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Vklad Antona Habovštiaka k problematike teritoriálnej diferencovanosti slovenských nárečí a ich klasifikácie

Author(s): Mária Mikolajová,Gabriela Múcsková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2024

The article presents some models of territorial classification of the Slovak dialectal area, which were created in the course of the development of Slovak linguistics and dialectology. At the same time, it reminds that the differentiation of Slovak dialects has to a large extent the character of a dialectal continuum, therefore territorial classifications are always the result of a certain abstraction and selection of linguistic criteria as well as the consideration of extra-linguistic factors. The first classifications were based almost exclusively on extra-linguistic factors (namely the division of the territory into the old administrative units in the Hungarian Empire). During the development of classifications of Slovak dialects, it is possible to identify a gradual tendency to increase reflection of linguistic data and isoglosses, and extra-linguistic factors served as one of the potential motivations. In this article, special attention is paid to the contribution of A. Habovštiak’s work to the research of dialect differentiation and the basic principles of their classification.

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Otázky sociálnej diferencovanosti slovenského národného jazyka v diele Antona Habovštiaka

Author(s): Stella Ondrejčiková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2024

This paper presents views on the social differentiation of the Slovak national language with regard to the works of A. Habovštiak in the context of development of the Slovak linguistics. The social differentiation of the national language and, within its framework, the relation between the literary or standard language and the territorial dialect was studied by linguists such as J. Horecký, J. Bosák, I. Ripka, D. Slančová and M. Sokolová, Ľ. Kralčák and others. The views on this relation were influenced by the historical development, political situation and the development of society, and it was the topic of several linguistic conferences and discussions. Within this framework, Anton Habovštiak dealt mainly with the questions of the standard – dialect relationship, the influence of other languages on dialects, semi-varieties, the stylistic differentiation in dialects and specific social varieties as slang and argot, in particular, the language of the linen weavers and merchants. The aim is to present an overview of linguistic perspectives and unique contribution of Habovštiak, who looked at these issues from a dialectological perspective.

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Наблюдения върху един ненормативен формообразувателен модел в съвременния български език

Author(s): Krasimira Angelova Chakarova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

The study examines a group of negative verb forms denoting relative posteriority, in which the negation marker is placed before the full (or second auxiliary) verb rather than in the initial position: compare the examples щях да не забележа; щеше да не си (различен); щял съм да не се съглася; щяха да не зависят; щели да не вземат; щял бил да не докосва, etc., with the normative pattern: нямаше да забележа, нямаше да си (различен), нямало да се съглася, нямаше да зависят, нямало да вземат. Notably, such forms are rarely discussed in systematic Bulgarian grammars but are observed in contemporary oral and written communication. The study aims to: 1) identify the reasons for this deviation from the normative formation of verb forms describing relative posteriority by analysing the linguistic contexts in which these forms occur; 2) determine their status within the verb system (whether they represent acceptable variants or deviations). The analysis also incorporates survey data, providing insights into native speakers’ attitudes towards the studied verb forms.

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Морфоструктура на показателните и притежателните местоимения

Author(s): Desislava Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

The aim of the study is to present models for the morpheme segmentation of demonstrative and possessive pronouns by describing the specifics of the inflections and suffixes that take part in their formation. The changes that have occurred in the morpheme structure of demonstrative pronouns used to indicate persons and non-persons (cf.: тъ and този, та and тази, то and това, те and тези) are linked to the need to distinguish these pronouns from the newly established third-person personal pronouns (той, тя, то, те). This has also resulted in changes to the morpheme structure. The morpheme structure of possessive pronouns, which are etymologically related to personal pronouns, is also a focus of our research due to the specifics of their formation. The nuclear morpheme carries the semantics of the personal pronominal forms, while the suffixes are derived from the paradigm of relational adjectives.

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Принципи на флективното описание на глаголните съставни лексикални единици в български

Author(s): Svetla Koeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

This article presents the general principles for the inflectional description of verbal mul-tiword expressions in Bulgarian. Two main criteria are applied: the maintenance of the relation to the inflectional description of simple words in Bulgarian and the presentation of the minimal grammatical information necessary for a standardised description of the forms of verbal multiword expressions. The paper also provides a brief outline of the formalism used to define local grammars, which are compiled into finite-state transducers that recognise and generate the forms of verbal multiword expressions, along with the associated grammatical information.

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Флективно описание на съставни наименования в българския език (изследване на двусъставните географски названия)

Author(s): Svetlozara Leseva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

This article explores the grammatical and semantic characteristics of two-component compound proper names in Bulgarian, with a particular focus on geographical names, aiming to define their inflectional types and integrate them into the respective dictionary entries. The study is based on lexical units automatically extracted from internet sources, including structured resources such as Wikipedia. These units were manually filtered and categorised according to the type of referent, e.g. town, village, mountain, spring, etc. As a result, the initial dataset of 4,000 candidates was reduced to approximately 2,600 entries. The selected names were automatically POS-tagged and analysed in terms of their syntactic structure, lexical and grammatical categories, inflectional properties, defectivity, etc. These features collectively determine the inflectional type of each named entity. The inflectional types enable both the generation of inflected forms and their recognition in free text.

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Оценъчната семантика като фактор за парадигматична непълнота: глаголи за поведение

Author(s): Elena Yu. Ivanova,Ivelina Stoyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

This study analyses a group of Bulgarian activity verbs whose semantics includes an evaluative component, e.g. важнича, маниернича, подмилквам се, театралнича, etc. The verbs denote a set of similar actions performed by person X while also conveying an evaluation of these actions from the speaker’s perspective. Due to their evaluative semantic component, such verbs exhibit paradigmatic restrictions, as well as limitations in the realisation of their forms. Based on a corpus sample comprising usage examples of 25 verbs extracted from the Bulgarian National Corpus, this study examines restrictions on the grammatical forms (specifically in terms of person and number), the specific uses of verb tenses and the formation of synthetic imperative forms. The data on the usage of evaluative verbs are compared with statistical data on the usage of behaviour verbs that lack an evaluative component. Our observations enable us to determine the place of behaviour verbs within the semantic typology of predicates. This group of verbs is typically assigned an intermediate, special status. Our findings indicate that behaviour verbs share characteristics with the semantic class of activity verbs. While their semantics (particularly the evaluative component and the fact that the subject of the activity and the subject of the evaluation are different) may impose certain restrictions on their realisation, based on the analysed data, none of the proper-ties under discussion fully prevent the realisation of their grammatical forms.

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Лексемата бушон и нейните метафорични и фразеологични проекции

Author(s): Dilyana Dencheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

The article examines the metaphorical projections of the lexeme fuse and the phrases in which it functions as a component. Specifically, it analyses the expressions someone’s fuses blew and fuses blew in terms of their formal structure, variation, paradigms, semantics, origin and other relevant characteristics. The study rejects the hypothesis that the two units share a common origin and instead proposes that they have under-gone distinct processes of phraseologisation, resulting in different internal forms. It is concluded that the identical formal structure and divergent semantics of the expressions exemplify phraseological homonymy. Additionally, the article analyses the conventional metaphorical projections of the lexeme fuse in terms of their stylistic characteristics, semantics, frequency and viability, while also looking for potential connections with the aforementioned expressions. The capacity of fuse to function as a novel metaphor and to contribute to other types of tropes, such as similes, is emphasised. Furthermore, the study examines the dynamics of its various metaphorical projections, noting the increasing frequency and prominence of some and the decline of others. Particular attention is given to the innovative uses of phrases, where techniques and devices characteristic of poetic language are employed. The analysis demonstrates their adaptability across a broad range of discursive contexts, including poetry, journalistic texts and online forum discussions.

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За модалните ще да-форми в българския език

Author(s): Verka Sasheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

The article investigates the specific characteristics and frequency of use of the Bulgarian ще да forms across different communication domains, such as fiction and spoken communication, by identifying the most common presumptive forms. The analysis is preceded by a thorough review of the existing literature and a summary of various perspectives on the status of presumptive forms. The study also explores the relation-ship between these modal forms and certain grammatical categories. Two working hypotheses are tested: one suggesting that the present and perfect tense forms are the ones predominantly used in spoken language, and the other proposing that they have stylistically limited usage, specific to particular communication domains.

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Синтактичната група глагол + прилагателно име – формални особености и нормативни аспекти

Author(s): Tatyana Aleksandrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

This article examines the formal characteristics of syntactic groups consisting of a verb and a dependent adjective, focusing on morphological accommodation and connotation as the two primary mechanisms for constructing grammatically correct expressions. The study outlines the structural features that give rise to normative issues in standard language use. Furthermore, it analyses several normative problems related to the realisation of verb + adjective groups in sentence structure, with particular attention to accommodation in the grammatical categories of number, gender and polarity. The causes of fluctuations are explored, and normative recommendations are provided.

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Флексивното разграничаване на съществителните от мъжки и женски род в множествено число в българския книжовен език през Възраждането

Author(s): Lachezar Perchekliyski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

The article examines the problem of identifying the dictionary form and grammatical gender of nouns with the suffixes -(н)ик and -(н)ица occurring only in the plural in Bulgarian Revival texts. This difficulty arises from several factors: 1) in the 19th century, many dialectal words, as well as specialised terms form various spheres of public life entered the Bulgarian literary language; 2) no comprehensive dictionaries documenting the lexical richness of the language existed; 3) the plural endings of nouns with the suffixes -(н)ик and -(н)ица historically converged (-ници and -ици). Given these circum-stances, researchers can rely on the written distinctions between the nominative and accusative forms of masculine plural nouns, as well as the graphical differentiation between the nominative plural endings of masculine and feminine nouns. Lexicographic works published after the Liberation also played an important role. Further, the article explores how 19th-century grammar books, published in the second and third quarters of the century, addressed the issue of differentiating plural noun endings. Several examples from the 1871 Bible, provided in the study, illustrate how the problem of deter-mining the dictionary form of plural nouns with the suffixes -(н)ик and -(н)ица was resolved in practice.

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Прилагателни имена, завършващи на -ен, с омонимия в основната форма и различно формоизменение

Author(s): Milen Tomov,Iliyana Kuneva,Lora Zheleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

This article analyses Bulgarian adjectives ending in -ен, with a matching dictionary form and varying inflections in the remaining forms, such as балонен ‘of or pertaining to a balloon’ – балонена, балонна. The difference in forms is attributed to the loss of -e- in one of the adjectives. While some cases involve homonyms (кожен, кожена ‘made of leather’ and кожен, кожна ‘of or pertaining to the skin’), others reflect variation in non-terminological usage, where, in terminological contexts, only the adjective with the loss of -e- should be used (for example, бетонена/бетонна стена ‘concrete wall’, but бетонна база ‘concrete base’). In addition, some adjectives are not usage-specific and exist as doublets (теменужена и теменужна ‘of or pertaining to violets/having the colour of violets’). Based on this classification, it is concluded that further research is required on the second type of adjectives, with the aim of formulating recommendations for each specific case.

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Съществителните собствени имена от общ граматичен род в българския език

Author(s): Radostina Koleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

This paper examines common-gender personal names in contemporary Bulgarian, with a particular focus on the formation of their plural, definite and vocative forms. These anthroponyms can belong to masculine or feminine (but not neuter) gender, as in Alex and Kris; to masculine, feminine or neuter gender, e.g. Toni, Niki and Nase(to); to masculine or neuter gender: Zhore(to), Mite(to); or to feminine or neuter gender, as in Mi-mi(to) and Gerganche(to). The formation of the grammatical forms of such nouns has not been the subject of detailed study in Bulgarian linguistics. These personal names fall into the category of gender-defective nouns in contemporary Bulgarian, i.e. lexemes whose gender cannot be determined unambiguously. The study provides a critical re-view of key perspectives on the topic in Bulgarian linguistics, including the works of Ruselina Nitsolova, Stoyan Burov, Stefan Gardev and Krasimira Chakarova, among others. We adopt Krasimira Chakarova’s classification, which divides these anthroponyms into two broad groups: (1) nouns with a semantically motivated common gender (subdivided into further categories) and (2) nouns with a structurally motivated com-mon gender (also divided into subgroups). The paper also explores why some anthroponyms take a definite article, while others do not, arguing that this variation is influenced by stylistic and pragmatic factors.

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Ефектът на лексикалната честотност върху регресивната асимилацията на обструентите по признака звучност

Author(s): Bistra Andreeva,Mitko Sabev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

This study investigates the relationship between the frequency (or predictability) of linguistic units and the anticipatory voice assimilation of obstruents in Bulgarian. Using a speech corpus and word-level language models, we calculate the surprisal of word forms ending in the consonants /t/, /ʃ/, and /x/ in inflectional and lexical morphemes. We then employ a linear mixed model (LMM) to analyse how surprisal, the voicing of the following obstruent, and morpheme type affect the voicing realised in the examined consonants. The findings demonstrate that linguistic predictability affects articulatory precision by modulating the degree of anticipatory assimilation, with different effect sizes for different morpheme types. More specifically, obstruents in less predictable words are articulated with greater precision than those in more predictable words, especially within lexical morphemes. This reveals a complex interaction between information density, morphology and articulation, providing avenues for further research in phonetics and phonology.

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Към въпроса за същността на футурум претерити в съвременния български език

Author(s): Irena Ruseva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

In Bulgarian linguistic literature, futurum praeteriti has traditionally been interpreted not only as a temporal but also as a modal verb form, capable of expressing a conditional meaning. The idea of a certain similarity between futurum praeteriti and the conditional mood has persisted to the present day, with various authors exploring the connection between the primarily temporal futurum praeteriti forms and conditional modal semantics. This study outlines the main perspectives on the functional-semantic characteristics of the futurum praeteriti in Bulgarian linguistics, along with the specifics of its formation. Furthermore, the article presents our own hypothesis regarding the place of futurum praeteriti forms within the Bulgarian verb paradigm and examines their relation to the conditional mood.

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Континуалността като феномен на семантичната деривация в славянските диалектни означения на времето

Author(s): Mikhail Kondratenko / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

The article examines the phenomenon of semantic continuity in the South Slavic (Bulgarian) and North Slavic temporal lexis. Dialectal polysemantic words denoting time as a general concept, as well as its periods, often acquire meanings from other conceptual spheres. This semantic convergence is based on a shared image or symbol, creating a transition from one lexical meaning to another, known as continuity. By semantic continuity, we refer to the non-discreteness of the semantic sphere of words, which includes the gradual transition of lexical meanings between different semantic spheres. The dialectal Slavic material reveals that the semantics of time is inseparable from that of space, as well as from various aspects of human history and economic and cultural life. Another notable feature in the interpretation of time in the polysemous Slavic dialectal lexis is the lack of clear boundaries between the designations of the past, present and future. Across the Slavic linguistic area, polysemous lexemes are attested that synthesise the concept of time as a continuous space, with fragments that are not separated from each other, illustrating how, in folk consciousness, the past transitions into the present and the present into the future, thus forming a unified temporal continuum.

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Лексикосемантична характеристика на говора в с. Брезе, Девинско

Author(s): Elena Kanevska-Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

The article offers a lexicosemantic analysis of an understudied Rhodope dialect spoken in the village of Breze, in the Devin region, and compares it with other Rhodope dia-lects. The study identifies several main thematic groups in the collected lexical material and examines the origins of the included lexemes. Additionally, it explores instances of synonymy and polysemy observed in the dialect.

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Ударение при формообразуването на съществителните, прилагателните и числителните имена в банския говор

Author(s): Radoslav Tsonev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

This article presents the accent paradigms emerging from the different forms of nouns, adjectives and numerals in the Bansko dialect. This dialect tends to stabilise the accent in specific rhythmic-intonational groups, where stress distribution occurs within the boundaries of a single phonetic word. In such accent systems, the combined influence of morphological and rhythmic-intonational (syntactic) factors leads to the development of a distinct rhythmic melody. In the Bansko dialect, this phenomenon is observed both in phrases containing a phonetic word (base word + enclitic) and in polysyllabic (four-syllable or longer) words with double stress.

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Aspekt lokálneho v toponomastických prácach Antona Habovštiaka

Author(s): Patrik Jakubek / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2024

Anton Habovštiak, known in the wide linguistic sphere primarily as an excellent dialectologist, in addition to his main scientific activity in dialectology, was also engaged in the onomastic sphere, especially in the field of anoikonyms. His toponomastic works, culminated in the summarizing monograph Oravské chotárne názvy [Field Names of the Orava Region] (1970), are significant in their structure not only as a sociolinguistic probe into the life of the former inhabitants of his native Orava and their connection with the use of the language, but above all for their enormous contribution to the then beginnings of nationwide anoikonymy research and the creation of Slovak onomastics as such in the second half of the 20th century. The linking of the sociolinguistic aspect with the traditional onomastic and dialectological element can be described as a novelty of the time, which undoubtedly deserves closer attention. Therefore, the primary aim of the paper is a comprehensive presentation of this selected and still inspiring onomastic segment in the otherwise rich and varied scientific research activity of this renowned Slovak linguist.

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Zur Bearbeitung der Adjektive im entstehenden Großen akademischen Wörterbuch DeutschTschechisch. Ein Erfahrungsbericht aus den Revisionsarbeiten

Author(s): Marie Vachková / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2024

When editing and revising the adjectives in the lexical database of the Czech‑German Academic Dictionary suggestions are offered based on both corpus analyses and reflections on entries in modern German‑language and Czech dictionaries. Some of the decisions made during the revision work are of a technical nature, but when analyzing the entire spectrum of data, questions arise that need to be considered from both a linguistic and a translator’s point of view. The text provides annotated text samples of selected database entries to demonstrate the problem of equivalence from the translator’s point of view.

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