Ethologiczne źródła etyki. O filozoficznym ugruntowaniu moralności

Author(s): Waldemar Kwiatkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2017

The article is prompted by Edmund Husserl's attempt to renew the idea of European rationalism. Husserl attributed the failure of the idea to the digression of ratio from the sphere of everyday life, to the loss of its ethical origin. The author attempts to take in the meaning of this source relationship viewed as the basis for being-in-the-world and the existential consequences of the process initiated by Descartes of rendering the ratio barren, in a way, due to the gradual departure from its source meaning present in the Greek word λόγος (logos). Following Husserl , the author also presents the impact of this process on rational interpretation of reality, and formulates the thesis that civilization built on an impoverished idea of rationality touches man’s essential interests, setting his life in an expanding existential emptiness.

قراءة تحضيرية جزئية لفكر الفيلسوف المغربي طه عبد الرحمن

Author(s): M’utaz Hassan Mohamm Abûqasem / Language(s): Arabic Issue: 1/2017

This paper is expected to explore some parts of Taha Abdurrahman's philosophy, the Moroccan philosopher, which encloses accumulated aspects in the field of his pedagogical foundation and epistemological approach in logic and language. In addition, it presents his creativity by resorting to various languages, such as English, German, French, Greek. Moreover, I shoud light on the technical, objective and conceptual approaches of Taha. I also elaborate on examining the semantics of Taha's terminology and the possibilities of applying his approaches in order to attain creativity hand in hand with tradition. By the paper's conclusion, I mention some examples of terms which the philosopher recreates, such as the term of creativity linked to instinct and how the creative thinker establishes his/her terminology. As well, I provide examples of the term "reason" in which Taha states essential notions, sets clear distinction between types of reasons, draws limits to them, and finally calls to reconstruct the "guided reason".

À la recherche du membre perdu : Merleau-Ponty face à la théorie sartrienne de l’« émotion »

Author(s): Tetsuo Sawada / Language(s): French Issue: 48/2019

Bemerkungen zu "Körper", "Rasse" und "mestizaje" im Hinblick auf Heideggers Schwarze Hefte

Author(s): Ángel Alvarado Cabellos / Language(s): German Issue: 48/2019

CURIOSITY IN HISTORY OF EDUCATION

Author(s): Dragoş Grigorescu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Despite the diversification of research topics in education, curiosity remained an occasional concern. The origin of the philosophy is in wonder and curiosity, as the Greek thinkers said, but nothing prevents us from considering the same beginning for education. It is sufficient to list the basic concepts of pedagogy such as teaching, learning, cognitive development, knowledge, curriculum, to see that all aesthetics postulate as a justification a native curiosity prior to the students. Often Greeks understood education as a need inherent in the human being, and the completion of it as a personal moral duty of each of us. And yet curiosity is not a career topic in the education sciences or psychology either. With a few exceptions, which we will highlight in the following. The purpose of this paper is to bring to the attention of educators the immense potential of curiosity, both for a better understanding of education and for increasing the efficiency of the teaching act itself, in the classroom, in the teacher-student relationship. For this we propose first a philosophical legitimation of curiosity as it appears in Aristotle, after which we will continue with a second section dedicated to the biological bases of curiosity, at least as they result from the ethological perspective, so that finally we can analyze curiosity as a theme. of rigorous empirical research conducted by the father of curiosity, D. Berlyne.

Učenje o regeneraciji čovečanstva. Chamberlainova kanonizacija Wagnerove nove religije

Author(s): Dragana Jeremić Molnar,Aleksandar Molnar / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2016

ACCIDENTE DE CIRCULAŢIE A IDEILOR FILOSOFICE

Author(s): Sebastian Grama / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2017

In regard to the to the art area, the optimalstrategy that we can deduce from the Aristotelian thought is not to oppose in an abstract manner the Idea and life, but to let what is alive to talk to us, meaning to participate to essence in an own way, to come to us and inhabit our discourse not from the outside, but recognizing us, identifying itself in our words. The ruthlessness of Destiny, the immobility of the being as a being would remain a common entertainment if a guy would not assume Oreste's costume, gestures and mask. Accident is just as essential to essence as it is essential to think of an essence of the accident. The effect of this simultaneity can be given (finally legitimate) the name of life.

CUM ESTE POSIBILĂ O RETORICĂ A ISTORIEI OMULUI DORINŢEI?

Author(s): Oana Şerban / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2017

The aim of this paper is to examine and define the so-called „history of the desiring man” that Foucault explains in a genealogical framework inspired by the Greek Antiquity, recognizing Aristotle`s ethics as one of its constitutive paradigms. The main challenge of this theoretical inquiry is to show that Aristotle`s perspective on the human desires is as actual as it used to be 2400 years ago, in a puzzle that evaluates the relationship of the individual with himself and his access to the truth, in the terms of Aphrodisia, Chresis, Enkrateia, Sophrosyne.

ARISTOTEL, PROFESOR DE ACTORIE

Author(s): Liviu Lucaci / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2017

This article talks about two concepts drawn from Aristotle, the verisimilar and the necessity and the way we use them to create something that can flow only in one sense, as a one-way street, what we call truth on stage. If that happens, the people in the room will witness an unrepeatable event, and you as an actor will achieve performance.

The Highlights of Descartes’ Epistemology (An Introduction)

Author(s): Przemysław Gut,Arkadiusz Gut / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Descartes (and Spinoza) on Intellectual Experience and Skepticism

Author(s): John Carriero / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Descartes’s epistemology is rooted in his profound interest in and respect for what might be called intellectual experience, especially lucid intellectual experience. (Lucid intellectual experience is my term for what Descartes calls perceiving clearly and distinctly.) This interest, it seems to me, was shared by Descartes’s rationalist successors Spinoza and Leibniz. In the first part of this paper, I locate the phenomenon of lucid intellectual experience, focusing on Descartes and Spinoza. I try to show if we do not give enough attention to the character of such experience, we risk losing touch with a central motivation behind their respective epistemologies. In the second part of the paper, I consider intellectual experience in the context of skeptical doubt, particularly radical doubt. Although Descartes and Spinoza are often taken to be opposed here, I think they share more than is commonly appreciated.

Epistemic Functions of Intuition in Descartes

Author(s): Monika Walczak / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The topic of the paper is the notion of intuition in Descartes’ philosophy and its epistemic functions. Descartes introduces his notion of intuition in the context of a description of his method and process of knowing and doing science. Intuition is a significant component of this process. I intend to show that the main epistemic functions of intuition in Descartes’ philosophy are differentiated. Intuition is essential not only in the context of justification (the Cartesian synthetic method of proof) but also and especially in the context of discovery (the Cartesian analytic method of discovery). It plays not only a role in the foundation of the cogito but also on different stages of constructing the system of knowledge. Intuition has important functions in grasping simple natures, forming primary concepts, comprehending complex natures, forming primary propositions (including primary principles), and capturing relationships between them and building deductive reasoning (the role of intuition in deduction). Hence, intuition is the foundation for all primary stages of producing knowledge. It is active and important element of pure thinking (a priori) in human knowledge, and science. It fulfils these functions due to its specific epistemic properties. I also argue that intuition is not an autonomous and complete type of knowledge. Nor is it an intuitive thesis, but rather the basis of a justification for theses (including the cogito).

The Epistemic Significance of Current Clear and Distinct Perceptions in Descartes’ Epistemology

Author(s): Przemysław Gut / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

In this article, I discuss the epistemic role that Descartes believed was played in knowledge construction by current clear and distinct perceptions (the ideas or propositions which appear most evident to us when we are attending to them). In recent literature, we can find two interpretations about the epistemic status and function of current clear and distinct perceptions in Descartes’ epistemology. The first may be called the psychological, the second normative. The latter states that current clear and distinct perceptions are utterly immune to all doubt, even before God’s existence is proven and the general rule of truth is established. Thus, their certainty is for Descartes not merely psychological, but normative. I endorse the normative interpretation for a number of what I believe to be cogent reasons. However, there are also some difficulties with it. Therefore, after presenting positive arguments for the interpretation (sections I–IV) I discuss the difficulties of textual and substantive nature that the normative interpretation needs to address if it is to be upheld (sections V–VI).

The Fourth Meditation and Cartesian Circles

Author(s): C.P. Ragland,Everett Fulmer / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

We offer a novel interpretation of the argumentative role that Meditation IV plays within the whole of the Meditations. This new interpretation clarifies several otherwise head-scratching claims that Descartes makes about Meditation IV, and it fully exonerates the Fourth Meditation from either raising or exacerbating Descartes’ circularity problems.

The Curious Sensations of Pain, Hunger and Thirst. Reliabilism in the Second Part of Descartes’ Sixth Meditation

Author(s): Stefaan E. Cuypers / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

This paper discusses the epistemic status of bodily sensations—especially the sensations of pain, hunger and thirst—in the second part of Descartes’ Sixth Meditation. It is argued that this part is an integral component of Descartes overall purely epistemological project in the Meditations. Surprisingly perhaps, in contrast with his standardly taken infallible, internalist and foundationalist position, Descartes adopts a fallibilist, externalist and reliabilist position as regards the knowledge and beliefs based on bodily sensations. The argument for this conclusion is justified by an analysis of both the criterion of nature’s teachings and the concept of true errors of nature in terms of Wilfrid Sellars’ distinction between the logical space of reasons and the empirical space of causes.

Cartesian Social Epistemology? Contemporary Social Epistemology and Early Modern Philosophy

Author(s): Amy M. Schmitter / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Many contemporary social epistemologists take themselves to be combatting an individualist approach to knowledge typified by Descartes. Although I agree that Descartes presents an individualist picture of scientific knowledge, he does allow some practical roles for reliance on the testimony and beliefs of others. More importantly, however, his reasons for committing to individualism raise important issues for social epistemology, particularly about how reliance on mere testimony can propagate prejudices and inhibit genuine understanding. The implications of his views are worked out more fully by some of his immediate successors; I examine how François Poulain de la Barre, and (briefly) Mary Astell analyze the social conditions for epistemic agency in a Cartesian vein.

Thomas Hobbes’s Elements of Law and His Third Objections to Descartes’s Meditations

Author(s): Krzysztof Wawrzonkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

In this article I endeavour to present the axis of the dispute between Hobbes and Descartes on the ground of Meditation, and its most important moments. I focus primarily on the analysis of the most important accusations made by Hobbes and the reconstruction of some of his views, which at the time could only be found in The Elements of Law, Nature, and Politics. This work was the first major and coherent attempt to speak out on cognitive-theory and social issues; I strive to defend the thesis that understanding the content of Objections requires knowledge of this work. The mature form of the work shows that the Englishman already had his views well thought-out and could feel quite confident in formulating from their perspective critical remarks on Descartes’s philosophy, to which, it seems, he may have owed quite a lot.

The Cartesianism and Anti-Cartesianism of Locke’s Concept of Personal Identity

Author(s): Adam Grzeliński / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

This article focuses on the relationship between the conceptions of personal identity presented by Descartes and by Locke. Contrary to common readings, I claim that the difference between them cannot be reduced to a simple contrast between rational substantialism and genetic empiricism. Locke does not resign from the substantialist position but delimits the two spheres: natural cognition with its foundation in experience and philosophical speculations, in which he tries to present a rational interpretation of religious dogmas which is consistent with his epistemological programme. Locke’s criticism is directed against the Cartesian notion of a thinking thing as a substance independent of the body and his description of the differentiation of experience and his depiction of human subjectivity is expanded in relation to Cartesian philosophy: personal identity gains explication at four complementary levels: psychological, biological, socio-legal, and religious.

Bellows in Malaga: Thomistic Insights via Pablo Picasso

Author(s): Daniel Fitzpatrick / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

The paper begins by clarifying St. Thomas’s teaching on the problem of the one and the many by answering three questions: 1) What is a genus? 2) How are genera organized according to contrary opposition, and what role does virtual quantity play in such organization? 3) How do a knower and the thing known constitute opposite poles of a genus? With these answers firmly in hand, we then turn to an analysis of art, with particular reference to Picasso, with a view to clarifying three complementary points: 1) How the artist and his work constitute a genus, and how the work of art and the viewer constitute a genus; 2) How the work of art affirms the generic relation of sense object and sensate being; 3) How the artist subordinates the practical to the speculative in his work and what this implies for the role of the artist in an increasingly practical age.

Sapientia. Sagesse et philosophie morale selon Robert Holcot († 1349)

Author(s): Pascale Farago-Bermon / Language(s): French Issue: XXV/2019

This contribution examines the definitions of wisdom that appear in the first two lessons of Robert Holcot’s In Sapientiam. The Dominican master writes in his famous commentary that he does not retain the theological and peripatetic definitions of wisdom, but prefers the definition given by moral philosophers. Holcot’s notion of philosophia moralis is compared here with its occurrences in the divisions of philosophy and curricula of the first half of the thirteenth century. The interest in non-peripatetic ancient sources manifested by this “classicizing friar” (Beryl Smalley) seems to suggest his work was a continuation of that of his near medieval predecessors, at the very time of the first humanism.