Adam Schaff wobec ewolucji poglądów filozoficznych Leszka Kołakowskiego. O sporach programowych w polskim marksizmie

Author(s): Renata Merda / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 38/2017

In my article I intend to analyze L. Kołakowski’s departure from Marxism. I will conduct my reflections in the context of his relationship with Adam Schaff. It is precisely this that A. Schaff was the promoter of the dissertation of Master and Candidate (PhD) Leszek Kołakowski.Both these philosophers in the sixties of the twentieth century revisited their views on Marxism by entering into a current called revisionism. Leszek Kołakowski, however, criticized Marxism and became his leading critic, while Adam Schaff attempted to reform it by enriching the existing ideology of man’s philosophy. The views of both philosophers differed from the official version of Marxism. While Kolakowski had completely escaped from Marxism, Schaff tried to defend him. Schaff did not particularly approve the assessment of Marxism embodied in Mainstream Marxism of Kołakowski. It is not by chance, therefore, that both philosophers can be regarded as the most outstanding representatives of Marxism before 1968 in Poland.Their views were not always contradictory, but they were often similar because Schaff approached Kolakowski talking about ecumenical Marxism — and therefore their antagonism was primarily personal and less philosophical.

Adam Wiegner wobec zagadnienia poznawczego w oświetleniu Leonarda Nelsona

Author(s): Tomasz Kubalica / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 38/2017

The subject of the article is the influence of the broadly understood Neo-Kantianism on the assimilating of Kantians ideas of critical philosophy (critical method) in Poland. I would like to present a philosophical and historical reflection on the dissertation of professor of University of Poznan Adam Wiegner (1889—1967), entitled Zagadnienie poznawcze w oświetleniu L. Nelsona (Problem of Knowledge in the Light of L. Nelson, 1925), in which he undertook a critical analysis of Nelson’s problem of impossibility of the theory of knowledge and possibilities of the metaphysics. The main aim of the article is to present the Neo-Kantians (as well as the Neo-Friesians) context of the above-mentioned Wiegners dissertation and to reflect on the reception of Nelson’s thoughts in Poznań. I would like to show that, contrary to the schematic simplification, Neo-Kantian thought had a significant influence on the shape of philosophy in Poland.

Adequatio rei et intellectus kod Tome Akvinskog

Author(s): Ivan Dunđer / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 1/2014

The aim of this work is to express standpoint about concept of the truth as it was taken and supported by Thomas Aquinas. He was convinced that truth is spread all over the world and that the primarly task of the human thought is to seek and gather the truth. His originality is in its entirety. He does not repeat some old ideas. Thomas is a realist in a special sense who resolves all the difficulties and problems that carry the question of reality with faith in reality. Things are more realistic than they are shown to us. We have to discover them. They are unrealistic if they are just in the row of the possibilities, and not in the reality. They are still incomplete and they are waiting for their further development. Thomas loved God more than his mind, and yet he loved the mind more than any other philosopher. He was an apostle of the mind, a teacher of truth and a renewer of intellectuality not only for 13th century but also for our time. Philosophy of Thomas Aquinas is a philosophy of faith and truth which is known, and at the same time a philosophy of natural reason. According to the methodological principle, suspicion is necessarily the starting point for unbiased scientific and theological research, and the aim of this research is to remove suspicion. But it is necessarily to be on clear with the suspicion on its own and to know what we can resonably doubt. Because the one who doubts in all, doubts also in validation of his own doubt. God's being is the first and the most perfect, and his truth is the first and highest. The truth for Thomas, by his definition, which remained stigmatized for the whole scholastic period defined as an adequate, is an adequate state of rei et intellectus. Thinking further about the truth, Thomas answers on question: is there only one truth where everything is true? It is emphasized again that the truth, all truths, expressed about things in comparation with human mind do not affect on the existence of the thing in their essence because there is a truth about these things in comparation with god's mind that is inseparable from them. That is why everything is true, thanks to one truth and that is the truth of the God's mind. On that truth, which comes from God's mind into ours, we judge everything. It is not changeable and cannot be aqcuired with the human sense. Everything that is sensational owns something similar to false, so that can be recognized, but there is nothing false in the true. Something is considered for truth when truth exist in mind and when it is not a reality. If the truth of things is observed in the right way towards the human mind, it can be changed either into a lie or to another truth.When compared with things, the statement is considered true if it is in accordance with them. From this comparison comes out variability of the truth, and the first truth remains unchanged. When one thing changes because of it's decay, which is important to the thing, it will change truth of the thing. The mind, while realizes the truth thinks of its own act, realizes its relation to things, co-forms with things, in fact, the mind realizes even the truth of the mind, it thinks about itself. So, in comparation with God's mind one thing cannot be false. In comparison with the human mind, a disharmony of thing with the mind sometimes happens, and that disharmony is always caused from thing itself.

Aesthetics and Ethics Intertwined: Fictional and Non-Fictional Worlds

Author(s): Jonathan Locke Hart / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

Montaigne and Las Casas are important thinkers and writers, as are many others, including Shakespeare, as a poet, whose work is complex enough in its modernity that it would be hard to condemn him as a poet as Plato did Homer. Aristotle analyzed Greek tragedy to see how it worked in terms of a framework of anagnorisis and catharsis, that is, recognition and the purging of pity and terror. Shakespeare revisits and reshapes Homer in Troilus and Cressida and remakes Plutarch in Julius Caesar and Antony and Cleopatra while playing on the classical epic and mythological themes in Venus and Adonis and Rape of Lucrece. Plato, a poet as well as a philosopher, and a great writer if one does not like those categories, may have feared the poet within himself. Although assuming with Plato that philosophy is more universal and just than poetry, Aristotle takes the analysis of poetry and drama seriously in Poetics, and also discusses ethics, aesthetics and style in Rhetoric. So, while I discuss Plato as a framework, I am not presuming that writing on the relations among the good, the true, the just and the beautiful stop with him. I am also making the assumption that Las Casas, Montaigne, Shakespeare and other poets and writers deserve to be taken seriously in the company of Plato. Las Casas and Montaigne respond to radically changing realities and shake the very basis of traditional ethics (especially in understanding of the “other”) and work in harmony with the greatest poets and writers of a new era often called modernity like Shakespeare, who is in the good company of Manrique, Villon, Ronsard, Du Bellay, Juan de la Cruz, Luis de León, Lope de Vega, Quevedo and Calderón. Long before, Dante and Petrarch were exploring in their poetry ethical and aesthetic imperatives and broke new ground doing so. Nor can Las Casas and Montaigne be separated from other great writers like Rabelais and Cervantes, who carry deep philosophical and ethical sensibility in their work while responding to reality by providing aesthetically – even sensuously – shaped images that always leave a margin for ambiguity because conflicts are part of an ambiguous reality.

Afordancje w (i poza) HCI

Author(s): Witold Wachowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2018

This paper is a review of the book by Victor Kaptelinin Affordances and Design, devoted to the concept of affordances in HCI. It discusses, among others, basic relations and dif- ferences between ecological psychology (including a branch of philosophy of cognition) and design studies.

Against Lewis on ‘Desire as Belief’

Author(s): Douglas Ian Campbell / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2017

David Lewis describes, then attempts to refute, a simple anti-Humean theory of desire he calls ‘Desire as Belief’. Lewis’ critics generally accept that his argument is sound and focus instead on trying to show that its implications are less severe than appearances suggest. In this paper I argue that Lewis’ argument is unsound. I show that it rests on an essential assumption that can be straightforwardly proven false using ideas and principles to which Lewis is himself committed.

Agnostos Theos: Relacja między nieskończonością a niepoznawalnością Boga w doktrynach medioplatoników

Author(s): Damian Mrugalski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2019

In the times preceding the emergence of Neo-Platonism (1st–3rd century BC), the philosophers now known as Middle Platonists elaborated an extensive reflection on the possibility of knowing God, and the ways that could lead to acquiring knowledge about the transcendent. According to Plato, “To discover the Maker and Father of this Universe were a task indeed; and having discovered Him, to declare Him unto all men were a thing impossible” (Plato, Timaeus 28c). The Middle Platonists believed that God, whom they sometimes identified with the Platonic One and Good, is possible to know but not possible to express. Even though the knowledge of God is accompanied by all the difficulties associated with the process of intellectual and ethical improvement, and although what one comes to know in this process is ultimately impossible to express in human language, gaining knowledge of God and becoming like Him is nevertheless the goal of all Platonic philosophy. Jewish and Christian thinkers working at this time came to similar conclusions. These include Philo of Alexandria, Clement of Alexandria, and Origen, who are themselves sometimes deemed Middle-Platonic philosophers. Unlike their pagan colleagues, they believed that man’s process of coming to know God would go on forever. They thought that the finite human mind would never be able to contain the infinite, and they held that the essence and power of God are indeed infinite. The goal of this article is to expose the relationship between the infinity and the unknowability of God, and at the same time to point out the differences in the theses put forward on this question by pagan Middle Platonists and those who accepted Judeo-Christian revelation.

Ahilik Felsefesi ve Örgüt Modelinin Dünyadaki Kalkinma Modeli Olan Kooperatife Yansimalari

Author(s): Selami Sedat Akgöz,Emre Ercan / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2017

Anatolia is the cradles of civilizations in the world development models have been developed. Organization and the philosophy of professional organizations and trades in the world was Kırşehir. To express this philosophy and organizational structure and regional development as Ahi modeling philosophy plays a major role in spreading. 18th-century. European researchers have come at the beginning of the Central Anatolia Region, the first collective work, cooperative and professional guild system in Europe, as the trades and have found that housing co-operative models. Today the principles of the philosophy of Ahi "cooperative principles" known as. This view is still valid since 12th-century and principles to guide the people to protect and philosophy. Effectiveness of professional organizations and cooperative associations in the development of the philosophy of our study, Ahi, trades union, and the traces of the social cooperative models studied. The foundation ethical culture community that have created a culture of imece system, business ethics, insurance, organized women's entrepreneurship, women's enterprise systems in organizations professional organizations and today's artisan Guild have left deep scars. Our belief is that the collective life of humanity for thousands of years conscious of the cooperatives the history of cooperatives in 1848, the industrialization process that are old more than the fact that the history of acceptance of a common heritage of the whole world. Civilization is the common heritage of all cultures While I established a social cooperative of women in the Greek world for the first time. If the Europeans wanted to reduce the importance of the shamanic women of this association as this association by allowing women to work in the areas of textiles and carpets has been the stage of history as an economic model In our study, the ahi in the development of Philosophy in professional organizations effectiveness and cooperative Union, trades Union, cooperative and social traces in the model will be examined.

Aksjomatyczne ujęcia genidentyczności według Zdzisława Augustynka. Część I. Porównanie systemów

Author(s): Marek Porwolik / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3 (99)/2017

The existence of objects in time or, generally speaking, the existence of objects that are subject to change can be described using the notion of genidentity (genetic identity). Zdzisław Augustynek devoted a number of works to this issue, and Mariusz Grygianiec offered valuable commentaries. Augustynek tried to specify this notion by means of axiomatic definitions. He presented three sets of specific axioms. They delimit sets of theses, called systems by Augustynek and marked as AS1, AS2, and AS3. Apart from the term genidentity (G), the axioms also contain the following terms: logical identity (I), quasi-simultaneity (R), quasi-collocation (L), and causality (H). They represent binary relations whose field is the set of events S. The axioms also involve symbols of the complements of these relations: genetic difference (G*), logical difference (I*), time separation (R*), space separation (L*), and the complement of H (H*). The results obtained by Augustynek and Grygianiec can be supplemented or even corrected in some places. This fact motivated me to analyze systems AS1, AS2, and AS3 once again. The results are presented in two separate articles: Part I (this paper) and Part II (to be published in Filozofia Nauki 25(4) [100]). The first aim of Part I is to present the set-theoretic approach to the analysis of Augustynek’s systems. Although the specific axioms themselves are expressed in the language of the algebra of sets, their analysis was conducted by Grygianiec in the classical predicate calculus. The set-theoretic approach facilitates the analysis of the sets of specific axioms. Accordingly, I present the specific axioms of systems AS1, AS2, and AS3 in the language of algebra of sets, illustrating them with Venn diagrams for five sets, expressing the specific axioms of the analyzed systems with the use of the theory of components, showing exemplary sets fulfilling those axioms, and formulating preliminary remarks concerning the relationships among systems AS1, AS2, and AS3. The second aim of Part I is to use the presented method to compare the three systems. The most important stages include formulating and justifying theses concerning: (i) the relationships among systems AS1, AS2, and AS3, (ii) supplementary axioms that cause a mutual equivalence of the axioms when added to systems AS1, AS2, and AS3, and (iii) selected relationships that can be identified on the basis of systems AS1, AS2, and AS3. Next, I correct certain conclusions concerning systems AS1, AS2, and AS3 from Augustynek’s and Grygianiec’s works, show a method of creating alternative axioms for systems AS1, AS2, and AS3, and suggest methods for further modifications of axioms of these systems.

Aksjomatyczne ujęcia genidentyczności według Zdzisława Augustynka. Część II. Definicje warunkowe

Author(s): Marek Porwolik / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4 (100)/2017

The results obtained by Zdzisław Augustynek and Mariusz Grygianiec can be supplemented or even corrected in some places. This fact motivated me to analyze systems AS1, AS2, and AS3 once again. The results are presented in two articles. The aim of Part I (Porwolik 2017) was to present the set-theoretic approach to the analysis of Augustynek’s systems and to use the presented method to compare the three systems. Part II (this paper) is devoted to conditional definitions describing relations present in the systems. In one of his works, Augustynek posed a number of questions regarding the possibility of formulating conditional definitions of a certain type, which might refer to the notions included in his axioms. He did not answer all of these questions, and my aim is to complete this task. Apart from that, I analyze the problem of reducing Augustynek’s systems to conditional definitions containing the necessary condition and the sufficient conditio of a selected notion from these systems. At the same time, I prove that Augustynek’s systems can be reduced to certain conditional definitions (that they are equivalent to them), including the ones containing two conditions of genidentity: the sufficient condition and the necessary condition. I also argue that in AS2 it is possible, with the use of normal (equivalence) definitions, to define two relations: logical identity (I) and logical difference (I*). For the other relations a definitione of this type does not exist in the analyzed systems.

Aktualność i historyczność myśli Marksa

Author(s): Halina Walentowicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 41/2018

In the first part of the article, the author raises the problem of the current relevance of Marx’s heritage. She believes that the key to this problem is the breakthrough in the philosophy, which initiated the development of contemporary philosophy. The second part of the article deals with Marx’s prophecies of the future, which, according to the author, have only a historical value. Although Marx – who foresaw the global expansion of the capitalist system – can be counted in among the precursors to the theory of globalization, the current trends of social development are contradictory to his prediction of the kingdom of freedom.

Aktualność Kantowskiej wizji prawa autorskiego

Author(s): Zdzisław Kieliszek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 53/2016

This article consists of seven parts. The first part describes the quarrel over copyright, which was introduced in 2011 and 2012 year by the agreement ACTA. The second part presents the development of copyright protection. The next two parts are in sequence and refer to the main arguments in favor of copyright and against copyright. Then the concept of copyright of Immanuel Kant is shown. The penultimate part of the rethinking of Kant based on the arguments of the supporters and the opponents of copyright. And finally, the conclusions are shown, which can be achieved on the basis of the analysis. The most important observation is that Kant’s vision of copyright is still timely. It means that in the face of today’s conflicts, we should return to the idea of Kant because he described the fundamental rights of authors. Kant also presented the works that are and are not protected by copyright. Only those works are protected by copyright according to Kant, which are the extension of the personality of the author.

Aktuelnost Kantove filozofije. Okrugli sto "Kant danas"

Author(s): Dunja Šešelja / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 1/2004

Povodom dva veka od smrti Imanuela Kanta, u novosadskoj Gimnaziji “Jovan Jovanović Zmaj" 29. aprila ove godine organizovan je okrugli sto o aktuelnosti Kantove filozofije, .,Kant danas". U razgovoru su učestvovali profesori Filozofskog fakulteta u Beogradu - dr Jovan Aranđelović, dr Sima Elaković i dr Živan Lazović i profesori Filozofskog fakulteta u Novom Sadu- dr Milenko A. Perović i dr Mirko Aćimović. [...]

Akty woli w myśli średniowiecznej — od św. Augustyna do Wilhelma z Auxerre

Author(s): Monika Michałowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2017

Harry Frankfurt’s concept of autonomy that has been acknowledged as one of the most important theories of autonomy underlines the essential role of a moral agent’s ability to reflect on herself and her life. The core element of the concept is the ability of a moral agent to formulate first as well as second order desires. Intriguing seems the fact that we can find the concepts referring to the complexity of the will and its first and second order acts already in medieval thought. In this paper I examine the development of the terminology and argumentation employed in these medieval concepts which analyze first and second order acts of the will as well as the subtle difference between various acts of the will. I focus on the concepts formulated until the first half of the 13th century pointing out to the terminology and arguments which became the point of departure for late medieval theories of the will.

AL IV-lea CONGRES INTERNAŢIONAL AL SOCIETĂŢII KANT DE LIMBA SPANIOLĂ Valencia, 15–19 octombrie, 2018

Author(s): Rodica Croitoru / Language(s): Romanian,Moldavian / Issue: 6/2018

ALCHEMY: FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES

Author(s): Mirela Radu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 13/2018

Physicians have represented along centuries real promoters of knowledge, either we speak about science, literature, theology or about pseudo-sciences such as astrology, metaphysics, alchemy etc. Through small steps they have brought reform to society especially in the dark ages of mankind such as the Middle Ages. Villa Nova represented in the history of medicine the transition from Aristotelian and Galenic studies to a superior, more scientific form, focused on empiricism. The polymath studied not only the Greek and Latin sources, but also the Arabic ones, translating from various medical treatises circulating at that time. It is supposed that in his vast activity the Catalonian is the author or at least the translator and publisher of over seventy medical treaties. The novelty that he brought is still the existence of a fifth element: the spontaneous, animal-like impulses that, according to the physician, are located in the heart and pulsating throughout the body. This animal spirit is responsible for human sins and diseases, as well as the principle that maintains life and makes the junction between the psychic and the material part of the body. The scientific merit of the Spanish physician's conception is to have guessed what, over centuries in the modern world, we call genetic factors in the etiology of diseases. The polymath believed that people were born with a predisposition to morbidity or another that they can still control by a proper life style, good nutrition and hygiene.

Alegorija smrti ili smrt alegorije

Author(s): Aleksandar Zistakis / Language(s): English,Serbian / Issue: 0/1994

In Bertolucci's "Conformist" there is a scene in which the conformist meets his one-time professor of philosophy. They evoke old memories and, in that context, mention professor's lecture on Plato's allegory of the cave. The scene, as well as the film itself, happens in fascist Italy between two world wars. In between those old days and the time of the meeting, professor had openly declared himself as a fascist and became a member of the Party.

Aleksandra Usowicza wkład do badań nad dziejami filozofii krakowskiej

Author(s): Kamil Trombik / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2017

The article attempts to justify the thesis that Aleksander Usowicz has made contribution to the research on Cracow philosophy, which was developed in two periods: a) between the 15th and 17th centuries, b) at the end of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. Usowicz was one of the pioneers in post-war history of Polish philosophy, publishing between 1946 and 1949 several important articles, concerning Cracow philosophy (from 15th to 19th centuries). In addition, Usowicz was the leading commentator and interpreter of the philosophical thought of Konstanty Michalski – undoubtedly one of the most important catholic philosophers in the first half of the 20th century

ALICJA KUCZYŃSKA’S SOCIAL AESTHETICS

Author(s): Irena Wojnar / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

The paper examines some rare specific features of Alicja Kuczyńska’s aesthetics. Itis demonstrated that Kuczyńska connects the field of aesthetics to the realm of philosophicalanthropology and social philosophy. Her interdisciplinary approach is based onpostulated bonds between art, society, aesthetics and sociology.

Al-Kindī’s treatise on definitions and its place in history of philosophy

Author(s): Tomasz Stefaniuk / Language(s): English / Issue: XXIX/2017

The paper focuses on al-Kindī’s Treatise on definitions - the oldest surviving Arabic glossary of philosophical and scientific terms. Its author presents more than one definition of the term falsafa (philosophy). Does this mean that he was not sure how to explain to his coreligionists what philosophy really is? In this article I aim to focus on the content of all six definitions of philosophy presented in the treatise. I also compare some of al-Kindī’s definitions of philosophy with the way in which some Greek philosophers, known to him, understood it, as well as with certain ideas derived from the source texts of Islam. The results of the study led to the belief that al-Kindī sought to induce his readers to agree that philosophy was not a threat to the Muslim faith, but rather a science which aims to improve man in the moral sense, and also to significantly increase the human knowledge of the world created by God.