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Преговори за контрол на стратегическите въоръжения през първото десетилетие след края на Студената война

Author(s): Angel Apostolov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

Abstract. This scholarly article examines the problems ahead of the effective control of strategic armaments that have arisen in the first decade after the end of the Cold War. The collapse of the USSR left huge nuclear arsenals on the territory of four newly independent states. The US and the Russian Federation faced the challenge not only to convince Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan to voluntarily hand over to the Russian Federation the remaining nuclear weapons on their territory, but also to continue the complex negotiations between them to negotiate and ratify new treaties reducing their nuclear arsenals. In addition to the three planned START Treaties, the fate of the ABM Treaty become another contentious issue in the negotiations between the US and the Russian Federation. Despite these difficulties, strategic arms control became the least controversial aspect of NATO–Russia relations and one with the greatest potential for cooperation.

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Digital Transformation: The Key to Implementing the Concept of Multifield Operations

Author(s): Silviu-Iulian GIMIGA,Cristian STANCIU / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

NATO has modernized for a new era of collective defense by introducing a new concept of multi-domain operations. Digital transformation underpins the implementation of the multi-domain operations concept that encompasses the five domains of land, air, naval, cyber, and space. The combination of existing or anticipated technology and operational concepts will decisively influence success in future operations. Emerging technologies offer prospects for the future development of incredible discoveries, creating renewable things, and transforming hard activities into bearable and even more sustainable ones. Whether artificial intelligence will replace human intelligence in the future, we cannot answer today, but we are sure that we do not want this substitute. Humans do not have the capacity to store all knowledge, but with the help of artificial intelligence that has sensors around it and things it already knows, it can produce spectacular performances.

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Влияние на концепцията за споделената стойност върху икономическата сигурност на корпорацията

Author(s): Vanya Kuneva-Minkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The concept of shared value and its social component in relation to the individual, groups of people and whole communities is presented as a basic prerequisite for increasing the level of economic security. It is emphasized that by emphasizing the expansion of the social commitments of corporations through joint work with the public sector and governments, the shared value concept expands the perimeter of business, which is not just socially engaged and, in this context, socially adequate and obliged to make decisions that correspond to society’s values. In this sense, social responsibility is a new, higher degree of recognition of social obligations on the part of the corporation, which undoubtedly affects the increase of security, both at the micro- and macro-level.

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Българската народна армия в оценките на НАТО за Съветския блок, 1950 - 1953 г.

Author(s): Boyan Zhekov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1s/2024

In the period 1950 – 1953, NATO member countries and the People’s Republic of Bulgaria (NRB) were on the opposite sides of the Iron Curtain. As a result, the Bulgarian Armed Forces found a place in the Alliance’s estimates of the military potential of the Soviet bloc. Expectedly, the Bulgarian army was rarely an independent object of analysis in the NATO documents. More often the Bulgarian armed forces were considered within the framework of the overall findings regarding the military capabilities of the USSR’s satellites. Of course, it is not enough just to describe what information about the armed forces of NRB can be found in the materials of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization from the beginning of the 1950s. It is far more important to compare the estimates with other data concerning the Bulgarian army at that time.

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Problems and Perspectives for Social Entrepreneurship in Higher Education

Author(s): Milena Filipova,Olha Prokopenko,Igor Matyushenko,Olena Khanova,Olga Shirobokova,Ardian Durmishi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This article examines the problem of social entrepreneurship education in higher education. Along with traditional entrepreneurs, it is of particular importance to create social entrepreneurs through collaboration between academia, social enterprises and business. The development of social entrepreneurship in higher education institutions in Bulgaria faces a number of problems, as well as prospects for its development. The purpose of this article is to identify the problems and outline the prospects for social entrepreneurship in higher education in Bulgaria. By undertaking the necessary activities in the direction of increasing social awareness, sustainability and social responsibility, universities can train socially oriented entrepreneurs to contribute their knowledge and abilities to the development and well-being of our country. The main research methods involved in the development are content analysis, method of analysis and synthesis, method of observation, intuitive and systematic approach.

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Research of Using the System Approach to Increase Professional Competence of Students in the Process of Studying Natural Sciences

Author(s): Ivan Beloev,Inna Savytska,Oksana Bulgakova,Iryna Yasinetska,Lesia Zbaravska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The study deals with the formation of professional competence of future agricultural engineers in higher education institutions. Based on the analysis of modern concepts, we rethink the essence, purpose, and content of the training of future mechanical engineers from the perspective of the implementation of the competency approach. The purpose of the article is to study the formation of sustainable professional competence of future agricultural engineers in the process of studying natural sciences. We use theoretical research methods: study and analysis of psychological-pedagogical, normative and special literature on the research problem; analysis of state educational standards, programs, books and methodical materials. We have developed a structural-functional model of formation of professional competence of mechanical engineers, which will allow to ensure effective formation of professional competence of future specialists in the agricultural and technical field. The study emphasizes the importance of implementing the principle of professionally oriented training of future engineers in the process of forming their professional competence. It also proves the effectiveness of the formation of professional competences of future engineers with the aim of training highly qualified specialists in the agrarian and technical field.

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Прилагане на STEM подхода и вариантите му в начална степен на образование

Author(s): Ekaterina Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The wide popularity of the STEM approach and its varieties worldwide necessitated the introduction of its concept into modern education. The technological world we live in requires that society, especially adolescents, possess digital skills and competencies to fit into the new realities. As one of the possible reasons, we could point to the need to train personnel for the ‘professions of the future’, exercised by specialists possessing complex skills and the opportunity to apply them at the workplace. The publication describes a conducted STEALM lesson for pupils in the 3rd grade. The design, the stages, the criteria for the assessment of the activities, and the analysis of the results of the conducted observation are presented, to develop the potential for applying the STEM approach and its variants in the primary level of education in Bulgarian schools

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Generating the “Ultimate History” and Artificial Intelligence

Author(s): Lubomir Krustev / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This article deals with the concept of “ultimate history” and the role of present-day AI language models. On the one hand, there stands an old idea that someday, with the development of science, it will become possible to create one final narrative of history. With the fast burgeoning of the AI this question becomes even more imperative for historians all over the world. What would mean to be a historian in a world with a machine that knows more than yourself about history, and what would be the new role of a historian, if AI manages to crack the “ultimate history” once and for all? Those are some of the questions that this paper tries to answer.

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Условия и специфики в международните конкурси за академична заетост

Author(s): Aleksandar Dimitrov,Veselina Lyubomirova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The academic labour market in Europe and worldwide is increasingly dynamic and competitive in terms of offering positions and requirements for candidates. The competitions are public and international. The paper’s goal is to outline the parameters of these trends. The requirements and conditions for international academic staff hiring are not a subject that is often discussed in Bulgaria, and the paper’s task is to fulfil this deficiency. This is achieved through а sample of international academic job offers published between 2021 – 2022 which is followed by empirical, comparable and content analysis of them. As a result, the actual characteristics of the international academic labour market are outlined based on 105 job offers from 91 universities in 6 continents. Examples of one scientific field (political science) are used in order to achieve a higher comparability of the results.

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Състояние и тенденции на развитие на висшето педагогическо образование в България

Author(s): Siyka Chavdarova-Kostova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The article presents the main characteristics of the development of higher pedagogical education in Bulgaria at the beginning of the third decade of the 21st century. Its content diversity is examined – not only in relation to the teaching profession, but also to other pedagogical specialists being taught in the pedagogical faculties, including in management positions in the field of education. Both the state of development of the three professional directions in the field of higher education Pedagogical Sciences – Theory and Management of Education, Pedagogy and Pedagogy of Training in..., as well as prospects for increasing the quality of training for students – future pedagogical specialists are presented.

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Creating Global Impact: The Transformative Potential of Higher Education in Nation Branding

Author(s): Krasimira S. Valcheva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

In a highly competitive global landscape, higher education institutions are important drivers of knowledge creation and talent development as well as key stakeholders in shaping the branding efforts of nations. This article explores the dynamic relationship between institutional and nation branding initiatives, with a specific focus on the participation of higher education institutions and the necessity for coordinated strategies that fully leverage their potential to enhance a nation’s global reputation and competitiveness. By actively engaging higher education institutions as key partners in nation branding, countries could harness their significant competences and proficiency to shape the nation’s image, drive economic growth, and ultimately project soft power on the global stage. The article provides insights that could guide policymakers and university administrators in making informed decisions and shaping institutional actions to enhance a nation’s global reputation and competitiveness by fully harnessing the transformative potential of higher education institutions.

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Innovation, Technical Progress and Economic Development

Author(s): Aleksandar Aleksandrov / Language(s): English Issue: 1s/2024

The aim of the article is to show through a theoretical overview that there is an inextricable link between economic growth, technological progress, innovation and intellectual property. This connection has been realized since the dawn of economic science, by economist theorists who, even without mathematical models, and some of them even before a terminological and legal framework covering the matter was created, managed to prove that without innovations and technologization of production and labor skills, it is not possible to achieve sustainable economic growth. The relationship between innovation and economic growth is also depicted through the EC’s innovation development index, where the difference in assessment between the developed economies of the so-called “Western worldˮ and developing, commodity economies.

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Enhancing Economic Security through Intellectual Property

Author(s): Dimiter Gantchev / Language(s): English Issue: 1s/2024

Intellectual property has a key role in ensuring national economic security. It is being constantly challenged and multiple risks affect its adequate application. Intellectual property threats need to be addressed on government, company and individual level to tackle serious security risks and prevent damages. The article reviews relevant policies and strategies, which need to be put in place, in view of the adoption of disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence. It also discusses the elements of a robust and systemic economic model, which would enable monitoring and assessing the risks and multiple dimensions of IP threats in their interaction with the digital environment and infrastructure. Such a model could form and objective basis for evidence-based policy making to enhance national security through intellectual property.

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Intellectual Property and Security in the Integrated Circuits Industry

Author(s): Ivan Nachev,Yuliana Tomova,Iskren Konstantinov,Marina Spasova / Language(s): English Issue: 1s/2024

The production of integrated circuits (IC) is key to the development of the world economy. The system of intellectual property offers different means of protection for the products of the IC industry. Those are mainly the patents for inventions, registration of topologies of ICs, trade secrets, copyright. The economics of the IC industry in the late 20th century moves different processes in different regions of the world. This economic reality provides an opportunity for those companies to invest heavily in R&D, to create valuable intellectual property and to develop a competitive advantage. The historical development of integrated circuit manufacturing, the development of the main companies involved in the sector and the existing supply chains, raise a number of questions that are related to the concentration of innovation and intellectual property, the potential problems for global supply and economic development, as well as the steps towards overcoming those problems.

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Green Trademarks and Sustainability

Author(s): Silviya Todorova / Language(s): English Issue: 1s/2024

The new generations of consumers are increasingly aware and demand more and more sustainable products that are friendly to the environment and health in general. Nowadays, most companies know that using trademarks that are associated with the nature, sustainable or healthy goods or services could increase their sales and profit. In recent years, there has been a growing trend in companies using environmentally conscious branding to highlight their commitment to sustainability. This involves terms like “organic”, “green”, “eco”, “eco-friendly”, “sustainable” or related words in the trademarks, including in logos, or slogans to convey their dedication to environmental responsibility. (Palacio 2023) These so-called Green Trademarks could bring sustainability to the company. Green Trademarks could be a way for companies to distinguish their products or services in the market by emphasizing their eco-friendly attributes.

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Digital Cultural Heritage as a Strategic Resource for Innovations

Author(s): Polina Stoyanova / Language(s): English Issue: 1s/2024

This article explores the role of digital cultural heritage as a strategic resource for fostering innovations across various sectors. Beyond its traditional cultural and historical significance, cultural heritage is recognized as a valuable resource for innovation, necessitating strategic management to unlock its economic potential in the digital era. The article suggests utilizing the intellectual property system to achieve economic realization of digital cultural heritage and foster innovation. The strategic management at the national level is emphasized to yield returns on investments, especially in the digitization of cultural heritage. Recognizing its potential beyond traditional cultural realms, the article emphasizes strategic management to unlock economic value and advocates for innovation in sectors such as education, research, healthcare, and tourism.

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Artificial Intelligence and Its Protection as an Invention

Author(s): Vladislava Pаcheva / Language(s): English Issue: 1s/2024

The subject of this article is artificial intelligence (AI) and its protection as industrial property, more particularly as inventions. It indicates the essence of artificial intelligence and the areas of application of the technology. The protection of the results of AI as inventions is considered, also the advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence are presented. The results of the done patent research are analysed. The filed applications for inventions and patents granted in the field of artificial intelligence in a national and international aspect are identified, with conclusions and recommendations for applicant activity in the study area.

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Royalties Payable for Public Performance of Musical Works in Commercial Establishments and Other Public Locations

Author(s): Hristin Strijlev / Language(s): English Issue: 1s/2024

This paper discusses: Basic terms in the field of copyright and related rights, author and his basic characteristics and powers and holders of related rights and their powers, as an introduction to the topic; Public performance of musical works as a legal regulation; What, where and how is performed in public; What is the royalty payable for public performance in commercial and other public venues and is such royalty always payable to copyright and related rights holders; Examined are rulings of the ECJ related to the public performance of musical works in commercial and other public locations; Relevant conclusions and recommendations on the subject are made.

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State and Barriers to the Digitalization of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Bulgaria

Author(s): Boyko Takov / Language(s): English Issue: 1s/2024

In the year 2021, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) constituted 99.81% of the total number of enterprises in Bulgaria. The number of individuals employed by SMEs accounted for 74.2% of the entire workforce. These enterprises contributed 66.5% of the overall economy’s added value, and this share has consistently been on the rise. Their development significantly influences the employment rate, overall economic growth, and the prosperity of our nation.Technological advancements and recent crises in recent years have spurred accelerated digitization across all spheres of public life, including business sector. It is increasingly penetrating SMEs in Bulgaria, albeit with a certain lag compared to the EU. There is no doubt that the digitization of SMEs serves as a crucial mechanism for achieving competitiveness and economic success, not only for the enterprises themselves, but also for our country as a whole.Given this context, the objective of this publication is to briefly present the summarized results of an analysis of the level of digitization of SMEs in Bulgaria and the examination of the key factors hindering its further development, serving as barriers to its progress. These findings can be valuable for guiding the efforts of managers and government entities in fostering the advancement of digitization in SMEs.

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Intellectual Property Protection for Integrated Circuits

Author(s): Iskren Konstantinov / Language(s): English Issue: 1s/2024

The intellectual property (IP) protection of integrated circuits (ICs) is of key importance as the semiconductor industry has become a vital part of the advancement of technology and the development of the global economy. This is made clear by the creation of a special IP sui generis right that is meant to protect the layout design of ICs and make them harder to copy. The present article will present an overview of protection of layout designs of ICs and the experience of leading countries in the production of semiconductors. The countries are chosen based on their patenting activity in field which is an indicator of scientific and financial effort of those nations to develop their IC production capabilities.

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