientific discourse on the topic of post-research methodology in Lithuania. The objectives of the article are the following: 1) To describe the main philosophical ideas and theories that are connected to post qualitative research methodology; 2) To relate the theories and empirical research practice; 3) To describe new concepts: rhizo-analysis, schizo-analysis; 4) To highlight the tensions that are appearing in conducting post qualitative research. The main aspects that the article is focused on are the changing attitude toward data, the importance of philosophy, language, research procedures and the presentation of results. This article is based on an analysis of literature. Analyzed are the works of research methodology experts Elisabeth St. Pierre, Lisa Mazzei, Jessica Ringrose and those others who follow the ideas of the poststructuralists Deleuze and Guattari and take the initiative in bringing new perspectives on research in educational sciences.

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BALSAS, GARSAS IR TRIUKŠMA S: (EKO)ESTETINIO UGDYMO TEORIJOS IR EKSPERIMENTAI

Author(s): Lilija Duoblienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: Suppl./2018

Together with images, sound also has tremendous impact on the perception of the world, and studies devoted to sound in education are still comparably scarce. For that reason, in this paper we attempt to understand why and how does the voice, sound, and especially noise become an object, instrument and an environment of education. The ideas proposed by critical pedagogy began to be applied in practice toward voice discourse analysis a few decades ago. Meanwhile the concepts and ideas of postmodern and posthumanist philosophy and their followers in the educational philosophy are neither simple nor easily applicable to sound and to noise as unpleasant sound. Nevertheless, new projects of sound in educational practice are being tested and implemented, in many cases still in connection with the approach of critical pedagogy to voice discourse. Despite different epistemological and ontological views on education in critical pedagogy and postmodernism, and although their link lacks justification and seems doubtful, the experiments presented in the article are innovative, rather successful and useful for the development of (eco)aesthetical education.

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COMPUTATIONAL PRACTICES , EDUCATIONAL THEORIES, AND LEARNING DEVELOPMENT

Author(s): Don Passey,Valentina Dagienė,Loice Victorine Atieno,Wilfried Baumann / Language(s): English Issue: Suppl./2018

Many countries are adopting computing (or informatics) in schools, for pupils from 5 years of age. Educational philosophies (and learning theories) that such curricula might be based on are not clear in curriculum documentation. Many Western countries’ curricula are based on developmental concepts of cognitive constructivism, with activities progressing through sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. Social constructivism and constructionism add new dimensions to this learning framework, both fundamentally important for developing computing practices. We review selected learning theories, and investigate features that should underpin computing curricula if practices and outcomes are to develop computing practitioner competencies of a software developer.

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Metamokymasis: koncepto analizė

Author(s): Jovita Matulaitienė,Lina Kaminskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 45/2020

Meta-learning, a contemporary learning paradigm, will be analysed in this article. This study aims to analyse and conceptualize the definition of metalearning, to provide evidence for the application of metalearning to learning, and to single out and name the features that allow the development of metalearning in the context of selfdirected learning. To reach this goal, the concept model of Walker and Avant, involving a theoretical analysis of the concept, was selected. To reveal the theoretical concept of metalearning, the analysis of scientific publications of Lithuanian and foreign authors in the field of education and training was performed, using data collection and data analysis methods. The analysis of the concept of metalearning allows us to state that metalearning is not possible without self-regulation (self-control, self-awareness, self-reflection), reflection, independence and responsibility. Metalearning competence includes the intrinsic motivation and conscious cognitive activities of the learner; it seeks to understand and manage their thinking processes, it understands memory processes, selects the best learning methods according to the existing conditions and circumstances, organizes an optimal learning environment in the learner community, and, finally, directs the learner toward a positive experience in the process. Metalearning is complex learning that includes the integration, selection, and application of individual needs, opportunities, and teaching strategies. It emphasizes successful, perceptual learning, the application and continuous pursuit of existing knowledge, personal qualities, self-motivation, and reflection. According to Mylona (2012), the weakness and lack of empirical research on meta-learning is a consequence of the lack of focus on existing systems to clearly define all constructs that would be more actively involved in metalearning and help overcome emerging learning challenges.

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Što slike znaju? Umjetnost, aproprijacija, kulturalna triangulacija

Author(s): Krešimir Purgar / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/163/2021

In the paper, we try to elucidate the procedures that need to be applied if we want to establish the consequences that occur when the sediments of meaning in images are deposited on top of each other, creating a specific pictorial epistemology. We will point out some interdisciplinary mechanisms of image analysis, such as “cultural symptomatology” and “cultural triangulation”, together with drawing a typology of cultural-historical sediments of pictorial meaning that we call appropriation. We conclude that Bredekamp’s theory of image acts, as well as Mitchell’s concept of pictures as “desiring objects” and Belting’s consideration of the human body as “image media”, suggest that the interaction between a human and an image is a mirror of human’s own desire to produce a parallel world in which, as Lambert Wiesing explained, he or she does not have to participate. The image allows for different forms of participation or absence from participation in the event represented in the image. Therefore, what images “know” is a specific consequence of the fact that inanimate pictorial objects can possess memory but – unlike artificial intelligence – can activate their knowledge only in a reciprocal communicative relationship with people.

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Philosophical Reflections: Cognitive, Political and Social Aspects

Author(s): Vytis Valatka / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

This article explores various interlinks and connections between philosophy and the other sciences, namely, linguistics, cognitive sciences, sociology, economy, political, ideological and human life studies. Those interlinks and connections are analysed within three methodological paradigms. The first paradigm binds cognising, defining and speaking. The second paradigm integrates assembling, self-organising and social engineering. The third one connects working, living and sensing together. According to the aforementioned paradigms, this issue is divided into three chapters. This article, in turn, delivers concise presentations of articles belonging to the above-mentioned chapters. Those presentations interlink various issues of different sciences, such as solving paradoxes of knowability, delivering reliable definitions of transdisciplinary knowledge, identifying means and mechanisms of linguistic subjectivity, proposing effective ways and procedures of self-organization of democracy, discovering relevant methods of social engineering for strengthening democratic welfare state, offering feasible scenarios of Europeanization processes, establishing balance between work, recreation and health, and identifying common sense phenomenon with social life-world.

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Means and Mechanism of the Realization of Linguistic Subjectivity from the Perspective of Philosophical Cognition

Author(s): Bingzhuan Peng / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

This study discusses the linguistic subjectivity (LS) phenomenon from the perspective of philosophical cognition. The purpose of this study is to explore the human’s cognitive styles and ways of existence in language and to deepen the understanding of communicative functions of language. An interactive geometric research framework of LS was constructed and the means and mechanism of its realization were explored at six levels: language system level, language use level, propositional meaning level, non-propositional meaning level, speaker’s encoded meaning level and hearer’s decoded meaning level. Also, three dimensions were covered: lexical dimension, syntactic dimension, and discourse dimension. Results show that humans’ cognitive styles and ways of existence encoded in language can be more profoundly dug by exploring LS from the perspective of philosophical cognition. The study can provide a feasible analytical framework for systematically and comprehensively probing of LS phenomenon. Thus, the study facilitates a deeper understanding of LS and communicative functions of language. The study also thoroughly mines subjective factors behind the speaker’s words, utterances or discourse, such as attitudes, emotions and feelings, which also belong to the cognition category, indicating the speaker’s existence in language.

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Rein Vihalemm: ‘On the Character of Knowledge in Ancient Chemistry’

Author(s): Rein Vihalemm / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Document: Rein Vihalemm, ‘On the Character of Knowledge in Ancient Chemistry’

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Left Hegelian Variations: on the Matter of Revolution in Marx. Bloch and Althusser

Author(s): Loren Goldman / Language(s): English Issue: 35/2020

Although Ernst Bloch is often understood as an abstract, aesthetic philosopher of hope, his doctrine of concrete utopia is underpinned by an idiosyncratic, vital materialist ontology. Against many of Bloch’s critics, this article explains and defends his materialism as compatible with Marx’s project. It first situates the early Marx’s materialism in the generally Left Hegelian and more specifically Feuerbachian context of articulating a concrete account of human agency and social emancipation within a naturalistic framework. Two subsequent sections offer Bloch’s “Left Aristotelian” approach to matter and the later Louis Althusser’s “aleatory” materialism, respectively, as radical and tactically different variations on this theme.

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Биополитики на пандемията и тялото, материя на тревогата

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Биополитики на пандемията и тялото, материя на тревогата

Author(s): Eric Laurent / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 27/2021

The text of Eric Laurent explores the way, in which the biopolitics searching a model, based on a calculated certainty, have been influenced by the spread of COVID-19 all over the world. Is it possible in the scientific field a unity to be achieved from the variety of ways of calculation and standardization of the answers? The favourite maxim of the epidemiologists “All models are wrong, but some are useful” helps us to understand why the French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan points out the necessity of precaution in using models in science and their remoteness in relation to the real. Eric Laurent invites us to make a different reading of Aristotelian syllogism “All men are mortal”, referring to the teaching of Lacan, in which the central place is taken by the topological montage between Symbolic, Imaginary and Real. Is there universal for the man? Does the function all exist in the pandemic? Eric Laurent deploys the position of Lacan, who identifying the discourse as epidemic, makes a new reading of the mortification of signifier, which is not in opposition to jouissance. The article regards the question of the passage from universal for all to the subject, a singular subject, faced with outside-meaning of death. What is the function of proper name and what relation it has to raising the question of the man? How in the teaching of Jacques Lacan proper name, material of anxiety, body are articulated?

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Theodor W. Adorno’s Criticism of the German Concept of Bildung

Author(s): Till Neuhaus / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The question of how to conduct oneself in the world is arguably as old as mankind itself. Ancient Greek philosophy, namely the sophists, identified a problem which shaped the world since it was first articulated – the negotiation of internal truth and external application. While neither can truly guide one’s way – epistemological relativism and ethical utilitarianism await at the extrema – dialogue of all kinds seems to be a way to prevent the drift and shift towards these extremes. After having framed the philosophical problem, this paper will exemplarily examine Germany’s concept of Bildung with regard to these extremes. The analysis will focus on the end of the 19th century (fin-desiècle) as this has been the phase of Bildung which can, at least in part, be held accountable for the horrors of the 20th century. Bildung was and still is a central aspect of German culture and has been the matter of analysis and discussion ever since. One of the most potent criticisms has been uttered by Theodor W. Adorno who analyzed Bildung after the Second World War and exemplarily outlined traits of fascist societies. However, Adorno was also influenced by the zeitgeist and did not grasp the problem at the deepest possible level of analysis. Based on but not limited to the intellectual accounts of Theodor W. Adorno, it will be tried to identify commonalities among totalitarian systems and reconnect these with the aforementioned philosophical problem of ethical utilitarianism and epistemological relativism.

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The Duplex World: Keizaburo Maruyama’s Elaboration on Saussure’s Principle of the Arbitrariness of Linguistic Sings

Author(s): Naruhiko Mikado,Toshiharu Tateyama / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This paper has two objectives. It intends, first, to elucidate Ferdinand de Saussure’s discourse on the arbitrariness of linguistic signs and, second, to expound Keizaburo Maruyama’s unique, epistemological thesis developed based on Saussure’s ideas. The argumentation goes as follows. After illustrating that the Swiss linguist’s case, having been understood too diversely, requires an accurate recapitulation and Maruyama’s texts have received little heed, the first section which proves Saussure’s original opinion entails that not only the relationship between a linguistic sign’s signifier and signified but a language’s classification system itself is absolutely contingent. The second section, scrutinizing Maruyama’s theory about our interpreting the world, shows its gist is humans construe the universe through the duplex articulation structure. The third, concluding section describes his view on music as another attribute of his thought, and closes the discussion by indicating that his texts, albeit written decades ago, can help us address today’s conundrums.

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Plotinas ir Proklas apie mąstymo gyvenimą

Author(s): Rasius Makselis / Language(s): English Issue: 108/2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of the philosophical notion of the “life of Intellect“ as presented by Plotinus and Proclus – representatives of philosophical tradition of Neoplatonism. Different interpretations of the notion of the “life of Intellect,” presented by prominent scholars of 20th century Piere Hadot and A. H. Armstrong, require wider discussion of the concepts of “life” and “intellect” with clearer emphasis on their connections to such Neoplatonic concepts as “well being”, “contemplation”, “actuality” and others. An analysis of theories of Plotinus and Proclus on the “Life of Intellect” demonstrates that these philosophers developed different approaches in their attempts both to define the connection between notions of Being, Life, and Intellect and to explain the way in which this connection provides metaphysical background for the sensual appearances of life that we observe around us in nature. In most cases, however, their attempts to explain this connection provoke additional difficult questions.

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PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND OF THE COSMOLOGICAL POLEMICS IN CONTRA MANICHAEOS BY JOHN OF DAMASCUS

Author(s): Vladimir A. Baranov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This article analyzes the philosophical arguments used by John of Damascus against the Manichaean dualist cosmological system in his Dialogue contra Manichaeos, showing some parallels with his Dialectica, and revealing a common Aristotelian background. The philosophical argument in the Dialogue seems to be a practical application of philosophical doctrines formulated in the Dialectica. From a wider perspective of anti-Manichean polemics used in part for instructional purposes for students of philosophy and theology in Late Antiquity, the conclusion is made that the purpose of the Dialogue was aimed not so much against the Manichaean cosmogony and cosmology, but against the Manichaean theodicy which might have been attractive to some Christians of John’s times.

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Užmirštieji Lietuvos romantizmo teoretikai: kun. Ignotas Dembinskis

Author(s): Dalius Viliūnas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 100/2021

The sluggish development of romantic philosophy research suggests looking back at new sources that have been ignored so far. Priest Ignacy Dembinsky (1800–1869) is a forgotten romantic theorist. He is not only Wilhelm Schlegel’s translator, but also his promoter, commentator, who formulated authentic insights of romantic philosophy. The article focuses on the circumstances of Schlegel’s two-dimensional publication of “Philosophy of Life” (1840), which remained on the subscriber list, raises the hypothesis that the subscription of the work was a large-scale quasi-political patriotic campaign. The direction represented by Dembinsky is attributable to legal catholic romanticism. The latter sought to establish a positive alternative to Enlightenment’s scientism, naturalism, sensualism, one-sided rationalism, based on ideas of compatibility between science and philosophy, philosophy and Revelation. A person should realize freedom in a moral life and strive for the fullness of life – these ideas had refreshing sociopolitical implications in a depressing tsarist reality. Dembinsky polemicized with his local competitor, Florian Bochvic, a representative of a similar direction. The latter episode raises the question of the compatibility of his catholic theological doctrine and his maxims of a romantic philosopher: it is left open. It is hypothesized that the works translated, commented and creatively supplemented by Dembinsky could function as a bridge between the old Polish-speaking philosophy of Lithuania and the beginnings of the current Lithuanian theorization.

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Herakleitas ir Hipokratas: elementų paradigma

Author(s): Jonas Čiurlionis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 100/2021

The article analyses the remaining fragments and testimonies of Heraclitean philosophy and their connection with Hippocratic medicine. It is claimed that both schools belong to the same philosophical-scientific paradigm of the elements. Therefore, theoretical insights of the school of Cos might well serve explaining complicated and often difficult to interpret Heraclitean thoughts. Moreover, it is plausible that parts of Corpus Hippocraticum were written under the influence of the Heraclitean philosophy and therefore its analysis and interpretative application allows us to partially reconstruct the fragmented Heraclitean ideas into the single unified system. The article uses comparative analysis of both thinking traditions in regard to psychological, ethical, physiological, cosmological, and medical ideas. Similarities in explaining human nature are revealed. It is shown that science (medicine) and philosophy in Antiquity use the same paradigmatic utterances to describe reality. Therefore, there are many mutual interconnecting principles between early philosophy and medicine.

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Savęs pažinimas, savimonė ir objektyvacija

Author(s): Vosylius Sezemanas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 100/2021

We present the translation of the Russian manuscript of Vosylius Sezeman, kept in the Manuscripts Department of the Vilnius University Library. It is written on a small notepad, which was made in 1954 in the third quarter of Krasnokamsk. Thus, it can be assumed that the manuscript was written in 1955, before returning from the camp in Taishet to Lithuania. Written in ink and somewhere in pencil. The text analyzes consciousness, self-awareness, and the subconscious. The embodiment of consciousness, the emotionality of consciousness, empathy, and the intentional relationship with the world around us and other living beings are discussed. Sezeman notes that the main feature of consciousness is openness and the ability to practically form an understanding relationship with oneself, the environment and others. In square brackets, the names of the sections are inserted by the translator for the convenience of the readers. Translated from: Manuscript F122-102 “Самопознание, самосознание и объективация” kept in the Vosylius Sezeman Foundation, Manuscript Department of the VU Library.

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Batı Düşüncesinde Doğu İmgesi: Jonas Hassen Khemiri’nin İstila! Oyunu

Author(s): Duygu Kankaytsın / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 107/2021

In this study, I approached the play Invasion! by Jonas Hassen Khemiri in the framework of orientalism. Edward Said regards orientalism as a way of thinking that depends on an epistemological and ontological distinction between the East and the West. In the orientalist view, the West must first define and introduce the East in order to define itself. The West establishes a hegemonical structure over the East. The West and the East are constructed as imagined places rather than real ones. With a historical perspective that challenges the irrevocable myth of the East, he disrupts the fixated Eastern character by renouncing first the Abulkasem in One Thousand and One Nights and then the Abulkasem in the play Signora Luna by Carl Jonas Love Almquist, a prominent poet and playwright from Sweden. The myth of Abulkasem takes a new shape after Khemiri. He parodies the Abulkasem that is unchangeable from the perspective of the West by turning everyone and everything into Abulkasem or by ‘Abulkasemizing’ them. The play, set in Sweden, underscores that not every Middle Eastern immigrant living in Sweden is the same Abulkasem. While Invasion! unveils the characteristics associated with the East through orientalist racism and perception; it does not comment on how the West defines the East as the other only. It also reveals how the East perceives and comprehends itself from the perspective of the West. In that regard, I first delved into the concept of orientalism and then opened for discussion the argument that otherness is two-sided in the play in question.

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