Zasada lustra w ocenie zagrożeń hybrydowych płynących z Rosji i Białorusi

Author(s): Anna Maria Dyner / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2023

In this article, the author describes how the mirror principle used in psychology, which is based on finding in other people traits that an individual tries to suppress, can be used to identify potential threats from Russia and Belarus. She puts forward the hypothesis that by analysing the greatest threats mentioned by these countries, e.g. in strategic documents, it is possible to deduce, according to the principle of the mirror, in which spheres they will most actively conduct hostile actions against NATO members. Among other things, the hybrid actions that Russia and cooperating Belarus may take against Western states are indicated, but without an in-depth analysis of these issues. Thus, the article does not exhaust the topic, but merely attempts to signal one method of analysing the threats emanating from Russia and Belarus.

The mirror principle in assessing hybrid threats emanating from Russia and Belarus

Author(s): Anna Maria Dyner / Language(s): English Issue: 29/2023

In this article, the author describes how the mirror principle used in psychology, which is based on finding in other people traits that an individual tries to suppress, can be used to identify potential threats from Russia and Belarus. She puts forward the hypothesis that by analysing the greatest threats mentioned by these countries, e.g. in strategic documents, it is possible to deduce, according to the principle of the mirror, in which spheres they will most actively conduct hostile actions against NATO members. Among other things, the hybrid actions that Russia and cooperating Belarus may take against Western states are indicated, but without an in-depth analysis of these issues. Thus, the article does not exhaust the topic, but merely attempts to signal one method of analysing the threats emanating from Russia and Belarus.

Practical dimension of issues related to assessing the reliability of sources and the trustworthiness of data and information

Author(s): Józef Kozłowski / Language(s): English Issue: 29/2023

The phases of preparation, analysis, integration, initial interpretation of data and intelligence are relatively widely described in the literature. Only the field of assessing the certainty of sources and the reliability of data and intelligence has not kept pace with the development of other elements in the domain of information operations. In view of the increasing intensity of activities carried out by potential adversaries, the methods, techniques and tools currently in use should be critically evaluated and their limitations identified, and attempts should be made to develop and implement new processes and procedures. Above all, the capacity to prepare and communicate increasingly accurate assessments of the certainty of sources and the reliability of data and information must be enhanced. Therefore, it is necessary to: quantify the accuracy of the information, prepare new procedures and software, study the degree of information redundancy, its completeness and level of diagnosticity. Acquisition and analytical apparatus staff must be aware of existing limitations and search for ways to solve problems. Such a search should not focus on one-size-fits-all methods, but on a pragmatic approach to each element.

Biały wywiad w zarządzaniu bezpieczeństwem informacji

Author(s): Maciej Witczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2024

Open-source intelligence (OSINT) poses a threat to the information security system in an organisation (business, armed forces) and even in a whole state. The aim of the article is to provide an overview of this issue, to present the threats posed by open source intelligence and to identify ways of countering them. The theoretical part is complemented by a practical case study and confirms the hypotheses: gathering information from the open sources is possible, but it does not always allow for a comprehensive intelligence product. Moreover, the information security management minimises the risk of collecting data from the open sources. The second part provides recommendations and proposes a universal model of information security management in an organisation.

Debata „Rola służb specjalnych we współczesnej Polsce”

Author(s): Leszek Wojcieszak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2024

Konstytucyjne prawo równego dostępu do służby publicznej a instytucja podwójnego obywatelstwa

Author(s): Adam Bodnar,Adam Ploszka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

The “Law and Justice” government in Poland in 2016–2020 conducted a controversial “judicial reform”. As a result, access to the profession of judge and prosecutor for people with dual citizenship was initially denied and eventually significantly restricted. In this piece, we analyze these legislative changes through the lens of their conformity with the Polish Constitution, in particular with the constitutional right of access to public service, as well as with Poland’s binding international law. We are also critically examining the arguments raised to justify these regulations and identifying the effects of their implementation. We argue that depriving people of multiple citizenship of access to the judge or prosecutor profession violates the Polish Constitution, as well as international law.

E-learning in Norway and Iceland. Development Trends

Author(s): Lidia Pokrzycka / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article describes the practice of implementing e-learning in Norway and Iceland using Oslo Metropolitan University, Reykjavik University and the University of Iceland as examples. The interest in this problem came from the fact that the Nordic countries are leaders in online learning and I had the opportunity to teach at the universities analyzed. Having close contact with the way of teaching in Norway and Iceland, I asked whether some elements of teaching from the analyzed Nordic countries could be implemented in Poland. Thus, the aim of the article is to introduce the basics of the specifics of teaching at the selected universities and to consider whether the proven methods can be implemented in Poland. The basis of the article was therefore participatory observation, and the results of work with Norwegian and Icelandic students prove that Nordic methods of work can be – at least to some extend – transferred to the Polish educational market (not only in higher education, but also, for example, in corporate e-learning).

Mulieres in Military Milieu of Troesmis

Author(s): Roxana-Gabriela Curcă / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2024

The current research focuses on the identification of certain patterns, specific to the analysis of women mentioned in the epigrahical records of an important military settlement of Moesia Inferior, Troesmis. The case study of female figures at Troesmis could serve as a reference for similar investigation of other military milieu of the same province regarding the subject.

Herennius Germanus – veteranus of legio IIII Flavia and the Archeological Complexes of Ratiaria and its Territory

Author(s): Zdravko Dimitrov / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2024

The archaeological studies of the frontier zones of the Roman Empire are of particular importance due to the abundant excavated data that can be directly linked to historical sources and epigraphic evidence known for centuries.In the Lower Danube region of the Roman Limes, an area that has not been as extensively explored as the areas in Central and Western Europe, there are now a lot of new rescue and regular excavations. The new field data, which were obtained from details unearthed near the village of Sinagovtsi, Vidin region, only 15 km away from the ancient centre of Ratiaria, are important as they might help clarify the way of life in Antiquity if linked to and interpreted together with the already known epigraphic, historical and numismatic data.

Pottery and Social Practice: Between Home and Abroad

Author(s): Cristina Crizbășan / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2024

This article aims to explore the uses of material culture and their relevance to identity formation. The premise is applied specifically to the moving auxilia, in order to observe the effects of movement and transfers on the selection and consumption of material culture within the military environment. It is common knowledge that pottery supply and use within the Roman military were to an extent governed by specific state-controlled supply routes and contracts, meaning that the same pottery styles could have been observed at different forts from different regions. Nonetheless, the cultural side of demand should not be overlooked as it may have tailored supply differently to various regions depending on the preferences in the area. Similarly, auxiliary units transferred from home may have preserved some of their familiar pottery styles and reproduce them upon arrival to the new territory. This article will explore the ways pottery was employed at locations associated with Batavian auxilia in order to capture their image construction between home and abroad. Once removed from their core territory and placed in a new environment with new norms in terms of material culture and even dressing and addressing one another, how did their consumption adapt to the area and to which extent did it keep a unique character? The main case-study explored in this paper is Războieni in order to assess the pottery consumption patterns of Batavian auxilia abroad in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD.

Recruited for the Local Army, despite faraway from their Home: two Cases from the Province of Moesia Superior

Author(s): Zdravko Dimitrov / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2024

The article discusses two inscriptions attesting two soldiers recruited from the province of Upper Moesia. The main aim of this survey is to provide an overview of military mobility and to highlight the diversity of practices in the choice of veterans’ settlement. Starting from the place of discovery of the inscriptions, the data provide some interesting patterns and demonstrate their complexity.

Religio castrensis: A Case Study of Potaissa (Dacia)

Author(s): Sorin Nemeti / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2024

There was a standard religious observance in the Roman army, attributed to the reforms of the age of Augustus, but not documented until the time of Severus Alexander, through famous religious calendars on papyrus discovered at Dura Europos, known as Feriale Duranum. The document contains the dates of the religious year, the days being divided into three main groups: imperial anniversaries, certain common holidays (Kalendae Ianuariae, natalis Martis patris Victoris, Quinquatria, natalis Urbis Romae aeternae, Vestalia, Neptunalia) and only three proper military celebrations (honesta missio on January 7 and two Rosaliae signorum on May 10 and 31). How are these common celebrations reflected in the votive activity that leaves material traces on a legionary camp like that of Potaissa? Archaeological research of the principia (1974–1989) and the courtyard of this building (atrium) (2008–2011) led to the discovery of six bases of statues and a plinth, which it should be associated with the marble slabs, fragments of which were discovered scattered throughout the basilica principiorum, in the courtyard (atrium) as well as in the side porticoes. According to the reading of these six inscriptions in the principia of Potaissa, in the cases where the emperors could be identified, there was in the 3rd century AD statues dedicated to Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Julia Domna (two inscriptions), possibly also for Elagabalus associated with Julia Maesa and Julia Soemias, Gordian III and Sabina Tranquillina and Philip the Arab and his son. Thus, one can imagine the celebrations evoked by Feriale Duranum (natales and dies imperii of these emperors of the Severian dynasty, respectively of the barrack emperors) which took place in front of the statues dedicated by the officers and optiones of the legion.

Pottery Vessels with graffiti Discovered in the Fort of Ala I Batavorum in Dacia

Author(s): Rada Varga,Alexander Rubel,George Valentin Bounegru / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2024

This paper presents graffiti discovered on a few plates discovered in a barrack from the fort of ala I Batavorum milliaria in Dacia. Typical for the Batavian troops, the onomastics is Latin and Greek. The instrumenta prove that the soldiers scribbled their names on every-day use vessels and offer us a glimpse of the very men that lived there together.

Students’ Stress and Loneliness During the COVID-19 Period

Author(s): Elona Hasmujaj,Aigars Andersons,Jozef Bushati / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

This study investigated stress and loneliness among students at the University of Shkoder, Albania, during COVID-19, finding higher stress among females and increased loneliness in social sciences students. It highlighted a significant correlation between stress and loneliness, suggesting implications for student health interventions and further research.

Przekształcenia sieci szkolnej pod wpływem zmian demograficznych w aglomeracji poznańskiej

Author(s): Marzena Walaszek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

Changes in spatial and organizational school network in the Poznań agglomeration in recent years resulted primarily from the changing demographic conditions, which are a manifestation of the suburbanization process. As a result of this process in a suburban area rapidly increased the number of pupils in schools, while in the central zone of the agglomeration, this number has decreased markedly. The aim of the article was to present the demographic changes taking place in recent years in the Poznań agglomeration and their impact on the school network.

Me som Rom, tumen san gadźe [1978]

Author(s): Andrzej Mirga / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

The following article by Andrzej Mirga is republished from a special issue of ‘Etnografia Polska’ journal 22(2) 1978 devoted to Roma (at that time consistently referred to as ‘Gypsies’) and Romani studies. The author presents the image of the non-Roma people widespread among the Carpathian Roma – inhabitants of a Roma settlement in the Polish Spiš region. The argumentation is based on the dichotomy ‘Rom – Gadjo’. The article is published with the permission of the Author and the editors of ‘Etnografia Polska’.

Nowoczesność, kolonializm i Zagłada Romów

Author(s): Sławomir Kapralski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

The article presents the relationship between European colonialism, the modernization of European society and the Nazi persecution of the Roma as a cause and effect relationship, in which the result of the interaction between colonialism and modernization was the phenomenon of “internal colonialism”: the application of racist colonial policy to some minorities existing within European societies, including Roma. The author’s intention was to apply Hannah Arendt’s concept of the “boomerang effect” to the situation of the Roma, a concept that worked particularly well when applied to Germany, where internal colonialism compensated for the loss of overseas colonies after World War I. Using the boomerang effect in the context of the project of modern society, one can better understand various forms of anti-Roma policy: forced assimilation, exclusion, the mechanism of scapegoating and substitute victim. The colonial sources of anti-Roma violence are also becoming visible: from negative stereotyping, through racial segregation, to concentration camps and extermination. The author is of the opinion that decolonization of the Roma Studies requires a deeper reflection on the colonial sources of anti-Roma policy.

Klasa i tożsamość. Różnice etniczne i socjoekonomiczne wykluczenie w budowaniu wspólnoty

Author(s): Hubert Mikołaj Tubacki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

In the text, the author, analyzing the processes of alienation and exclusion of residents of a fragment of a gentrified neighborhood, considers what role class and race play in this process. In addition to economic and class exclusion, the key terms for the author are alienation (othering) and racialization (racialization), together they set the conceptual framework for the analysis. Based on six months of ethnographic research, the author confronts perceptions about the ghetto with the relations found inside. He describes the formation of a local identity based on shared exclusion and opposition to denunciation and cooperation with state officials. Analyzing the role of local identity juxtaposed with Polishness and Romaniness, the author shows how these imagined communities are negotiated and how their role changes depending on the contexts. Following Marianne Gullestad, the author considers the influence of strongly rhetorical terms, e.g. Gypsy, Roma, on the processes analyzed. At the same time, he recognizes secondary exclusion resulting from targeting aid programs along ethnic lines rather than on the basis of community needs. The text also presents examples of positive, partly grassroots, actions to reduce the scale of exclusion, which include the problem of inadequate redistribution to local conditions.

Laboratorium sztuki, laboratorium fikcji. Potencjał wystawy Małgorzaty Mirgi-Tas do zmiany dydaktycznego paradygmatu

Author(s): Maria Szoska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

The article introduces a look at the artistic activity of Małgorzata Mirga-Tas as a Romani feminist, activist, politically involved author (in the sense of politics given to her by Jacques Rancière) and at the same time reading her work as a potential for humane education, especially Polish studies. As the author of the article shows, the categories used by Rancière to describe the public sphere, especially making the world visible, the reconfiguration of perceptible division are didactic. The article reviews textbooks for the Polish language, pointing to the absence of Romani authors and Romani issues. The recognized emptiness could be filled by the creative biography of Mirga-Tas because for the artist creating within the professional world of art, her identity is not a burden but a forming element and a source of inspiration. The potential of the exhibition “Re-enchanting the world” would allow to break the didactic discourse manifested in empathic gypsiology and on the other hand, narrowing the Romani subject to the pedagogisation of social problems presented in the perspective of Pierre Bourdieu’s habitus. According to the author of the text, the Mirga-Tas’ exhibition at Venice Biennale is a laboratory of potential history which can become a space for experimenting with fiction and life at the lesson, provided that a pedagogical strategy of political voice is adopted.

Nomadyzm jako stereotyp? Prace artystów o romskich korzeniach tworzone w odniesieniu

Author(s): Monika Weychert / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

In the article, the author attempts to highlight how the stereotype of “Romani nomadism” continues to shape the perception of contemporary individuals of Romani descent and contributes to the negation of the historical experiences of this ethnic group in favor of biologizing its characteristics and behaviors. This has catastrophic consequences, such as the differential application of legal regulations against the Roma (rulings made to their disadvantage). The article presents examples of the biographies of Romani activists and artists and their migrations during the Balkan War, migrations during the political-economic-social transformation of the 1990s in Europe, and even migrations from the time of the abolition of Roma slavery in the territories of present-day Romania and Moldova.