Families on the Border and “Families Without Borders”: Discourses on “Families” in the Context of the Crisis on the Polish-Belarusian Border

Author(s): Ada Tymińska / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Families, including those with children, constitute a significant group of people crossing the Polish-Belarusian border. The aim of this article is to analyse the discourse on the Polish-Belarusian border in the context of the place that the category of “family” finds in it, and what role and responsibility is assigned to children and parents. The theoretical framework for these reflections is primarily critical childhood studies. For this purpose, the author analyzed Polish-language online statements about the humanitarian crisis on the Polish-Belarusian border published between mid-August 2021 and the 1st of January 2023. The research included statements by institutional actors (e.g. Border Guard), media publications as well as public comments by social media users (Twitter). In the case of the humanitarian crisis on the Polish-Belarusian border, the term “family” is used in a variety of ways – from building a sense of symbolic solidarity (the “Families Without Borders” group), through referring this term to the presence of particularly vulnerable people among migrants, to attributing responsibility for the risks regarding the situation of children at the border to either parents or state institutions, depending on the discourse. Reflections on the Polish-Belarusian border seem to be part of the tensions related to the concepts of “family”, “parenthood” and “children”.

Polityka migracyjna „bez polityki”. Antynomie tworzenia polityki migracyjnej w Polsce w okresie 2016–2022

Author(s): Sławomir Łodziński,Marek Szonert / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

The article focuses on the analysis of the evolution of work on Polish migration policy in the period 2016–2022. In it, we draw attention to the importance of not defining clear goals of the state’s migration policy and setting the rules for their implementation. This concerned the failure to work out a compromise between the goals related to the interests of the economy and the demographic needs of the society and the narrowly understood priorities of maintaining state security. This gave rise to both internal competition between individual institutions within the central administration, and was conducive to high political sensitivity of work on developing the program of this policy. Its effect was that the state’s migration policy took on the character of a public policy without politics, i.e. consistent actions in various fields of migration (such as the labor market, Polish diaspora policy, border protection and refugee policy) without broader political and official discussion about its long-term goals.

Społeczne i demograficzne cechy procesu migracji z Białorusi do Polski w latach 2016–2020

Author(s): Mark Narbut / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

This article analyses the process of migration from Belarus to Poland in the second decade of the 21st century. The aim of the article is to reveal the social and demographic features of the migration movement from Belarus to Poland and to show the specific motivation and adaptation of Belarusian immigrants in Poland as a new place of settlement. In order to achieve the intended purpose, the article will answer the following questions: what is the socio-demographic features of the migration movement from Belarus to Poland? What are the motives of migration of Belarusian citizens to Poland? What are the specific features of adaptation of Belarusian immigrants in the new place of settlement? In order to obtain answers to the questions posed, a comprehensive methodology was used: analysis of found statistical data and qualitative research conducted with the technique of individual in-depth interview. The analysis of the found statistical data created a perspective for presenting the specifics of migration, first of all as a physical spatial movement from Belarus to Poland, and also made it possible to detail the social profile of Belarusian immigrants. At the same time, the data collected as part of the qualitative study provided a basis for defining the specifics of the adaptation process and learning about migration motivation among Belarusian immigrants.

Dlaczego przekazy polskojęzyczne nie są ciekawe dla młodych przedstawicieli mniejszości polskiej w Litwie?

Author(s): Agata Chutnik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

In this article, after briefly characterising the Polish minority in Lithuania, I describe the media that are available in the Polish language in Lithuania and then show why Polish-language media channels are not an attractive source of reference for young representatives of the Polish minority. At the same time, I explain the origin of young people’s aversion to ethnic media and what causes their exodus towards Lithuanian- and Russian-language media. In particular, I present cultural and historical reasons for the attractiveness of Russian-language media, which many young representatives choose as an alternative to Polish ethnic media. Finally, I reflect on the consequences of moving away from Polish-language media coverage and the future of the minority itself without it.I use narrative interviews conducted by me with young representatives of the Polish minority in Lithuania who came to Poland for educational purposes, mainly to study. Additional material also includes interviews with journalists working in minority media. I also use desk research analysis and a literature review.

Success stories? Success in Polish migrants’ narratives about their occupational careers

Author(s): Olga Czeranowska / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

While there are many studies concerning different aspects of migrants’ occupational trajectories, little attention has been dedicated to migrants’ own views on career success. In this paper, drawing on qualitative interviews with Polish migrants, we aim to bridge this gap in migration studies by examining how the migrants themselves understand and experience the concept of career success. We also took into consideration factors contributing to migrants’ occupational success, with a particular focus on the role of migration in their occupational biographies.Our analysis shows that interviewees define success in terms of subjective and objective criteria, focusing on immaterial rewards. Most of the migrants who participated in the study were unsure if they had already achieved career success. Among those who did, internal factors connected with a person’s character were mostly pointed out as contributing to career success. Despite the fact that work was the primary motivation for migration for a significant part of our sample, the results of the migration on career and chances of achieving success were varied.

The Tribe Affiliation of the Romans in the Lower Danube

Author(s): Ivo Topalilov / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2024

The article deals with the perception of the tribe Papiria in the nomenclature of the Roman civics in two Trajanic colonies in Moesia Superior and Moesia Inferior—col(onia) Ulp(ia) Tra(iana) Rat(iariensium) and col(onia) Ulp(ia) Oescensium respectively. Although located close geographically and with a few common traits of their historical development, some discrepancies appeared in the topic which are discussed. The inscriptions provide, although scanty, some information on the tribe affiliation of the civic and religious colonial elite, augustales coloniae as well as the tribe affiliation as a part of a certain ornamenta. All this allows to establish the Roman tribe as an important social marker and for prestige in the Roman civic community, and can therefore serve in the Roman provinces as a sign of the progress of urbanization and Romanization. Certainly, the observations made are preliminary due to the scanty evidence available so far for various reasons.

Населението на град Ямбол от края на ХVІІ век в светлината на новооткрити документи

Author(s): Stefka Parveva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

This research is based on information obtained from two avarız defters compiled in 1694 and preserved in the Ottoman Archives in Istanbul. The documents reveal that the city of Yambol had a predominantly Muslim profile, with 82% of its population identified as Muslim. The non-Muslim community in Yambol consisted of Bulgarians, Jews, and Armenians. Additionally, members of the Crimean Tatar Giray dynasty and their subordinates were also present. The social composition of Yambol included individuals from the two main social categories: reaya and askeri. What is characteristic of the representatives of the askari group is that they were the overwhelming majority (65%) among the urban dwellers. The soldiers among them – local residents and displaced people from other parts of Rumeli, represent 58% of all residents of the town. This ratio allows Yambol to be defined as a “militarized” city in the Ottoman province. The study includes an Annex with the translation from Ottoman Turkish to Bulgarian of the avarız defter for the town of Yambol, dated May 26 – June 4, 1694.

Фолклористиката като съдба. Проф. д.ф.н. Анатол Анчев на 70 години

Author(s): Stanoy Stanoev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

Anniversary

Sport jako element bezpieczeństwa społecznego

Author(s): Wojciech Krajewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The article aims to present sport as a factor eliminating the threat to social security. Sport is always an ambiguous concept or has various characteristics. It can also be presented in the context as fun, entertainment, a form of spending free time or in a professional way, professionally performed by a competitive person, the observance of which is a sport that is vertically maintained, a way of life, observance in this physical activity related to the profession performed.This article will present the issue of the impact of sport on reducing the aggression of professional athletes through its positive release, which is an anti-criminogenic effect, based on the doctoral dissertation of the author of the article entitled “Aggressive Attitudes of Professional Athletes – the Criminological Assessment”, prepared under the supervision of prof. zw. dr hab. dr h.c. Brunon Hołyst.As part of the issue discussed, based on the above-mentioned the doctoral dissertation will present the correlation between social security and sport that reduces aggression in order to eliminate criminogenic phenomena.The need for security is a fundamental, natural desire of every human being. Lack of confidence in safety is expressed by feeling threatened and creates anxiety. Sport is one of the fundamental instruments of uniting people, teaching responsibility, observing the rules of conduct and values, while having a positive impact on the development of human character, ensuring and perhaps even guarding against social demoralization – fulfilling the role of reducing the threat of lack of a sense of social security.At the end of the article, conclusions regarding the discussed issues were presented.

Игрите на квартала и „владеенето на територии“

Author(s): Svetoslava Mancheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

Reminiscing about childhood in the city is often associated with memories of places, spaces and games. In this article I will look at childhood in the context of games in the city and its neighborhoods, spaces and quarters. I use anthropological, historical and visual approaches to look at the way children use these spaces to play games. The purpose is to show the connection between places and the so-called „ownership of territories“ as part of creating images of childhood. The focus will be on places for play and neighborhoods as spaces of interaction and sense of belonging. Through the analysis of stories and visual data related to the city of Plovdiv, games and images of childhood from different periods of time will be presented.

В НОВИТЕ БРОЕВЕ НА СПИСАНИЯТА НА ,,АЗ-БУКИ“ ЧЕТЕТЕ

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

Сучасні технології застосування комунікативних стратегій і тактик у фаховому дискурсі. (Современные технологии использования коммуникативных стратегий и тактик в профессиональном дискурсе)

Author(s): Milena Paliy,Nina Lytvynenko,Nataliia Misnyk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2021

The article explores approaches (views) of Slavic researchers for the use of communicative strategies and tactics in the contemporary medical discourse. Their common features and differences are determined. The phenomena analyzed reveal opportunities for the optimization of professional speech in Bulgarian, Ukrainian and Russian, having an important practical orientation in communication in the field of healthcare.

Обучение иностранному языку в электронной среде – вызов дня

Author(s): Irena Petrova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

Changes in social life at the moment have caused changes in all areas of human activity. As a result of these changes, the conditions and the learning process in the educational institutions of the country are changing. E-learning and e-learning platforms have replaced classroom learning. In this article, we consider issues related to the peculiarities of teaching a foreign language in an electronic environment and the opinions expressed by students in relation to synchronous and asynchronous learning in an electronic educational platform.

HEALTH AND SAFETY EDUCATION IN SCHOOLS OF UKRAINE AND ITS CHANGES AS A RESULT OF RUSSIAN AGGRESSION

Author(s): Vasyl Zaplatynskyi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The article presents the main results of the analysis of the state of Ukrainian secondary education in terms of health and safety, as well as its changes due to Russia's full-scale war against Ukraine. Ukrainian secondary education is undergoing a profound transformation and transition from the old concept of teaching to new approaches formulated in the concept of the "New Ukrainian School." Changes in Ukrainian education affect all subjects and integrated courses, approaches to teaching, and schoolchild achievement assessment. The article analyzes the state of education in health and safety at the preschool stage and in primary, basic, and specialized secondary education. A separate subject, "Basics of Health," dedicated to health and safety issues, is proposed for schoolchildren in basic secondary education, i.e., grades 5-9. As part of the transformation of Ukrainian secondary education, the subject "Basics of Health" is gradually being replaced by the integrated course "Health, Safety, and Well-being." The article provides model programs for the integrated course "Health, Safety, and Well-being" recommended by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine for the adaptation cycle (grades 5-6) and the basic subject learning cycle (grades 7-9). The main themes of health education studied by schoolchildren in basic secondary education are analyzed in detail and examples are provided. A separate section is dedicated to safety education. The curriculum for safety education covers a wide range of topics, including safety theory, home safety, safety in natural and urban environments, emergencies, communication safety, digital safety, and many others. The full-scale war of Russia against Ukraine has led to the emergence of specific military risks. It should be noted that many educational subjects underwent various changes as a result of the war. The main changes regarding health and safety, as well as additions concerning military risks, have been made in the subject "Basics of Health" and the integrated course "Health, Safety, and Well-being." The article analyzes the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the added topics. Many conclusions have been drawn, including the necessity of studying military risks and ways to overcome them, as well as ensuring safety and health in wartime conditions.

ЧОВЕКЪТ ПРИ ПРОМЕНЯЩИТЕ СЕ УСЛОВИЯ НА ЖИВОТ В СЪВРЕМЕННИЯ СВЯТ

Author(s): Vladimir Vlaskov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 11/2015

The modern conditions of life of man on our planet are defined by the big differences between the so called "civilized" and the strongly underdeveloped regions.While in Amazonia, some parts of Africa, in the individual mountain-high and northern territories the way of life of the population has preserved itself almost unchanged, in strongly industrialized regions they start to more and more drastically differ from the natural ones. The impetuous technological development of the bigger part of the human society is based on more and more active use of resources of the planet and in certain areas-megapolises, aglomerations, communicational infrastructure, large scale до hydro-equipments and mining areas leads to consistent, and at more and more places irreversible transformation of unaffected natural environment into anthropogenic.The expansion of technogenic-urbanizational areals is reaching a stage, during which it is defined by scientists as changing natural conditions not only in local, but in global scale. Urbanisationally-technogenic transformations of human residence sharply change its vital environment and apply its rule and way of life uninherent of the experience, traditions and customs of the previous generations. One of the modern directions of geographic research today are connected with research on geomorphological conditions and their changes with the goal of stable development of urbanised areas.

НАЦИОНАЛНОТО ГЕОГРАФСКО ПРОСТРАНСТВО НА БЪЛГАРИЯ КАТО ЧАСТ ОТ ЕВРОПЕЙСКИЯ СЪЮЗ

Author(s): Maria Grozeva,Boris Kolev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 11/2015

The inclusion of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union enlarged total geographical area of the Union from the Atlantic to the Black Sea. This article gives a definition of what is a national geographical space and makes the understanding of the role and importance of Bulgarian national geographical space already as a part of geographical space of EU. Some of the feasibility and sustain communications with the main centers and poles of socio-economic development in the EU are mentioned.

ЕТНО-ДЕМОГРАФСКИ ПРОЦЕСИ В СЕВЕРОИЗТОЧНА БЪЛГАРИЯ ОТ ОСВОБОЖДЕНИЕТО ДО НАЧАЛОТО НА ХХІ ВЕК

Author(s): Nadezhda IlIeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 11/2015

Northeast Bulgaria differs with diverse ethnic structure. In 2011 in this part of the country is concentrated 17% of the Bulgarian population, 45% of Turkish and 22% of the Roma ethnic group. The aim of the study is to trace the demographic characteristics, the territorial location of the ethnic communities in Northeastern Bulgaria, and to clarify the complex of factors affected on the demographic processes in the different historical, socio-economic and political conditions after the Liberation of Bulgaria (1878) to nowadays. Based on changes in the number and share of Bulgarian, Turkish and Roma population, the peculiarities of their natural reproduction, the nature of migration movements, the reasons causing them, the policies towards ethnic groups, three periods in the development of ethnodemographic processes in Northeastern Bulgaria are clearly outlined. From the Liberation to the end of the Second World War - Liberation marked the beginning of large-scale demographic processes in the new political and economic conditions in Bulgaria. The fragmentation of its ethnic territories causes immigration movements. This part of the country accepts half of the refugees in Bulgaria before (1885) and one third of the refugees until the end of World War II. The presence of thousands of 138 refugees have a positive impact on Bulgaria and mixed ethnically areas, as they help to strengthen the Bulgarian character of the settlements. The most general result is the establishment of the ethnic homogeneity in the ethnic structure of the population of Northeastern Bulgaria and the significant increase of the settlements populated entirely by Bulgarians (23 to 39%) and predominantly Bulgarian population (from 20 to 24%). In 1900 these groups settlements are widespread in the areas along the Danube and Black Sea. Until 1946 their territorial distribution, gradually expanded into the eastern parts of South Dobrogea, East Stara planina (east of Gerlovo, Slannik and Tuzluka) and the municipalities west of Ludogorie. - Liberation puts Bulgarian Turks in radically different political, social and economic conditions. Regardless of the tolerant policy that led Bulgarian government, which is confirmed by the adoption of the Tarnovo Constitution, which gives civil, cultural and political rights to all its citizens, free primary education for all, freedom of speech and press and etc. emigration of Bulgarian Turks throughout the period did not stop. The main reasons for this are political changes and change of the position of Bulgarian Turks in the social structure of society. Considering that in the period to the end of the Second World War the Turkish population is in the first phase of demographic transition (high birth and death rates, which define moderately high levels of natural growth), it is clear that external migrations, depending on their nature and intensity are the most important factor influencing the changes in the number and territorial location of the Turkish population in Northeastern Bulgaria. The first period under consideration is characterized by the fastest rates of reduction in the number of the Turkish population and the most intensive processes in the changes of the its number and location. The region of Ludogorie, and historical-ethnographic area Gerlovo, Slannik Tuzluka retain their territorial differentiation, which helps to preserve his number, location and ethnical structure. Throughout the period the group of settlements populated entirely and predominantly with Bulgarian Turks retain their ethnic structure and show an increase in the number of the Turkish population. Territories with less compactness of the Turkish population a significant reduction in the number and its relative share is observed. - Until World War II settlements with presence of Roma constitute an insignificant share in the structure of settlements. For example Bulgarian-Roma settlements constitute 2%; TurkishRoma settlements – 1%; settlements with diverse ethnic structure – 5%. Formation of a territorial concentration of these groups of settlements is not observed. Since the end of World War II until the early 90s - The Socialist period is characterized by increasing of the differences in the demographic indicators between the main ethnic communities. Since the mid 50s Roma and Turkish populations are entering in the second phase of demographic transition, while Bulgarians started the third. The second phase for Bulgarian Turks ends late 80s of the twentieth century, while Roma continued to the end of the 90s of the twentieth century. The fourth phase in Bulgarian started in the mid 80s, and the natural growth is already negative. - During the period, unlike previous, significant changes in the ethnic structure of the population in Northeastern Bulgaria do not occur. There is a spatial diversification of the observed processes. During this period the positive values of the growth rate in the Bulgarian population are distinguished only in regional centers and some Black Sea municipalities. The biggest decrease in the number and proportion of Bulgarians stand out territories with compact Turkish population. In the migration processes, caused by the collectivization of agriculture and rapid industrialization of the country takes part predominantly Bulgarian population. Resulting 139 in a decrease of its number in villages and in areas with mixed ethnic structure. Its growth only in the urban and municipal centers is observed. As a result of these processes has been a significant reduction in the group settlements populated entirely with Bulgarian population (from 29 to 19%) and settlements with predominantly Bulgarian population (from 24 to 12%). - Policy towards ethnic groups in the country is characterized, similar to the previous period, with too much inconsistency regarding the status of ethnic groups. At the same time plays an important role in the policy pursued by Turkey, which seeks to regulate the number of Turkish ethnic group, by limiting the number of immigrants from the country. The losses of Turkish population due to inflow in 1950-1951, the 1969-1978, the so-called. "Great trip" in the late 80s are compensated by the high levels of population growth. As a result the number is growing compared to the end of World War II. Regardless of the policy of industrialization in the country, the regions with mixed population perform secondary functions in the national economy. Despite their progress in the socio-economic development, they continue to evolve significantly less than other parts of the country, and therefore remain predominantly agrarian character. In areas with mixed ethnic structure the rate of urbanization is weake and low intensity of migration to the cities of the Turkish population is observed, which mainly deals with agricultural activities and stays to live mainly in the villages. Unlike the years before the Second World War most affected by the emigration of the Turkish population (especially during the so-called "Revival process") are distinguished areas with the greatest territorial compactness of Bulgarian Turks – Ludogorie, Eastern Stara Planina which is in line with the policy of the Bulgarian government to reduce the number and compactness of the Turkish population in these areas. Unlike previous periods municipalities with a higher proportion of the Turkish population is observed the highest rates of decrease. Most affected by emigration are the municipalities with the highest percentage of the Turkish population. Regardless of the observed processes the desired results are not achieved. The rapid reduction of the Bulgarian population in villages as a result of ongoing migration from villages to the towns and the negative rates of natural growth not only helps to preserve the compactness of the Turkish population, but also to increase its share. Unlike the previous period, an increase of villages entirely inhabited by Turkish population (from 9 to 17%) at the expense of the villages with predominantly Turkish population (from 17 to 12%) is observed. - An increase in groups with presence of Roma population is observed: Bulgarian-Roma settlements from 2 to 6%; settlements with diverse ethnic structure from 8 to 20%; for the first time group with predominantly Roma population is occur, which in 1992 accounted 2 % of the settlements in Northeastern Bulgaria. - Since the early 90s until the beginning of XXI century - Constitution adopted in 1991, which enshrined the most important legal foundations, provide full civil and political rights of all citizens regardless of their ethnic identity. The severe social and economic crisis occurred after 1989 led to an accelerated rate of development of demographic transition and reduction of fertility in all three ethnic communities country. - Socio-economic problems that accompany the transition period are crucial to make a decision to emigrate for the three ethnic communities and displace the influence of the political factor that is leading in previous periods. The greatest intensity of emigration at the beginning of the period is typical for the Turkish population, while the Roma emigration reached after the accession of Bulgaria to the EU in 2007. All these factors have a decisive influence on the formation of their number in Northeast Bulgaria 140 - The negative natural growth, in combination with the aging age structure and emigration, are the reasons for the rapid reduction of the Bulgarian population after 1989. The main factor for the negative growth rate in the Turkish population between the last two censuses is emigration, mainly to Turkey. The Roma high positive natural growth, in combination with poor mobility due to immigration restrictions imposed on them, favoring the increase of its number. - All these processes determine the changes in the ethnic structure of municipalities and individual settlements. In most municipalities there is an increase in the share of Turkish and Roma population. After the detailed analysis of the spatial characteristics of the changes in the number and location of Bulgarian, Turkish and Roma population the following conclusions can be formulated: despite the reduction in the number of Turkish population, its territorial dislocation does not change, but on the contrary – there is an increase in settlements entirely populated and predominantly by the Turkish population; reducing the share of settlements with diverse ethnic structure; increase in settlements with predominantly Roma population (absolute number has doubled from 22 to 42 villages).

ПРОМЯНА В БРОЯ НА НАСЕЛЕНИЕТО В ОБЩИНИТЕ АВРЕН, ДОЛНИ ЧИФЛИК И БЯЛА ЗА ПОСЛЕДНИТЕ ПЕТНАДЕСЕТ ГОДИНИ

Author(s): Milen Penerliev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 11/2015

The paper treats territories in Bulgaria, which have been spared from depopulation. The parameter of the research is growth rate. Favourable trends are registered in the sea-side districts Avren, Dolen Chiflik and Byala.

ИСТОРИЯ И РАЗВИТИЕ НА АНТРОПОГЕОГРАФИЯТА ВЪВ ВОДЕЩИТЕ ГЕОГРАФСКИ ШКОЛИ И БЪЛГАРИЯ

Author(s): Velimira Stoyanova,Gergana Metodieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 11/2015

The article presents a brief history and the development of anthropogeography in leading geographic schools and in Bulgaria. By the end of the 19th and in the early 20th century geographers around the world put the human in the focus of the geographical research and started studying the connections and relations between people and the natural components (terrain, climate, water, etc.). In 1882, following the publication of the Ratzel’s work titled - "Anthropogeography" the foundations of a new branch in the system of geographical sciences were laid, which was called "anthropogeography" ("human geography"). Today more and more frequently in Western Europe, the USA etc. Germanic and Romance languages-speaking countries, along with the concept of anthropogeography, the synonymous term "human geography" is used (in German - Die Humangeographie , in Spanish - geografía humana, in Italian - geografia antropica, in French - géographie humaine, etc.). It is perceived as a science studying the spatial organization of the economy and the relations between the society and the environment. General anthropogeography is divided into: geography of the population; historical geography; political geography; geography of settlements - urban geography and geography of rural areas; social geography; economic geography - primary, secondary and tertiary sectors; cultural geography, geography of the religions. In Bulgaria and in other former socialist countries (Russia, Poland etc.) neither of the two terms - anthropogeography and human geography are used. Instead, the term socioeconomic geography (social and economic geography, economic and social geography) is used, which includes social geography - geography of the population and settlements; economic geography - primary, secondary and tertiary sector etc. In leading geography schools: the German ("Anthropogeography"), the French (sociogeography - "Human Geography"), the Anglo-American and the Russian, different approaches for characterizing and analyzing the interaction between nature and man are used. The basic approach used in the German geography school since the end of the 19th till 186 the mid-20th is connected with the so-called geographical determinism (from Latin determinare - "define"). In France, unlike Germany, the main approach used in studying the interaction between man and nature is that of the so-called geographical possibilism (from Latin possibilis – “possible”). Geographers from the Anglo-American school basically adopted the ideas of the German geographical determinism, but also some of the ideas of the French geographical possibilism. Conditionally speaking, the anthropogeographical research in Bulgaria can be divided into three periods: the first period – the period of the Bulgarian Renaissance until the late 19th century, the second period - from the late 19th century to the mid-1940s, and the third period - from the mid-1940s to the mid-1950s.

НЯКОИ АСПЕКТИ ОТНОСНО СЪВРЕМЕННИТЕ КОЛЕБАНИЯ НА КЛИМАТА

Author(s): Pero Elenkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 11/2015

The Earth`s climate is presented as a complex multifactorial dynamic system. The factors and causes that have impact on it are viewed and a considerable attention is paid to the problem of lithosphere`s plates mobility. The modern methods (isotopic, pollenqec) for analysis of climatic changest in the last millennium are given. The problem of climate`s definitiveness (sustainability) is presented taking into consideration the La-place theory. The global system for climate observation of World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is also presented.