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Potčinjavanje, otpor i promena značenja

Author(s): Judith Butler / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 56.2/1999

Razmotrimo paradoksalnu prirodu onoga što Fuko u knjizi Nadzirati i kažnjavati opisuje kao subjektivaciju zatvorenika. Izraz "subjektivacija" nosi u sebi paradoks: assujetissement označava i postajanje subjektom i potčinjavanje - neko postaje autonomna ličnost samo tako što se potčini moći, a to potčinjavanje podrazumeva radikalnu zavisnost. Kako kaže Fuko, ovaj proces subjektivacije odvija se uglavnom preko tela. U knjizi Nadzirati i kažnjavati zatvorenikovo telo ne javlja se samo kao znak krivice i greha, kao otelotvorenje zabrane i sankcije u ritualima normalizovanja, nego je i uobličeno i formirano prema diskurzivnoj matrici pravnog subjekta. [...]

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Schelling’s Answer to the Fundamental Question of Metaphysics in the Original Version Of The Philosophy Of Revelation

Author(s): Markus Gabriel / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

In seinem Aufsatz setzt sich Gabriel mit dem von Schelling analysierten Verhältnis des Menschen zur Natur auseinander. Dazu wird dargestellt, wie sich die Grundfrage der Metaphysik „Warum ist überhaupt etwas und nicht vielmehr nichts?“ bei Schelling verwandelt in die Frage: „Warum ist denn Vernunft und nicht Unvernunft?“ Dies deshalb, weil durch das Stellen der Grundfrage sich die Welt über einige ihrer Bewohner selbst thematisiert, wodurch eine Bestimmtheit hinzutritt, die nicht ignoriert werden darf. Es geht letztlich darum, die Grundfrage zugleich mit einer Reflexion auf die Frage selbst zu stellen, und dies involviert eben auch den Menschen als denjenigen, der die Frage stellt. Die Formulierung und Beantwortung der Grundfrage kann nicht von unserer eigenen Existenz abstrahieren.

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Bůh jako poslední garant pravdivosti? K postulátům Boží existence podle Hanse Jonase a Roberta Spaemanna

Author(s): Vojtěch Šimek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2020

The article responds to the claim that professional philosophers in continental Europe no longer focus on the existence or nature of God. The author shows with the example of two philosophical postulates of God’s existence that this generalisation is not true (or is an exaggeration). These are the postulates of Hans Jonas (1903 – 1993) and Robert Spaemann (1927 – 2018) that in an interesting and representative manner give an insight into the state of continental theism in the late 20th and early 21st century.The specificity of the postulates lies in the proposal of an epistemological solution to the problem of the truth of statements and facts; in Spaemann we also find a proposal for an ontological solution. The author reconstructs, analyses, compares and comments on postulates in the light of selected secondary sources.

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GULAM AHMED I NJEGOVO POIMANJE SUNNETA

Author(s): Fadilj Maljoki / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 18/2014

This paper presents the views of Ghulam Ahmad on the Sunnah. After a short introductory presentation of the heterodox Ahmadyya sect, its learning and its divisions, there is a representation of the hierarchy of sources of Islamic teaching with special reference to the distinction which Ghulam Ahmad establishes between the Sunnah and Hadith, as well as the implications that this distinction has for determining the authenticity of hadiths. The second part deals with the epistemological status of the Hadith, its relation to the Qur'an, as well as the similarities and differences between Ghulam Ahmad and traditional muhaddiths (experts on Hadith) in the matters of authenticity and interpretation of the Hadith. The final chapter contains a few representative examples of non-traditional interpretation of the Hadith and, in the Ahmedyya literature, often cited unreliable hadiths supporting their doctrines.

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Синдромът на Пигмалион като епистемологически хоризонт

Author(s): Anguel S. Stefanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2021

The aim of the paper is twofold. First, to present and analyze a phenomenon introduced by J. L. Synge half a century ago, and dubbed by him the Pygmalion syndrome. The latter is discussed with regard to contemporary non-classical scientific knowledge. And second, to defend the claim that the Pygmalion syndrome may be seen as a specific epistemological horizon for non-classical quantum-cosmological theories.

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Твърдият инкомпатабилизъм не променя нищо

Author(s): David Peev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2021

In this article, I defend a version of hard incompatibilism with regard to free will. My central claim is that hard incompatibilism does not suffer from any of the problems that compatibilism and libertarianism face; ergo, that hard incompatibilism is the least problematic stance. Moreover, hard incompatibilism can be incorporated in any scientific system and theory. First, I propose a brief reconstruction of Hume`s classical version of compatibilism. In the second part, I focus on a couple of objections that classic compatibilism faces. I aim to show that some of these charges are applicable both to contemporary physicalist readings of compatibilism (such as that of Patricia Churchland) and to libertarian incompatibilism. The final section of my paper points out some reasons for rejecting the argument from contemplation of linguistic categories. My aim is to show that the same semantic critique of the meaning of “freedom” can just as easily be aimed at compatibilism. I conclude that hard incompatibilism successfully faces all of these charges and does not suffer from any additional disadvantages. Moreover, if hard incompatibilism holds, then we can continue to uphold the usual moral beliefs and practices.

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Артефактите – Създаване и онтологичен статус

Author(s): Serghey Gherdjikov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2021

This article is an attempt at philosophical analysis of artifacts as anthropogenetic abiotic functional and symbolic structures. I apply the concept of human form (nature) as a global real coordinate system for explaining artifacts, and the concept of anthropological constants. I argue that artifacts are created in processes of selection and transformation in the life cycles of cultures. I analyze the virtual reproduction of artifacts in archaeology. I present an ontological scheme of artifacts and some schemas of reconstruction.

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Логическият реализъм и онтологическият статут на логическите обекти

Author(s): Denitsa Zhelyazkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2021

In this text, I focus on clarifying the ontological status of logical objects. By logical objects, I mean logical constants and logical relations in the most general sense of the terms. For this purpose, I accept logical realism with regard to logical objects and maintain that, without accepting this kind of realism, the clarification of their ontological nature would not be possible.

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За някои приложения на размитата логика и размитите множества в сферата на медицината

Author(s): Doroteya Angelova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2021

Fuzzy logic is one of the precisely constructed and well-motivated logical systems that find successful applications in various fields. They are especially suitable in cases when it is necessary to use approximate reasoning. In this paper, I present the main views on the application of fuzzy logic and fuzzy sets in the field of medicine and I express my attitude to them.

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DÜNYA SİYASETİNDE TEKNOLOJİYİ YENİDEN DÜŞÜNMEK: BİLİM-TEKNOLOJİ-TOPLUM PERSPEKTİFİNDEN ALTERNATİF BİR OKUMA

Author(s): Aslı ÇALKIVİK / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2020

The paradox pertaining to technology in world politics in the discipline of International Relations constitutes the departure point for this article: technology as a phenomenon that was always talked about without actually being thought about. Although technology is regularly invoked, discussions about it are marked by technological determinism, whereby technology gets reduced to machines and objects and is never really investigated. Taking my departure point this absent-presence of technology, I provide an alternative reading of technology by attending to the insights provided by Science, Technology, Society (STS) studies. I elaborate the ontological and epistemological underpinnings and implications of approaching technology as a socio-technical phenomenon from the perspective of STS. In this regard, I argue that an STS perspective on technology in world politics reveals the extent to which technology is not merely an instrument in world politics, but that it is in itself political thorough and thorough, and that it allows for important openings for studying technology in world politics.

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An Investigation of the Relation between Pre-service EFL Teachers’ Epistemological Cognition and Teaching Approaches

Author(s): Özkan Kırmızı,Aydan Irgatoğlu / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2021

This study was undertaken to investigate the relation between pre-service EFL teachers’ epistemological beliefs and their approaches to teaching. The participants are 105 pre-service EFL teachers, selected based on a random sampling method. To measure pre-service EFL teachers’ epistemological beliefs, The Epistemological Beliefs Survey, developed by Chan and Eliott (2004), was used. This survey conceptualizes epistemological beliefs under four dimensions; namely “innate/fixed ability, learning effort/process, authority/expert knowledge, and certainty knowledge.” To measure, preservice EFL teachers’ approaches to teaching, the Approaches to Teaching Inventory, developed by Trigwell, Prosser, and Ginns (2005), was utilized. This tool has three major subdimensions; “transmission-based, student-teacher interaction, and student focus.” Descriptive and correlational statistical analyses were used. The results indicated that pre-service EFL teachers moderately agree with the sub-dimensions of epistemological beliefs and the most important sub-dimension that predict teaching approaches is the effort dimension of epistemological beliefs.

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İbnü’l-Arabî’nin İlimleri Sınıflandırması ve Fârâbî ile Bir Karşılaştırma

Author(s): Abdullah Kartal / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2021

The notion of classifying sciences has a quite along past in the history of philosophy. The aim of this study is to set forth and analize Ibn al-ʿArabī’s (d. 638/1240) classification of sciences at first, and then to make a comparison with al-Fārābī’s (d. 339/950) classification. Making such a comparison between Ibn al-ʿArabī, who is a unique representative of Islamic mystical thought, and al-Fārābī, who is a mighty representative of peripatetic Islamic philosophy, will conribute to seeing the epistemological views of sufism and classical Islamic philosophy together. In the study, a descreptive and analytical method has been preferred and it has been reached to some important results by comparing the opinions of Ibn al-ʿArabī and al-Fārābī. In this context, it could be said that while Ibn al-ʿArabī constructs his classification according to the means of obtaining knowledge, al-Fārābī arranges his classification according to the knowledge itself. It is seen that al-Fārābī’s classification includes in details the first two groups, to wit, as Ibn al-ʿArabī calls, the rational sciences and the situational sciences, and excludes the mysterious sciences. On the other hand, Ibn al-ʿArabī makes room as well as for reason besides heart in his epistemology, both by mentioning the rational sciences and asserting that some of the intuitive sciences are in a rational characteristic.

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Negatio non cognoscitur nisi per affirmationem: Some Remarks on Negation Parasitism in John Duns Scotus’s Writings

Author(s): Matteo Maserati / Language(s): English Issue: 54/2021

The aim of this paper is to detect and assess some parasitic aspects that characterize John Duns Scotus’s account of negation, with a major focus on epistemology and theology. The first paragraph introduces the concepts of asymmetricalism or negation parasitism and traces the occurrence of four asymmetricalist theses in the Author’s production. The second paragraph presents and analyzes a first strategy to dismiss negative theology through an elimination scheme, namely a conditional which reduces negative epistemic propositions to positive ones. The third section attempts a generalization of such a scheme to make it suitable for any kind of negative knowledge foreign to the theological context. The fourth and last paragraph presents a different and more problematic eliminative strategy for negative theology and deals with the issues that arise from it.

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Barbara Bokus – Ewa Kosowska (eds.), Truth and Falsehood in Science and the Arts

Author(s): Stanisław Jan Rabiej / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The review of: Barbara Bokus – Ewa Kosowska (eds.), Truth and Falsehood in Science and the Arts (Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego 2020). Pp. 299. Open Access. ISBN 978-83-235-4220-9 [PDF]

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Ivan Karamazov’s Euclidean Mind: the ‘Fact’ of Human Suffering and Evil

Author(s): Kimberly Young / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

In The Brothers Karamazov, Fyodor Dostoevsky addresses the problem of how to reconcile God’s goodness with the evil in the world by comparing the metaphysical implications of Ivan Karamazov’s and the Elder Zosima’s Euclidean and non-Euclidean epistemologies. For Ivan, the moral opposites of good and evil cannot be reconciled, just as two parallel lines cannot meet (Euclid’s fifth postulate). For Zosima, the symbol of the crucifix represents a meeting of the parallel lines and the moral opposites.

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Възгледите на Петър Берон за произхода на живото през призмата на еволюционизма и теорията за интелигентния дизайн

Author(s): Teodora Velkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2021

In this article, we will lean on one of Peter Beron's earlier monographs, The Origin of the Physical and Natural Sciences and Metaphysical and Moral Science, in which he states the general principles of his philosophy. For the purposes of the study, we will compare Beron's views on natural science with those of the proponents of the Darwinian theory of evolution and other contemporaneous evolutionary theories.

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Откъси от Панепистемия

Author(s): Peter Beron / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2021

A Bulgarian translation of excerpts from Dr. Peter Beron’s largest work, the seven-volume Panépistème, published in Paris in 1861–1867

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Істина і неконсеквентність: парадокс Лєшка Колаковського

Author(s): Iryna Bondarevska / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 6/2019

In the philosophical works of Kolakowski, the concept of inconsistency is a guideline that moves the subject closer to truth. Truth disappears when consistency prevails, that is a logic, a method, a tradition of thinking. And there is no need to reject the sequence in general, as there is no need to follow it. But there is a conflict between Kolakowski as the Thinker and Kolakowski as the Human Being. The first one tries to find the best way to describe the world with concepts, the second one wants to gain a comfortable existence in the world. The first needs doubt, the second wants to feel certainty. The philosopher as the Human Being wants to have a firm belief in those things the Thinker can only be hopeful of. The purpose of the article is to show how the Human Being and the Thinker compete in Kolakowski’s works, as their understanding of truth and the ways to it are different. Kolakowski’s paradox is that the inconsistency of the mind should advance us towards the truth, but it reinforces doubts whether truth is possible in general. If you replace the inconsistency with faith, the prospect becomes even foggier. Consequently, the author concludes that Kolakowski stayed in the state of uncertainty regarding how to solve the conflict. Theoretically, he prescribes the need for faith but does not explain how to practically combine faith and doubt in one head. The Thinker often wins with the Human Being and then retreats and comes back again. The Thinker and the Human Being are not an identical opposition to rational and irrational. It is a conflict which concerns the two subject guidelines: will to know and will to exist.

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Information and brain

Author(s): Radosław Kycia / Language(s): English Issue: 70/2021

We present the consequences of the assumption of the classical and quantum nature of information storing and processing in the brain. These assumptions result in different behaviours of consciousness under a hypothetical brain copy experiment. The subject is important in the context of ‘mind uploading’ considerations.

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Sekularna i sveta racionalnost na ravni svjetospoznaje, upravljanja svijetom i uređenja svijeta

Author(s): Hamid Parsania,Asgar Eslami Tanha / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 23/2021

The fundamental question of this study is how sacred and secular interpretation of rationality is reflected on three levels: cognition of the world, world governance and world order. By applying the comparative method and a cognitive pattern, which is focused on recognizing the two interpretations of rationality in the thought of two engaged thinkers: one western and other eastern, the authors believe that Max Weber, in his secular interpretation of rationality, defines efficiency as its criteria, i.e. choosing the best means to achieve the goal, and that is a form of formal rationality that has emerged in the western civilization. This rationality is a reflection of the specific world cognition of the modern man who has unclothed the natural and social world from the meaning of sacred and has adorned it with secularism and democracy. However, Allame Tabatabayi gives a sacred interpretation of rationality. He believes that the criterion of rationality is harmonization with the authentic and sane innate nature of man. According to Allame Tabatabayi, innate rationality of the world of existence has a meaning, whereby man is obligated to govern and arrange the world on the basis of innate nature.

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