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Zagrożenia środowiskowe w bezpieczeństwie transportu lotniczego

Author(s): Zbigniew Piskor / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The article discusses the issue of environmental hazards as an important factor leading to threats in the safety of air transport. Its aim is to analyse the impact of such threats on the level of safety in air transport. In accordance with the adopted objective, the main research problem was formulated: How do environmental hazards affect the level of safety of air transport? In order to answer the above question, it was necessary to use research methods, including a critical analysis of legal acts and selected literature on the subject. The analysis of the indicated areas indicates that in order to improve the impact of air transport on the environment, it is necessary to consider the introduction of appropriate measures and adopt the set directions of change.

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Sztuczna inteligencja jako wyzwanie przyszłości

Author(s): Patryk Ochyra,Łukasz Stelmaszczyk,Michał Rutkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

Based on this chosen topic, the author chose artificial intelligence as the subject of research. The main goal of the article was defined as: outlining the most likely scenarios of threats and opportunities arising from the existence of artificial intelligence. It determines the need to propose the main research problem in the form of the following problem question: What variants should be expected in order to effectively counteract threats and take advantage of the opportunities arising from the existence of AI in the aspect of increasing global population security? Based on the previously formulated main problem, the author constructed a working hypothesis. He presumes that: the main inhibitor in a positive attitude towards AI is the fear of its independence as a transcendent entity that escapes human perception. In his scientific article, he used theoretical methods such as: analysis, synthesis, interpretation, deduction, inference, confrontation and abstraction.

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Postawy obywatelskie w profilaktyce wiktymizacyjnej

Author(s): Brunon Hołyst / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

Civic activity, i.e. voluntary action for the benefit of social interest, is regarded as the basis for the existence of civil society. Civic activity is expressed, among other things, in the giving of time, labor, energy, knowledge or money, that is, in the giving of one’s own resources for the benefit of others – for someone else’s benefit, but also for one’s own benefit. The type of activity in question is characterized by two properties. First, it is a purposeful activity, and it is based on the fact that man is a dynamic, acting being. Specific actions are directed toward something, and therefore are not a direct reaction resulting from the appearance of certain external factors, but are the result of a cognitive analysis of the situation. The type of activity in question refers to actions taken by an individual alone or together with others, with an intention aimed at the welfare of members of his own community. Every, even individually implemented action for the benefit of others contains a social context. Then “social” does not mean “group”, but “undertaken for the benefit of the community. The article examines in detail not only the essence of civic activity, also civic education, “civic organizations” and paying taxes.

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Wstępna analiza wiedzy zawodowej funkcjonariuszy policji z zakresu podstaw psychologii w aspekcie bezpieczeństwa

Author(s): Mirosław J. Bednarski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The article is a preliminary analysis of the results of research on knowledge of the basics of psychology in the aspect of performing official duties by Police officers, conducted among police officers of the Warsaw Police Headquarters. Institutions specifically established for this purpose, including the Police, are responsible for the direct protection of public safety. In order to properly fulfill its tasks belonging to a democratic state, which consist mainly in serving society, the police, in addition to the legal formula, also need appropriate equipment, functional structures and the human factor – policemen who can meet the requirements of a constantly changing reality. A properly trained policeman, prepared for duty, is a guarantee of an efficiently functioning Police. An element of this preparation is basic knowledge of psychology.

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Aspekty prawa kanonicznego i prawa świeckiego w związku małżeńskim

Author(s): Kamila Remiszewska,Adrianna Ruszkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The article presents the marital union from the perspectives of canonical law and secular law, two distinct legal systems. It focuses on a comparative analysis of the theoretical and practical aspects related to marriage, taking into account the influence of faith and societal norms on its regulations. Through an in-depth examination of these two legal systems, the paper aims to better understand both the complexities and similarities between them and to identify areas of conflict or synergy. It aims to provide a comprehensive view of the essence and functioning of the marital union, considering both its spiritual and social dimensions.

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Opieka duszpasterska nad wychodźcami na łamach „Echa Przemyskiego”

Author(s): Sławomir Zych / Language(s): Polish Issue: Special/2024

In the late 19th century and in the early 20th century, the region of Galicia saw mass economic migration. This was reflected in press, for example, in the magazine Echo Przemyskie (Echo of Przemyśl), published in 1896-1918. Over the years, it published several hundred texts on permanent and seasonal emigration. Some of them were about issues related to the organisation and provision of pastoral services among emigrants. This concerned, for example, such activities of Polish clergy operating in countries to which Polish workers and settlers were coming, and of those Galicia clergy and priests of the Diocese of Przemyśl who undertook emigration pastoral care.

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Особенности межкультурной коммуникации в контексте делового взаимодействия представителей разных корпоративных культур

Author(s): Tatiana Pochinok / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

The article examines the problem of the implementation of intercultural communication in the context of business interaction between representatives of multinational corporate cultures. The author affirms that representatives of different cultures for the implementation of effective business communication and the development of rational management decisions need to have sociocultural competence, namely to know about the ethnopsychological peculiarities of the representatives of different linguocultures and be able to consider this knowledge in the process of intercultural communication. The article presents ethnopsychological peculiarities and models of behavior of representatives of Western and Eastern cultures as a comparative analysis. As an example, the author examines in more detail the implementation of the ethnopsychological peculiarity of positive perception on the example of the representatives of the American and Russian-speaking cultures.

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Редактор регионального издания как сетевой критик медиатекста

Author(s): Tatyana Romantsova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

The article examines the problematic and thematic differences between the publications of editors of the regional media on the group and personal pages of Facebook, describes the difference in rhetorical models while building communication in a social network, identifies the main communicative and speech problems of domestic media, submitted for public discussion.

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Специфика применения практико-ориентированных технологий в обучении РКИ (на базе платформы COREAPP.AI)

Author(s): Aleksandra Starikova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

This article discusses practice-oriented technologies of RCT training, in particular, the project method, the specifics of its application in RCT training using electronic technologies, as well as the features of the organization of training using project technologies.

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MEDICAL INTELLIGENCE AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE COMPLEXITIES OF CONTEMPORARY SOCIETIES THE ROLE OF FBI IN THE UNITED STATES

Author(s): Antonella Colonna Visali / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The term Medical Intelligence (Medint) defines the activities of collection, evaluation, analysis and interpretation of medical, bio-scientific and environmental information, regarding a specific country or geographical area, carried out mainly by military or intelligence agencies and carried out abroad, and useful for military or humanitarian strategic planning. It is of interest to Medint to know the potential of local health facilities, both civil and military, in the diagnostic evaluation, in case of infectious pathologies and in the evaluation of environmental risks as well as the "state of the art" of the development of computerized diagnostic technology and of biotechnology. The SMI (Strategic Medical Intelligence) is instead institutionally delegated to the intelligence agencies that deal with territorial control (counter-terrorism). In the United States, the SMI bioterrorism experts depend on the FBI. According to the definition offered by the FBI, Strategic Medical Intelligence (SMI) deals with all the management activities of a medical or health crisis situation following a terrorist act.

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INTELLIGENCE FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATIVE DIMENSIONS IN THE SARS-COV2 PANDEMIC -TOWARDS COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE WITH MEDINT?

Author(s): Liuva Capezzani / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The aim of this study is to illustrate some of the strengths and weaknesses of three main communicative dimensions that have served intelligence functions in the interest of national security during the Sars-Cov2 pandemic crisis. The selected communicative dimensions relate to the American intelligence dissemination process, the Italian epidemic intelligence coordination and the public communication, within the specific framework of crisis state governance. The information was gathered mainly from OSINT sources, while ITS analysis followed both a deductive and an inductive approach. Highlights show that MEDINT could benefit from collective intelligence in the future. In the context of a global pandemic crisis, this raises two further key questions: Should intelligence include its own communicative dimension, in addition to information, within its boundaries of interest and surveillance? And, would it benefit from appropriate training and revision of the division between intelligence reporting and policy advice? The topic is relevant for monitoring the balance between the dimension of secrecy and the dimension of transparency, both of which concern the intelligence services, both in terms of national security and in terms of the participatory democratic state in which the intelligence services operate in Italy, starting from the Italian reform of Law 124/2007.

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USE OF MEDICAL TOOLS IN GAINING VITAL INTELLIGENCE FOR NATIONAL SECURITY PURPOSES

Author(s): Rene Kanayama / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The definition of Medical Intelligence is by all accounts a broad and complex scientific task that needs to encompass wider ramifications of using medical and biological data to advance national security interests. The paper focuses on examples of using the medical discipline in the form of an exhaustive collection of medical data in order to arrive at very specific results significant in the pursuit of national security or political stability, albeit only from the point of view of a particular actor – the state. The three representative cases are illustrated to arrive at a fundamental understanding of how the medical data – intelligence – can be used if the medical environment is burdened by the imperative to further strategic state-devised objectives. In the organization of a fictitious inoculation campaign in rural Pakistan by the Central Intelligence Agency in 2011 to track down the whereabouts of Osama bin Ladin through mapping the DNA pattern of purported bin Ladin’s relatives, the state actor focused specifically on collection of human biological samples while deploying covert tactics – both disregarding the purported motive of the “health campaign” as well as executing the operation on the foreign soil. In another example, perceiving the potential uncontrolled population growth as a direct threat to both vital national interests, as well as the country’s public image, Uzbekistan, on the state level, has engaged in mass forced sterilization programs to curb the national birth rate. In a similar perception, the treatment of the rare disease of leprosy in Uzbekistan historically encompassed methods incompatible with medical ethics and basic human rights. The precedents will be examined as part of the wider discourse on what constitutes Medical Intelligence, and what is permissible within the framework of national security concerns.

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MEDICAL INTELLIGENCE IN COUNTER-INSURGENCY (COIN) AND COUNTER-TERRORIST (CT) OPERATIONS

Author(s): Richard Warnes,Mark Harrison / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Medical intelligence (MEDINT) is now regarded as critically important across a broad spectrum of security concerns. Its usual functions are either in force protection, evaluating risks to personnel at the tactical and operational levels, or, at a strategic level, in considering threats to the health and stability of nation-states. The uses of MEDINT in Counter-Terrorism (CT) and Counter-Insurgency (COIN) have received little attention except in so far as they overlap with these concerns; for example, where they involve matters of force-protection or the threat of bioterrorism. But this was not always so. In the past, information relating to health and medicine was considered crucial to the success of COIN operations, if not to domestic terrorism. By adapting some of these techniques to contemporary practice, and utilizing technologies that were not available in former times, we can use MEDINT in innovative ways to exploit the vulnerabilities of hostile groups and to isolate them from surrounding populations. This paper indicates some of the ways in which intelligence from a range of sources can be utilized to engage with communities more effectively; to anticipate the behavior of target groups/individuals; to determine their whereabouts, interactions and supply chains; and ultimately to exploit their weaknesses or dependencies. The paper is not intended as definitive but as a starting point in a conversation as to how MEDINT could or should contribute to CT and COIN operations.

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INTELLIGENCE AND PUBLIC HEALTH THREATS

Author(s): Zoran Dragišić,Milica Čurčić,Mirjana Kostić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The acquisition, processing, and analysis of data about threats against public health have long been recognized as significant areas of work of intelligence operations aimed at protecting national security. Across modern states, public health has been securitized, with health facilities designated as critical infrastructure vital to national security. The organization of medical intelligence activities, particularly following the COVID-19 pandemic, has attracted the interest of experts representing a wide array of scientific disciplines. This paper attempts to highlight certain challenges inherent in establishing an intelligence community tasked with providing timely and relevant information regarding health threats, while also countering the dissemination of misinformation and alarming reports within the realm of public health.

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THE MEDICAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE BIOTERRORISM

Author(s): Esther Shay / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The definition of bioterrorism: "Bioterrorism refers to the intentional release of biological agents or toxins for the purpose of harming or killing humans, animals or plants with the intent to intimidate or coerce a government or civilian population to further political or social objectives."[i] The threat from bioterrorism is real, with current reports indicating that individuals, terrorist groups and criminals have both the capability and intention to use biological agents to cause harm to society. The damage caused by such an event could reach untold magnitude, causing widespread illness and death, and instilling fear and panic on a global scale. The spread of an infectious or toxic biological agent can happen without warning, while the response to a biological event, whether naturally occurring, accidental or deliberate, relies on coordination across multiple sectors. Medical intelligence (MEDINT) is a critical component in dealing with the threat of biological terrorism. The Covid-19 crisis has imposed the need for medical intelligence to adapt to the new security reality and it is clear evidence of the crucial importance of medical intelligence for prevention and minimization of the serious consequences that epidemics may have on public health and national security on all its components. Medical intelligence related to the threat of public health emergencies, including terrorism. Intelligence implies the application of the intelligence cycle in the field of medicine. It implies the collection and processing of data, assessment of data and predictions of the risks. It involves information applied to the identification, characterization, and management of a risk, as applied to both medical and nonmedical countermeasures. The article will review the threat of biological terrorism and the contribution of medical intelligence to deal with this threat.

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DIGITAL LEARNING IN LEGAL EDUCATION: EDUCATIONAL POLICIES, PRACTICES, AND POTENTIALS OF PEDAGOGY-DRIVEN DIGITAL INTEGRATION

Author(s): Gordana Ignjatović / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This review research paper provides an insight into the broad framework of Digital Learning. The first part of the paper presents the conceptual, structural and pedagogical framework of Digital Learning, with reference to global, regional and national policies, instruction models and underlying digital integration processes. The second part examines Digital Learning in legal education and practices in developed countries, in Serbia, and at the Faculty of Law, University of Niš, before, during and after the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on the research findings and experiences from the first e-learning experience at the LF Niš (March 2020-May 2022), the author provides a brief analysis of Digital Learning and outlines the opportunities for a systemic integration of flexible Digital Learning formats into the contemporary legal education for academic, professional and work-related training purposes.

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WHY DOES THE NEW GENERATION NEED ENGAGEMENT IN SPREADING INTERCULTURALITY INSTEAD OF ANNOUNCING THE DEATH OF MULTICULTURALISM?

Author(s): Ljubiša R. Mitrović / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2024

In the world today, under the banner of "multiculturalism is dead", a new specter of ethnocentrism is being cycled. Its protagonists are the old and the new right and the autocratic elites who would like to divide and fight the world anew. Despite these processes, modern humanity needs a new opening, respect for cultural differences, a dialogue between and permeation of cultures, building of new bridges, connecting peoples. The new generation should be imbued with the culture of peace and planetary humanism, and as the citizens of humanity, emerging communities of equal peoples and citizens, they should represent an actor of the inevitability of interculturality in the modern world of globalization, i.e. of the future that has begun – but is now, due to class and other divisions, unfairly distributed. Shouting that multiculturalism is dead is like announcing the death of humanity, its regression to the times of tribalism, new divisions and barbarism

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ŠTA MOŽEMO DA RADIMO I KAKVE ŽIVOTE MOŽEMO DA VODIMO?: BLAGOSTANJE, RAZVOJ I PRAVDA

Author(s): Marko Konjović,Bojana Radovanović,Aleksandra Bulatović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2024

This paper focuses on the capability/capabilities approach as a conceptual framework for assessing human well-being and as a normative paradigm for assessing human development and social justice. The capability/capabilities approach represents an alternative and a richer view of social development; that is, a view which implies that people have the freedom to realize their potentials and lead lives that they have reason to value. Moreover, the capability/capabilities approach defends the idea that social justice requires the provision of certain valuable capabilities to all citizens at least to the level required for a dignified life. This paper pays special emphasis on one key problem which besets the capability/capabilities approach: namely, which capabilities are valuable? How should they be determined? By analyzing the “theoretical-reflective approach” and the “deliberative-democratic approach” as mutually opposed approaches to the project of determining valuable human capabilities for normative purposes, we argue that it is possible to combine these two approaches in a fruitful way.

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TEMPORARY PROTECTION OF PERSONS DISPLACED FROM UKRAINE: BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION AND MIGRATION MANAGEMENT IN THE EU

Author(s): Janja Simentić Popović / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The armed conflict between the Russian Federation and Ukraine has profoundly impacted the lives of people in these countries, particularly in Ukraine. Due to the conflict, nearly 8 million individuals have been displaced from Ukraine, a statistic reported by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 2023. These displaced persons have sought refuge in various regions, notably within EU and Western Balkan countries. In response to the massive influx of people from Ukraine, the EU activated the temporary protection mechanism for the first time. The aim of this paper is to examine whether the temporary protection provided to displaced persons from Ukraine represents an appropriate form of international protection or is rather an instrument by which states tried to manage the large migratory flow that followed as a result of the conflict. While acknowledging the critical role of temporary protection in safeguarding individuals affected by armed conflict, we propose that its activation was primarily driven by interests related to managing migration flows. To support this claim, we will examine the following aspects: the political nature and influence in the activation of temporary protection; the potential for temporary protection to obscure the diverse needs of those fleeing Ukraine thereby impacting their legal status determination; and the impending expiration of temporary protection, along with the lack of a publicly discussed adequate exit strategy by EU, and subsequently Serbia, which risks leaving those under temporary protection in a state of legal uncertainty.

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RAVNOPRAVNOST SPOLOVA U KAZNENOJ POLITICI PREMA NAMETLJIVOM PONAŠANJU U HRVATSKOJ

Author(s): Tena Vranek,Krešimir Petković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2024

Stalking is a cause of psychological damage, a form of victimization, and a warning for future violence. As a criminal offense, it was introduced in the Penal Code of the Republic of Croatia, in force since 2013, but there are still problems with defining it precisely. Given that the victims of stalking in most cases are women, the fact that this crime is not gender specific is often overlooked. Although studies have shown that female stalkers do not differ significantly from male ones, gender bias often leads to an underestimation of women’s potential for violence. The aim of this study is to determine whether there is gender equality in penal policy towards stalking in Croatia. To answer this question, the authors analyzed the court judgements from various courts in the Republic of Croatia and paired it with a survey to get an insight into the citizen’s perception of stalking.

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