Jazyky a aktéri v jazykovej krajine obcí na slovensko-maďarskom etnicky zmiešanom území na Slovensku

Author(s): Gizella Szabómihály / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2020

The aim of this paper is to characterize the linguistic landscape of municipalities in Slovakia inhabited by Hungarian minority. Empirical data come from two sources: from BA and MA theses, which were defended in 2015 – 2020 at the Institute of Hungarian Linguistics and Literary Studies at the Faculty of Central European Studies, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra and from research project VEGA “Minority variety of the Hungarian language in Slovakia”. As part of the above field research, the linguistic landscape of 82 municipalities in which the Hungarian population makes up at least 20% of the population was mapped. The results fundamentally confirm the research findings of P. Laihonen, who studied linguistic landscape in two municipalities. In all municipalities, the most frequent language was Slovak, this applies to all types of analyzed signs with texts (inscriptions of state and municipal authorities, commercial and private signs). Slovak occurs on at least 80% of signs, the representation of Hungarian as the second most frequent language is between 25 – 55%. The most bilingual Slovak-Hungarian signs are in the southwest of Slovakia, where the largest Hungarian minority lives and where Hungarians form the local majority. On bilingual Slovak-Hungarian signs, the preferred language is Slovak, in terms of information content, it is a duplicate publication of information. Municipal authorities and the commercial sphere have the greatest influence on the formation of the linguistic landscape.

Počítačom podporovaný výskum maďarských nárečí na Slovensku

Author(s): Károly Presinszky / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2020

Computer supported research of Hungarian dialects in Slovakia began in 2010 at the Institute of Hungarian Linguistics and Literary Science, Faculty of Central European Studies, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra. The research is carried out using dialectological software developed by two researchers (Domokos Vékás and Fruzsina Sára Vargha) from Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest, creating regional dialect databases, first for the Žitný ostrov/Csallóköz region and then for the whole Slovakia Hungarian dialect region. Before a detailed presentation of research results and possibilities in the field of digitized dialectological data, the study briefly describes the methods and Hungarian results of digital dialectology. Based on Hungarian research in Slovakia, it shows how it is possible to generate maps showing the geographical and social distribution of linguistic phenomena and acoustic phonetic analyses of data aligned with sound files. Important results of digital dialectology in Nitra are recently published audiobooks of Hungarian dialects in Slovakia, which can be used in addition to the needs of the researchers as a collection of multimedia dialect texts in school education and in the promotion of dialects.

Paradigma maďarských slovies zakončených na morfému -ika jej súčasný stav v systéme slovies a v komunikačnej praxi

Author(s): István Kozmács / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2020

The article deals with the typology of the paradigms of Hungarian verb and describes the phenomenon of the originally medial-reflexive -ik verbs of Hungarian. The article presents the problems caused by the use of the paradigm revived by the Hungarian language renewal in the 19th century and compares the use of the -ik verbs by bilingual Hungarian students in Slovakia with their contemporaries in Hungary. The result of the study shows that Hungarian high school students in Slovakia are more likely to search for standard variants compared to their Hungarian peers if they feel that using a non-standard solution could lead to a negative value judgment.

K potenciálnej variantnosti číslovkových tvarov dvojstý, dvestý

Author(s): Ivana Šrámeková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 5/2023

In the article the author focuses on two pairs of ordinal numerals, namely dvojstý (codified) – dvestý (uncodified) and dvojtisíci (codified) – dvetisíci (uncodified). The main goal is to assess whether the given pairs could be classified as lexical variants. The mentioned pairs are therefore analyzed on the basis of corpus data in terms of their frequency and collocation. Morphematic and word-forming segmentation of the analyzed expressions and focus on selected types of denumeral derivatives (numerical nouns, multiple ordinal numerals) and the frequency analysis of derivatives and composites with the forms dv-oj-, dv-e- a dv-a- are presented in the article too. Based on the corpus and word-formation analyses the author then summarizes the facts that can be perceived as those supporting the variability of the mentioned expressions, and, on the contrary, those that are against this variability.

Korpus textov rusínskej wikipédie

Author(s): Radovan Garabík / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2024

Vábenie sirén. Slovosledné riešenia pri preklade z typologicky odlišného jazyka (na príklade románu P. Handkeho Krátky list na dlhú rozlúčku)

Author(s): Martina Ivanová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2024

The paper brings the linguistic analysis of the novel by P. Handke Der kurze Brief zum langen Abschied (1972) and its Slovak and Czech translation with a special attention paid to the word order solutions used in both texts. It deals with the issue of the translation from typologically different language, namely German, which employs grammatical principle as a factor determining the word order to larger extent as opposed to Slovak and Czech in which functional sentence perspective plays the central role in the linear placement of the sentence components. The analysis proves that Slovak translation more often adheres to word order patterns of the original text whereas Czech translation applies word order solutions complying with informational and discourse-pragmatic structuring more frequently.

Construcții cu verbul a tăcea în poezia lui Traian Dorz

Author(s): Florina-Maria BĂCILĂ / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2024

Our paper aims to analyse some aspects regarding phrases with the verb a tăcea in Traian Dorz’s poetry – a Romanian contemporary writer whose work illustrates, overall, the meanings of some spiritual experiences that fundamentally marked his existential path. We will consider the fact that, in several verbal phrases, a tăcea changes its common characteristics, occasionally meeting transitive use, and it associates with direct objects expressed by nominals in the accusative case. Other times, various pronominal clitics appear next to it, used even with ethical dative value. More than once, the lyrical sequences also integrate antonyms of this verb, in symmetries with an essential role in obtaining some obvious stylistic effects and, implicitly, in building the message of that specific poem, which relies on highlighting the relation between man and God – in a Christian vision –, on the direct dialogue of the soul with the Divine, a fact often manifested, paradoxically, through the absence of communication (commonly seen). Overall, we discuss a special type of “verbalising”, as a special manner of interior “speaking”, which offers the opportunity to live in an authentic spiritual discipline: it supresses any other form of confessing with words, these being substituted, thus, by an entire universe of unique experiences, situated under the sign of the unspoken.

Secolul al XXI-lea și schimbarea paradigmei științifice în predarea lingvisticii (cu privire specială asupra sintaxei)

Author(s): Mihaela Secrieru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2024

We are currently anchored in a trenchant process of changing the cultural-scientific paradigm. As a result, university professors are required to possess the necessary procedural knowledge to envision a new methodological design of academic courses that is based on computer technologies. Specifically, university professors, as exponents of advanced knowledge, are required to address the question of how to teach in the digital era, which we currently find ourselves in. Furthermore, they must also consider how to completely digitize university linguistics such that the fundamentals contents are not lost and the didactic methods and tools have a high educational value. Discussing this topic with other members of the scientific community, it became quite clear that the concerns of digitization that have been explored so far, fall under the extremely well-known phrase Digital Humanities (DH) and Natural Language Processing (NLP), which have become a very clearly defined field over the past 20 years, with valuable reference works, specializations at the Master's level throughout Europe, research collectives, including in Romania, so this topic is officially legitimate, the process being already anchored in the present. It is noteworthy, however, that the domain attributes of DH and NLP are predominantly applied in lexicography, online communication programs, computational linguistics, annotations of computer program architectures, and other applicative domains, rather than being theoretical and targeting the core science. Despite the advancements made in these areas, little has been achieved in terms of the digital transformation of university textbooks in Romanian syntax, and other areas as well. Delivering a textbook in the form of a PDF or scanning some documents is minimal digitization, while true educational digitization requires the production of living, highly interactive textbooks, similar to intelligent apps on mobile phones. Nonetheless, such a revolutionary theoretical and applicative approach must be previewed before it can be realized. Each member of the university community, as mentioned above, must provide minimal answers in this regard, and I will also attempt to do so. I will briefly outline the curriculum contents that I traditionally teach to students in the discipline of contemporary Romanian language syntax and evaluate their longevity in relation to the massive digitization of all human knowledge domains by reviewing provisions from other university programs published on institutional websites.

Doing Research During Times of Crisis: An Auto/Biography

Author(s): Aneta Ostaszewska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The purpose of this paper is to examine the process of struggling with thoughts, emotions and experiences that emerged in the course of and as a result of my research during the Covid-19 pandemic. By referring to Liz Stanley’s notion of “auto/biography,” I strive to explore the meanings and implications of researching a researcher’s autobiography. I am interested in the epistemic discussion on the interrelationship of what is personal, political and/or institutional in the context of feminist studies. My aim is to reflect on such issues as the effect of research on the trajectory of my own auto/biography.

ОТНОВО ЗА ГНЕЗДОВИЯ ПРИНЦИП В БЪЛГАРСКИЯ ЕТИМОЛОГИЧЕН РЕЧНИК (ВЪРХУ МАТЕРИАЛ ОТ ЕТИМОЛОГИЧНОТО ГНЕЗДО НА БЪЛГ. ЛИХ < ПРАСЛАВ. *LIXЪ)

Author(s): Hristina Deykova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

The article discusses issues related to the nesting principle of organisation of the Slavic material in the Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary, which includes inherited Proto-Slavic words, literary words formed in Old Bulgarian, literary borrowings from Russian, as well as later derivatives that arose in the Bulgarian dialects. Some specifics stemming from the combination of the nesting and the lexeme principles in crafting dictionary entries are briefly presented. The challenges in analysing the material are illustrated with examples from the word family of Bulg. лих, a descendant of the OBulg. лёхъ ‘excessive, superfluous; bad; abundant’ (< PSl. *lixъ). On the basis of word-formation and sematic analysis, the author proposes a revised interpretation and lexicographic representation of part of the material.

ОЩЕ ВЕДНЪЖ ЗА ПРОИЗХОДА НА СЕЛИЩНО ИМЕ ОЧУ̀ША

Author(s): Nadezhda Dancheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

The subject of the study is the origin of the oikonym Очу̀ша. Special attention is given to previous research on this place name, which is one of the oikonyms related to kinship terminology preserved in Bulgarian toponymy. The aim of the study is to propose a reconsideration of the existing hypotheses on the origin, semantic motivation, structure and word-formation features of the name. In order to achieve this, the author has employed an etymological, structural and morphological (word-formation) approach.

УПОТРЕБА НА КАВИЧКИ ПРИ ИМЕНА НА ПРИРОДНИ ЯВЛЕНИЯ

Author(s): Iliyana Kuneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

The paper examines the problematic case of the use of quotation marks in the names of natural phenomena such as hurricanes, which has gained relevance in recent years. In order to provide motivation for the recommended spelling, the author offers a detailed overview of the current norms applicable in this case.

СИЯ КОЛКОВСКА (СЪСТ.). ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧНИ СТУДИИ

Author(s): Maria Stefanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

This review presents a collection of studies by Bulgarian and Polish authors. The papers address current issues in Bulgarian and Polish phraseology, as well as the lexicographic description of phraseological units.

ВЪПРОСИ НА СЪВРЕМЕННИЯ БЪЛГАРСКИ КНИЖОВЕН ЕЗИК

Author(s): / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

Issue 4/2024 features four contributions addressing various aspects of Standard Bulgarian grammar, spelling and punctuation, along with one arti-cle focusing on the dialectal description of non-inflecting parts of speech in works from the National Revival period.

ГЛАВНИ ИЛИ МАЛКИ БУКВИ? ПРОБЛЕМИ ПРИ УПОТРЕБАТА ИМ В СВЕТЛИНАТА НА ЕЗИКОВОТО КОНСУЛТИРАНЕ

Author(s): Milen Tomov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

This paper analyses questions related to the use of capital and lowercase letters as encountered in language consulting practice. Drawing on archived user inquiries addressed to the Language Consultation Service, the author classifies query types based on the issues raised: questions concerning the distinction between proper and common nouns, as well as inquiries that fall beyond this dichotomy (problematic cases within the category of proper names, stylistic and syntactic use of capital letters, adjectives derived from proper names, etc.). In addition, the author categorises the questions based on the types of names involved. The analysis reveals that difficulties with capitalisation and lowercase usage arise across all main functions of capital letters: morphological, syntactic, stylistic and graphic. The significant demand for guidance underscores the challenges language speakers face in determining whether a word or phrase constitutes a proper name and, consequently, whether it requires capitalisation. Speakers also have difficulty deciding whether a particular word is a part of a compound proper name. Most inquiries about capitalisation refer to names of institutions, organisations, administrative bodies and their subdivisions, as well as territorial and administrative units. These entities are often named in ways that allow for both proper and common noun usage (descriptive phrases), or represent cases where capitalisation is heavily context-dependent.

НОВИТЕ КАУЗАТИВИ ПРЕЗ ПРИЗМАТА НА ФОРМООБРАЗУВАНЕТО

Author(s): Teodora Rabovyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

The article traces the changes in the verb paradigm resulting from the transformation of intransitive verbs into transitive ones. As a consequence of transitivisation, dereflexivisation and causativisation verbs undergo changes in relation to the categories of transitivity ~ intransitivity, personality ~ impersonality, reflexivity ~ non-reflexivity, aspect, tense, person, number and voice. The results of the aspec-tual characterisation of (non-)causative verbs reveal a predominance of biaspectual verbs among all analysed forms, followed by aspectual pairs and perfective verbs. The examples illustrating these innovative trends in contemporary Bulgarian are primarily drawn from online discourse (such as comments on the bg.mamma fo-rum, Facebook posts and online media), with fewer examples taken from fiction or colloquial speech. Conversive causativisation (cf. the works of Sergey Say and Stoyan Burov) influencing Bulgarian verbs has parallels in English, but its usage (and motivation) can be identified much earlier in oral colloquial communication. New causative verb uses continue to emerge, predominantly in media language, advertising and literature, often to enhance expressive power, create aesthetic impact or engage the reader’s linguistic sensitivity. Notably, in some cases, an additional connotation is present, accompanied by a sense of aggression, an intention to shock the audience or to challenge established social norms.

ТРАНСПОЗИЦИИ НА КАТЕГОРИЯТА ЛИЦЕ

Author(s): Milena Vidralska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

The person category in Bulgarian invites discussion due to its dual role in pronouns and verbs. Speakers often employ person forms that diverge from those dictated by the logical structure of a statement, either to achieve expressiveness or to conform to established normative requirements. This paper aims to examine the most frequently occurring transpositions and explore the underlying reasons for these grammatical deviations.

O jazyce, prababičce a vládě menšin

Author(s): Oksana Lebedivna / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2024

Language choice is a powerful act, as illustrated by a poignant memory of a visit to a great-grandmother who had read all of Shevchenko's works. This encounter sparked a deeper engagement with Ukrainian literature and culture, highlighting the importance of language in shaping identity. Jurij Ševelov's insights on the political, social, and cultural dimensions of language underscore the complexities faced by Ukrainians under minority rule. The phrase "kakaja raznica" (what's the difference) epitomizes the aggressive linguistic assimilation experienced by Ukrainians, reflecting broader issues of cultural dominance and resistance. The narrative draws parallels between historical and contemporary struggles, emphasizing the enduring impact of language on national consciousness and the ongoing fight for linguistic and cultural autonomy.

Cătălina Bălinișteanu-Furdu, Plant and Animal Metaphors as Signs of Proto-Ecofeminism, Hartung-Gorre Verlag, Konstanz/ Germania, 2024

Author(s): Mariana Tîrnăuceanu / Language(s): English Issue: 37/2024

This article is a book review of Cătălina Bălinișteanu-Furdu, PLANT AND ANIMAL METAPHORSAS SIGNS OF PROTO-ECOFEMINISM, Hartung-Gorre Verlag, Konstanz/ Germania, 2024.

Zur phonologischen Adaptation der deutschen Entlehnungen in der südmährischen Varietät. Einige Bemerkungen zum deutsch-tschechischen Sprachkontakt

Author(s): Dalibor Zeman / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2024

The article concerns lexical borrowings from German into Czech. It is a continuation of our previous paper which deals with German-Czech language contact in Central Europe.2 Due to the longstanding coexistence of both the Czech and German/Austrian ethnics, lots of German/Austrian loan-words became naturalized in Czech. A significant language contact area in Central Europe is the contact area based on the former centre of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. From this contact area, a remarkable territory emerged in Vienna that was particularly affected by the influence of Czech on German. Although there always existed a high degree of inter-national mixing at various stages in history, there was never done any real harm to the essence of either of the two languages. A fascinating aspect is the parallel changes in pronunciation in both languages, for example, in vowel sounds and diphthongs. Today it is generally accepted that, to make these sound changes, both languages had to develop similar internal expectations and that these developed in parallel. The objective is to offer a brief description of phonological and morphological adaptation of German loan words in the south Moravian variety. The author concludes that the phonological and morphological structures of German loan words in the south Moravian variety are more differentiated than those of German.