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Общи наблюдения за географското разпределение и числения състав на войнушкото население в българските и съседните им земи в края на XV - първата половина на XVI век

Author(s): Krastyo Yordanov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper presents new data on the total number of the voynuk population in Eastern Rumelia in the first half of the 16th century, based on an unpublished voynuk register from 1528/29, and two concise registers of the population in Rumelia from 1530. The registry data also allow to calculate the approximate percentage of voynuks, the population, exempted from avariz,and the ordinary reaya who were registered in the Bulgarian lands in 1528-11530. The paper also examines the changes from the early years of the region of Suleiman the Magnificent when service of voyunks in the sncaks of Valchitran, Kyustendil and the region of Epirus was abolished. The voyunks in the sancak of Valchitran were transformed into ordinary reaya, but those of the sancak of Kyustendil and the region of Epirus were recorded as taxpayers in the hases of Sultan and their organization was preserved.

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"Ханска Украйна - Мукатаа Томбасар" (края на XVII-XVIII век)

Author(s): Alexander Sereda / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The aim of the paper is to explore the region of Northwest Black Sea lands in the early 17th-18th centuries, in the context of the Ottoman and Crimean administrative and territorial structure; the political preconditions for the formation of Khan Ukraine - special administrative and territorial unit with the Ukrainian-Kazakh population under Crimean governance; the organization of the economical and fiscal district "Muqataa Tombasar" in the framework of Khan Ukraine. It presents the defter (register) of the revenues and expanses in Muqataa Tombasar and localizes the settlements and their population in the Northwest Black Sea region.

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Съдебни протоколи от XVI век за процедурата по определяне на границите на селското землище и екологичната среда в селища от старозагорската каза

Author(s): Milena Petkova-Encheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Sixteenth century is the time of dramatic expansion and demographic changes for the Ottoman Empire. A certain impact on people's everyday life has the environment and more specifically environment consequences in the means of increasing population, changing patterns of production, transitions from nomadic to settled agriculture communities. The village territory and the peasants' agrarian activities are of great importance for the economic history researchers, ethnologists and scholars interested in the Ottoman Empire and more specifically in the reclamation of the agrarian space. The present paper examines the procedure on fixing the boundaries of the village territory as it was recorded in the judicial records - huccets, included in the detailed (mufassal) defter of 1570 containing information on the vakifs of Pasa sanack. The judicial records refer to the village territories of four settlements - Kul Ibrahim, Sruca Reis, Boazkesen and Hizir bey on the territory of the kaza of Stara Zagora during the 16th century. The examined copies of huccets give detailed information about the two main elements of the village territory - arable lands and pastures, but also provide data on the environment of parts of the territory of the kaza of Stara Zagora.

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За съдбата на софийската църква "Св. Георги" - ротонда под османска власт

Author(s): Rositsa Grozdanova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article traces the history of the oldest building still functioning in Sofia, the Rotunda in the centre of the ancient city, with a focus on its Ottoman period. Special attention is paid to the date of its conversion into a mosque around 1500, and to its fate in the late 17th century when, due to destruction, it was abandoned as a house of worship. A third focus of the article is the transformations of the neighbourhood around it through the centuries. The study is based on a variety of sources, some of which newly-discovered, in the collection of BOA-Istanbul and of the Oriental Department at the National Library in Sofia, and unpublished - single Ottoman documents, excerpts from kadi sicills, atik sikayet defters, tapu tahrir defters, others - well known and widely used, such as the travel accounts of Stephan Gerlach, Evliya Celebi, Viktor Grigorovich, K. Jirecek, as well as texts produced bu the Bulgarian community.

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Към въпроса за създаването на първите читалища в Родопите

Author(s): Tanya Mareva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In this paper are being discussed the locations, the conditions and the participants in the establishment of the first National Revival community centers, also calld chitalishta, in the Rhodopes. They were established in three micro-regions - the central part, the northern foothills and the southwest Rhodopes. The community centers were connected to and influenced by Plovdiv, the main cultural and educational centre for Bulgarian territories in the 1860's and the 1870's. The beginning of the Rhodope community centers was influenced by the establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate as an independent church institution and the participation of the most enlightened strata of Bulgarian society in the struggle for a Bulgarian church.

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Църковно и просветно дело в град Разград през 40-те - 70-те години на XIX век

Author(s): Todorka Simeonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The town Razgrad from today was established in the XV century on a early Thracian, Roman and Bulgarian settlement. During the Renaissance and the period from the middle of the XIX century Bulgarians in Razgrad created their own municipality and joined the struggle for church independence and establishing a new school. In 1860 was built the current church "St.Nikolai" and the authority of the Ecumenical Patriarchate was rejected. For the educational and spiritual development of the city worked many of the citizens from whom more notable were S. Petrov, D. Hranov, A. Tsanov, N. Georgieva and others.

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Hidden Economy in Southeast Europe: Building Regional Momentum to Mitigate its Negative Effects

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

According to the authors of the policy brief, not declaring in full or partially economic activities in SEE remains widespread in virtually all areas of government – permissions and licenses, labour contracts, social security, taxes and custom duties. It signals a persistent gap between formal and informal institutions and lack of coherent enforcement of rules. Corruption pressure is higher towards those engaged in the hidden economy. At the same time their susceptibility to corruption is also higher, confirming the institutional incongruence. The immense diversity of the scale (from 19 % in Croatia to 81 % in Kosovo), prevailing patterns (no written contracts in Turkey, non-payment of health care contributions in Kosovo, envelope wages in FYR of Macedonia and Bulgaria, non-formalised business in Albania), formal vs informal wage average (higher formal wages in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania and Turkey and lower in Kosovo and Bulgaria) requires country specific tailor-made policies and sequencing of reforms.

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Политически брифинг № 36 на CSD: Образователната интеграция на деца бежанци и търсещи убежище: ситуацията в България и опитът на други европейски страни

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

This analysis represents the results of a specialised study of the educational integration of refugee and asylum-seeking children (RASC) in the Member States of the European Union, conducted in 2011 by the Center for the Study of Democracy within the framework on the INTEGRACE project. With regard to Bulgaria, the main approaches, mechanisms and deficiencies in the system for educational integration of RASC were presented and recommendations for its improvement were given.

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Политически брифинг № 54 на CSD: Трафик на деца сред уязвими ромски общности

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

Trafficking in persons is a lucrative crime and a gross human rights violation, which affects all EU Member States. Trafficking in children merits special attention of anti-trafficking efforts as children are especially vulnerable to trafficking, re-trafficking and victimisation and the number of children trafficked throughout the EU is on the rise. Investigation, protection and prevention measures for child trafficking are especially needed as the exploitation of children and violation of their rights have dramatic negative effects on children and society as a whole. While there is some empirical evidence on trafficking in human beings for the purpose of sexual exploitation of women, other forms of trafficking have not drawn attention of researchers, academics and policy makers. This means that victims of exploitation fall outside the radar of identification and thus cannot access the available assistance. Having this in mind, a consortium of seven partner organisations3 sough to explore three specific under-researched forms of child trafficking in order to contribute to the knowledge on how and why children fall prey to exploitation. The three forms studied are child trafficking for the purpose of begging exploitation, child trafficking for the purpose of pick-pocketing and child trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation of boys.

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Политически брифинг № 60 на CSD: Медийната (не)зависимост: рискове и тенденции

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

The role of Bulgarian media in public life came under scrutiny after several media outlets were used as an instrument for triggering political crises and for political engineering (2013 – 2014). At that time, the Bulgarian media market was experiencing the impact of two negative trends. On the one hand, the economic crisis of 2009 – 2013 had cut advertising revenues by half. On the other, the old models of media financing were diminished by the use of digital technologies and the explosive growth of social networks and mobile communications. The loss of financial sustainability by the media presented unique opportunities for Bulgarian oligarchic groups. By accumulating a significant share of the media market, they reached an unprecedented level of political influence (including direct influence on the legislative, executive and judicial powers). The media was used as an instrument for state capture that could present severe security and economic risks.

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Политически брифинг № 61 на CSD: Употребяващите наркотици в затвора: опитът на Норвегия и предизвикателствата пред България

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

For all criminal offences related to drugs, even for possession of small quantities intended for personal use, the main sanction according to Bulgarian criminal law is imprisonment. Unlike in Norway, non-custodial penalties in Bulgaria such as probation have extremely limited scope of application for drug-related offences. At the same time, other alternatives to imprisonment are virtually non-existent.

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Нови издания за Апостола, реализирани от Националния музей „Васил Левски“

Author(s): Dora Chausheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The current publication presents the activity of the Vasil Levski National Museum aimed at achieving two important tasks.The first task is the formation of a truthful idea of the personality of Vasil Levski in the youngest visitors of the museum, aimed at creating a sound basis for the development of further knowledge of his personality and his role in Bulgarian history. This task is being realized by two books targeted at children and pupils, producedby the museum, as well as the work of the museum’s children center. The second task is popularizing the personality of Vasil Levski as one of the greatest European revolutionaries of the 19th century among the international audience.The emphasis here are two museum editions – a book for Levski translated in eight languages and a book (in Bulgarian only) about the greatest European revolutionaries and thinkers among his contemporaries, at the time when he lived and fought for Bulgarian freedom and for his democratic ideas.

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Componenţa etnică a absolventelor primului liceu laic de fete din oraşul Chişinău în perioada (1864‑1923) – „Liceul de fete nr. 1 al Zemstvei din Basarabia”

Author(s): Lucia Argint / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Instituţiile vechi de învăţământ fac parte dintre depozitarele patrimoniului cultural şi ştiinţific al unei societăţi. Valorificând sursele inedite ale Arhivelor Naționale a Republicii Moldova, surse ce ţin de trecutul şi evoluţia unor instituţii de învățământ cu cele mai vechi tradiţii din spaţiul dintre Prut şi Nistru, suntem în măsură să afirmăm că istoria școlii este o oglindă a societății, ea conservând mentalitatea și cultura unei epoci uitate.

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Preocupări ale autorităţilor române pentru amenajarea portului maritim Bugaz (Limanu Nistrului) 1918‑1940

Author(s): Valentin Ciorbea / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Un sumar bilanţ al activităţii portului Bugaz pe parcursul celor aproape opt ani, între redeschiderea traficului şi cedarea ocupantului sovietic, relevă rezultate pozitive pe mai multe paliere. Populaţia locală şi cea din hinterlandul portului, care a cuprins o regiune de 100 km din sudul Basarabiei, a beneficiat de un debuşeu pentru exportul produselor cerealiere, cu preţuri avantajoase şi stimulative. Navigaţia între Marea Neagră şi limanul Nistrului s-a îmbunătăţit ca urmare a amplasării balizelor şi instalaţiilor de acostare a navelor. De aceste facilităţi au beneficiat nu numai navele care veneau la încărcat, ci şi pescarii din zonă. Numărul locurilor de muncă, stabile şi temporare, a crescut. Portul Bugaz a provocat o mişcare economică şi comercială în sudul Basarabiei cu efecte în îmbunătăţirea transporturilor pe apă cu porturile Constanţa şi Sulina, de unde cerealele luau drumul spre pieţele din Orientul Mijlociu şi Occident. La Bugaz s-a derulat o activitate „determinată şi condusă în spirit naţional românesc”, într-o zonă cu o populaţie eterogenă şi cu o utilizare pentru comunicare „din ce în ce mai întinsă a limbii româneşti” . Indubitabil, portul Bugaz a contribuit la consolidarea procesului conexării Basarabiei la economia unitară a României.

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Влиянието на миграционните процеси върху социеталната сигурност в Европа

Author(s): Elislav Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The report analyzes the rapidly developing processes in the changed geostrategic environment, which with the beginning of the new century are being activated, changing and emerging as increasingly contradictory. The ever-increasing geopolitical contradictions, both in the global and regional aspects, which pose a threat to the Bulgarian geo space, are investigated. These processes also affect Bulgaria, as a participant in the international security system. For this reason, clarifying their genesis, driving forces and motives would help to build an adequate vision and behavior of the country in an increasingly complicated geopolitical and geostrategic situation. Constantly increasing security threats, risks and challenges have a significant impact on societal security, which is directly dependent on the development of the war in Ukraine and migration processes in Europe.

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Афганистанският национален фронт за съпротива – единствената реална опозиция срещу управлението на талибаните

Author(s): Miroslav Mirchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The report examines issues related to the establishment and activities of the National Resistance Front (NFS) in Afghanistan. The organizational structure, leadership and ideological platform of the NFS are indicated, as well as the forms of resistance to the rule of the Taliban Movement (TM). The reasons why the NFS is currently the only opposition force opposing Taliban rule are analyzed as well. The report focuses on the Taliban operations in the north-eastern Afghan provinces against NFS forces, with a focus on Panjshir province.

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Propunere listă de indicatori de performanţă pentru oraşul inteligent

Author(s): Lucian-Marian Pavel / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The notion of smart cities has emerged as an essential solution for tackling the significant challenges facing contemporary society, including rapid urbanization, climate change and globalization. Smart cities harness state-of-the-art technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) to enhance various aspects of urban life, spanning from living conditions and work environments to information accessibility, social interactions and environmental sustainability. This technological integration offers numerous benefits, accelerating infrastructure development and improving residents' quality of life. Standardization and the incorporation of international standards, such as ISO 37120, ISO 37122 and ISO 37123 play a crucial role in assessing city performance. Romania's adoption of these standards represents a significant step towards evaluating and improving its cities. However, for efficacious implementation, it is imperative to develop implementation guidelines and provide support and training to local authorities. A comprehensive list of 95 performance indicators, categorized into six domains, can provide cities with essential tools for assessing and monitoring their progress towards becoming smart cities and promoting sustainable development. Customizing these indicators to match the unique characteristics of each city and fostering close collaboration with local communities, organizations and experts are crucial aspects for shaping and overseeing strategic objectives that positively influence the quality of life and sustainable urban development. This personalized approach is vital for the successful realization of smart cities.

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Drawing the Links to Human Rights and Investing in People

Author(s): Maja Bjeloš,Marija Pavlović / Language(s): English

Cybercrime and cybersecurity have become critical issues in Serbia, reflecting a global trend of increasing cyber threats. In 2020, Serbia experienced approximately 26 million significant cyberattacks, including unauthorized data collection and intrusions into ICT systems. Citizens also faced severe violations of privacy, an uptick in attacks on human rights defenders, and challenges related to emerging technologies like biometric surveillance. Public concerns highlight the risk of these technologies being misused against citizens amid democratic backsliding. Recent incidents, such as internet fraud targeting major institutions and a cyberattack on Serbia's cadastre, underscore the urgent need for robust cybersecurity measures. Despite advances in the legal framework—anchored by the 2016 Law on Information Security and aligned with EU standards—implementation lags behind the evolving threats. Serbia’s cybersecurity landscape includes provisions for protecting critical infrastructure and digital networks while addressing cybercrime through international conventions like the Budapest Convention. The Belgrade Centre for Security Policy conducted a baseline analysis and interviews with stakeholders in early 2022 to evaluate the effectiveness of Serbia’s institutional and legal response to cybersecurity challenges. Although the country has made significant progress in legislative development, the enforcement of these measures remains insufficient to address the growing complexity of cyber threats. The report emphasizes the necessity for the state to uphold human rights and the rule of law while enhancing its capacity to combat cybersecurity risks effectively.

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Tрансхуманизмът като важен фактор в осъществяването на политически промени

Author(s): Ivan Kolev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The subject of the research is transhumanism and its influence on political changes. The report is a revised part of the dissertation chapters I defended in January 2023. The paper's title is: „Transhumanism and human enhancement: conceptual perspectives, communities, and risks“. The scientific and technological expansion helps the emergence of political parties professing a transhumanist ideology. The analysis uses data obtained by conducting 1 semi-structured interview with a leader of a transhumanist party; from party manifestos, documents, literature, and research by other scholars on the subject. The political landscape is updated with themes related to transhumanism: especially the attitude toward applying NBIC technologies (nanotechnology, biotechnology, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, and robotics).

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Историята – политическият инструмент на трансформацията

Author(s): Nina Dulgerova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The main emphasis of the article is placed on the possibilities created by history as an effective political tool.

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