Povijest najljepših otkrića i eksperimenata u fizici: od Aristotela do Higgsa

Author(s): Slavica Brkić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 20/2015

The history of natural sciences reaches back to the distant past when man consciously started conveying knowledge and experiences to his descendants. In antiquity the research founded on experience was considered unworthy of man, while discoveries occurred accidentally. Physics, as a natural science, studies the objective reality existing independently on human consciousness. It is as a theoretical as experimental science, and it should be studied as such. How interesting is the historical development of experiments and discoveries, is shown by the editors of the American magazine “Physics World”, who in 2002 called their readers to give their vote for the most beautiful experiment in the history of physics. Some discoveries fascinate by the beauty of the idea, and some others by the importance for the development of physics. The development of historical ideas has a great educational importance for students for they have to understand that the development of physics is the work of people like them, rather than something developing outside of the space and time or exists by itself. In the last decades discoveries are not related to one man but rather to groups of scientists associated in collaborations working jointly on researches in specific areas of physics. In this paper we present the historical development of physics through interesting discoveries and experiments with the explanation why they found a place in our survey.

Росен: сблъсък между идеално и реално

Author(s): Martin Tabakov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2016

Koncepcja bestialstwa (thēriotēs) w Etyce Nikomachejskiej Arystotelesa

Author(s): Maria Marcinkowska-Rosół / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

The article deals with the „brutishness” or „beastliness” (thēriotēs), a concept introduced by Aristotle in the seventh book of the Nicomachean Ethics and defined by him as a negative ethical disposition, different both from vice (kakia) and from incontinence (akrasia), and leading to such pathological behaviours as canibalism, paedophilia, omophagia, phobias and compulsions. Aristotle’s statements concerning the brutishness (VII 1, 1145a15-35, VII 5, 1148b15-1149a24 and VII 6, 1149b23-1150a8) are examined and interpreted in order to clarify the following issues: the essence of the thēriotēs as a specific ethical disposition (Part I-II), its concrete forms and their causes (Part III), the moral-psychological condition of persons with a brutish hexis (Part IV), and their self-consciousness and moral responsibility for their bestial acts (Part V).

Метафорика на вкуса: Пруст и Кант

Author(s): Victoria Kirilova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2-3/2017

Our assumption is that the aesthetic concept of taste is a metaphor. Aesthetic perception occurs precisely when taste is understood as something different from tasting, although it is metaphorically connected precisely with the latter. As a metaphor, taste arises through both the similarity and the difference between concept and sensation, so that the indirect meaning overbuilds the literal one without negating it, and the relationship between the two remains. We consider taste as a metaphor in Marcel Proust’s "In Search of Lost Time". In our view, the important aspect here is the relationship in question and the distinction drawn between state of mind and sensation. We are referring to the sensory dimension of taste (tasting) and its metaphorical transformation into concept and experience. It is a basic aspect, which actually marks the beginning of "In Search of Lost Time". In the first part, entitled "Combray", the narrator talks about the taste of a small cake called “petite madeleine” and the unconscious reason which provokes the pleasure caused by an extraordinary similarity. The same episode is examined in Time Regained as part of the overall conception of "In Search of Lost Time". The sudden similarity occurs between two sensations and between two otherwise different moments. Thus, the particular state is identified, whereby an unknown but very valuable essence is expressed. We assume that in the episode of the small madeleine, taste actually represents the way of manifestation of all the moments associated with the advantage of involuntary memory (la memoire involontaire), insofar as through it is manifested the hidden nature of things that had not been experienced before. This is possible, even though the manifestation of the essence has no logical explanation and the unknown state transcends the boundaries of conceivable experience. We associate this idea with Kant’s aesthetic concept of taste, which is a metaphor, because of the similarity of characteristics, and insofar as the metaphor expresses essence in "In Search of Lost Time".

„Абсолютна метафорология“ ли е „абсолютната митология“? Мостът между Лосев и Блуменберг

Author(s): Silvia Borisova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2-3/2017

The article seeks to find and highlight the conceptual links between Losev’s “absolute mythology” and Blumenberg’s “absolute metaphorology”, viewed in the context of Blumenberg’s work on myth. For this purpose, the simultaneous affinity and contradistinction of myth and metaphor is taken as a support; the two are seen in their inevitable dialectic and in the ontological impossibility of one existing without the other. This dialectic marked Schelling’s idea of primordial (pre-mythical, pre-metaphorical) monotheism, of consubstantiality with otherness. For it’s part, Schelling’s philosophy of myth produces a kind of “mythology of the lost paradise”, which the author outlines in the article, beyond the formulations given in Schelling’s early and later writings. The author thereby proposes a possible way of consolidating the bridge between Losev’s and Blumenberg’s ideas.

Екстатичната времевост като общ корен на δύναμισ и ἐνέργεια

Author(s): Vladimir Radenkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2-3/2017

The article offers an interpretation of the two Aristotelian concepts in the perspective of their productive assimilation by Heidegger. Primary to this interpretation is the assumption that the German philosopher reveals the possibility of thinking of δύναμις and ἐνέργεια as different and co-belonging aspects of the unitary structural integrity of the way in which the disclosure of the existing in its being is effectuated, a disclosure that is constitutive for human existence. First of all, based on the texts that present Heidegger’s reception most fully and coherently, the article attempts to show that, according to Heidegger’s interpretation, δύναμις is essentially an ec-static possibility of existence and as such it has its own constraint in terms of being located in the perspective toward some production (εργον), i.e. it is performed as ἐνέργεια. Further on, the article presents Heidegger’s understanding, merely alluded to by the German philosopher, that the two concepts have a common root in the so-called ecstatic temporality – together with the concept of λόγος, they are referred to the three “consubstantial” moments of this temporality. Finally, in a productive step, the article sketches the thesis that in every non-everyday reference of a human being to the existent, there is an "interference" between the available inventory of δύναμις (misinterpreted as an present possibility) and the temporal horizon (which transcends the present) of the co-belonging δύναμις and ἐνέργεια.

The Structure of Reality, or Where to Find the Final Theory?

Author(s): Alexander Panov / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2017

The main objective of the present article is the methodological analysis of the structures of physical theories that could apply to the theory of quantum gravitation or the unified theory of all interactions (other terms are the “Final Theory” or “The Theory of Everything”, TOE). In the first step of this discussion, it is shown that, unlike widely believed, quantum theory, in principle, allows representation by local classical hidden variables. The possibility of such representation is proved by the possibility of an exhaustive simulation of quantum systems by means of a local and classical device — the computer equipment plays a role in the local classical hidden variables. Details regarding the realization of such a representation are discussed using the example of an actual computer program simulating a correlation experiment using Einstein-Podolsky-Rozen pairs. This example explicitly violates the theorems of impossibility for hidden classical variables in quantum theory.The fact that these theorems ignore the possibility for a situation, which, in this article, is characterized as the splitting of the layers of reality, is the reason that a possible violation of the theorem of impossibility for hidden variables exists. There are two such layers in the computer example — a reality layer where computer equipment exists, and a layer of simulated quantum reality. The analysis of this example results in a general idea about the layers of reality, which are the main subject of the subsequent discussion.The computer example plays a role of the existence theorem. It follows that, in principle, a fundamental local and classical structure may exist behind physical quantum reality. However, such a “local realism” leads to the idea that an immense “space container” exists for classical objects of such a layer of reality. The problem is overcome if the fundamental ontology is classical but nonlocal. Then, a space container for it is not required. It is shown that such a classical, but nonlocal, structure is very similar to a formal mathematical system. It leads to a thought that the ideal mathematical system can be a fundamental ontology of the TOE, or it is reminiscent of something beyond mathematics — a nonreducible pseudomathematical structure.In this regard, the analysis of the nature of mathematics is given. It is shown that mathematics is not only a result of the imagination of people, but that mathematical forms and all mathematics holistically exist objectively. Moreover, the statement about the objective existence of mathematical forms has an empirical status based on Popper’s criterion of falsifiability. It transfers a question of objectivity for mathematics from the field of philosophy to the field of empirical science. Then, a connection on the bases of mathematics and physics is established — namely, with the existence of the classical sector of quantum theory and with a causal structure of space-time. In this sense, the existing mathematics is not the only objective, but they also possess physics. That is, mathematics, in a sense, is a thing but it is not a thought, and this quality can be considered as an objective layer of reality that can be a substrate of the physical world.In the final part of this paper, several modern directions in the quantum gravity theory or TOE (string theory, loop quantum gravity, and causal sets) are considered regarding, as far as these theories are concerned, the formation of an abstract mathematical substratum. It is shown that the tendency to develop an of structure like an abstract mathematical substratum definitely exists. This means that a TOE can be not just a physical theory, but rather an abstract mathematical structure.

Философската антропология във възгледите на Лудвиг Фойербах

Author(s): Sasho Vasilev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2015

In the wider sense, the concept of philosophical anthropology covers all views on the nature and essence of man since the remotest antiquity, whereas in its narrower associations it points to a philosophical discipline and a conceptually diverse movement that differentiated itself in the first half of the 20th century, joint together by the intention to define the foundations and spheres of man’s own being. It is considered to have formed upon the philosophical reflections of M. Scheler, H. Plessner, E. Rothacker, etc. Many scholars, however, have failed to recognize the fact that a number of the basic principles developed later on in the different views on man, were, for the first time, already to be found in a complex form and in the highest degree in the philosophy of L. Feuerbach.

The origin and development of the Center for Interdisciplinary Studies. A historical outline by 1993

Author(s): Kamil Trombik / Language(s): English Issue: 66/2019

The paper concerns the origin and early stage of development of the Center for Interdisciplinary Studies at the Pontifical Academy of Theology in Kraków. Center for Interdisciplinary Studies was founded by Michał Heller and Józef Życiński in the late 1970s. It was an informal institution which focused on conducting scientific activity in the area of philosophy of nature, relationship between mathematical & natural sciences and philosophy, history of science, as well as relationships between science and religion. In this paper I would like to present how this institution developed, I will discuss various forms of its activity and discuss—very generally—what kind of philosophy was promoted by M. Heller, J. Życiński as well as their pupils and close associates. An important part of the paper will also concern the Center for Interdisciplinary Studies as a unique institution, which has developed—in difficult historical period in Poland—philosophical research in the spirit of freedom and respect for the new achievements of science, and also promoted interdisciplinary dialogue between scientists and philosophers.

Архив за средновековна философия и култура (съдържание на свитъци I–XXV)

Author(s): Georgi Kapriev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,French,Macedonian,German Issue: 25/2019

Американският неореализъм и съзнанието

Author(s): Georgi Belogashev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2019

The article focuses on the theoretical understanding of the nature of consciousness in the various conceptual developments of thinkers of American neo-realism. Identical theoretical thesis are shown of the nature of consciousness, of objects, as well as their relation, knowledge sphere and cognitive field of consciousness, the correlation between consciousness and biophysical human organization. The insignificant differences in the detailed definition of the nature of consciousness are revealed, which do not change the characteristic theoretical position concerning the problem.

SAINT JOHN CASSIAN’S VISION ON THE RELATION BETWEEN GRACE AND LIBERTY

Author(s): Nicuşor Tucă,Corneliu-Dragoş Bălan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The orthodox doctrine states that the beginning of salvation is made by divine grace, as uncreated energy, combating Pelagianism and Semipelagianism. Saint John Cassian, rightly included among the “great teachers and spiritual masters”, is considered by Owen Chadwick, together with Blessed Augustine, the personality who dominated the 5th century. Saint John Cassian highlights in his writings, especially in the second series of “Conferences” (Conferences XI-XVII) his teaching regarding the relationship between grace and free will, a teaching he had learned from Scripture, from theologians from the East and from many of the Western writers before Augustine (West theologian who supported predestination). The 13th Conference is a broad analysis of the relationship between grace and will of freedom, not only in the context of human effort to obtain salvation and perfection, but also in the process of conversion.

De institutione musica I,1-14

Author(s): / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2020

Slovak translation of De institutione musica (I,1-14) from Boethius.

Institutio arithmetica I-V

Author(s): / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2020

Slovak translation of Institutio arithmetica (I-V) from Boethius.

Bajki dla deleuzjanistów

Author(s): Adam Lipszyc / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2019

Pocałunek śmierci

Author(s): Filip Łapiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2019

The Chariot allegory in the Phaedrus of Plato, the Kaṭha Upaniṣad, and the Milindapañho

Author(s): B.N. Hebbar / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This paper links three traditions, i.e., ancient Greek, Hindu and Buddhist, through the renowned chariot allegory. The paper’s main purpose is to show that this is not a coincidence but part of a common cultural heritage, i.e., the Indo-European, where the chariot and the horse were important in more ways than one. In the process of uncovering the common Indo-European legacy, the paper looks into certain shared but latent leitmotifs such as the Dumezilian trifunctional hypothesis, cultural beliefs, moral values, spiritual views and metaphysical ideas. The paper also points out the similarities and differences in the three chariot allegories.

Going Global with a Local Subaltern

Author(s): Gabriela Robeci / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The notion of the Subaltern has come to have deep roots in understanding postcolonial history. Established by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, it has come to define the essence of global cultural relations, as we perceive them today. However, the origin of this theory could not have been less regional, with a starting point in Calcutta in the first half of the 20th century. The way in which it describes the relations of power between India and the British Empire gives place to a global understanding of a dominant culture took control of subjects in minority. This paper is going to seek to expose the roots of the notion of Subalterns, not refraining from touching upon disparities between genders, nations, and traditions.

АНГЛІКАНСЬКО-КАТОЛИЦЬКІ ВІДНОСИНИ В ОЦІНКАХ ПОЛІТИЧНИХ ДІЯЧІВ ВЕЛИКОЇ БРИТАНІЇ ДРУГОЇ ПОЛОВИНИ ХІХ СТ.

Author(s): Maryna Kovalska / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 30/2019

The article addresses the issue of how leading leaders of the liberal and conservative British party assessed the problem of interaction between the Anglican and Catholic churches in the nineteenth century. The main emphasis is on the social and political results of the emancipation of Catholics in English society, in the representations of Protestant or skeptical politicians or thinkers. The problem of religion in England has been an important element of social and political life since the sixteenth century. One of the most pressing aspects of this issue was the problem of relations between the Anglican and Catholic churches. After the "Reformation from above", the Anglican State Church became a unique phenomenon, which testified to the strong national trends in society. The Catholic question was not a common problem in English life, playing not only a purely dynastic or religious role, but also having political and geopolitical significance. The situation has changed dramatically since the beginning of the nineteenth century because of the act of unity with Ireland raised questions about the status of Irish Catholics in the UK government. Also, an opposition to the Anglican Church, such as Tractarianism or the Oxford movement, has developed in England as well. As the article states, that against the background of the general social tensions and economic crises that took place between 1815 and 1840, the government was forced to seek compromise. Among these compromises was the improvement of conditions for Catholics. In 1829, a parliamentary document called the "Act on the Freedom of Catholics" allowed Catholics to participate in elections and to be elected to Parliament and to confer on them other civil rights.

BRÈVE ANALYSE SUR LA PENSÉE DE PASCAL BRUCKNER

Author(s): Victor Yila / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2019

The world we live in tries to meet the needs of people who want to discover, learn and know. Contemporary ideals lie in creating a broad identity, with cultural and religious specificity, to represent the starting point for spiritual enrichment in the world. Human evolution aims for a balanced society, in which certain values predominate, giving the possibility of equal opportunities, without distinction of race, ethnicity or religion. For this, literature is always a means of reflecting the world in all these faces. In this vision appears the myth that we perceive as being a component part of the human imagination, but it is advisable to foresee that the word myth sometimes used in an abusive way establishes interfits. This explains the existence of an important connection with taboos and prejudices.