Zasada lustra w ocenie zagrożeń hybrydowych płynących z Rosji i Białorusi

Author(s): Anna Maria Dyner / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2023

In this article, the author describes how the mirror principle used in psychology, which is based on finding in other people traits that an individual tries to suppress, can be used to identify potential threats from Russia and Belarus. She puts forward the hypothesis that by analysing the greatest threats mentioned by these countries, e.g. in strategic documents, it is possible to deduce, according to the principle of the mirror, in which spheres they will most actively conduct hostile actions against NATO members. Among other things, the hybrid actions that Russia and cooperating Belarus may take against Western states are indicated, but without an in-depth analysis of these issues. Thus, the article does not exhaust the topic, but merely attempts to signal one method of analysing the threats emanating from Russia and Belarus.

The mirror principle in assessing hybrid threats emanating from Russia and Belarus

Author(s): Anna Maria Dyner / Language(s): English Issue: 29/2023

In this article, the author describes how the mirror principle used in psychology, which is based on finding in other people traits that an individual tries to suppress, can be used to identify potential threats from Russia and Belarus. She puts forward the hypothesis that by analysing the greatest threats mentioned by these countries, e.g. in strategic documents, it is possible to deduce, according to the principle of the mirror, in which spheres they will most actively conduct hostile actions against NATO members. Among other things, the hybrid actions that Russia and cooperating Belarus may take against Western states are indicated, but without an in-depth analysis of these issues. Thus, the article does not exhaust the topic, but merely attempts to signal one method of analysing the threats emanating from Russia and Belarus.

Practical dimension of issues related to assessing the reliability of sources and the trustworthiness of data and information

Author(s): Józef Kozłowski / Language(s): English Issue: 29/2023

The phases of preparation, analysis, integration, initial interpretation of data and intelligence are relatively widely described in the literature. Only the field of assessing the certainty of sources and the reliability of data and intelligence has not kept pace with the development of other elements in the domain of information operations. In view of the increasing intensity of activities carried out by potential adversaries, the methods, techniques and tools currently in use should be critically evaluated and their limitations identified, and attempts should be made to develop and implement new processes and procedures. Above all, the capacity to prepare and communicate increasingly accurate assessments of the certainty of sources and the reliability of data and information must be enhanced. Therefore, it is necessary to: quantify the accuracy of the information, prepare new procedures and software, study the degree of information redundancy, its completeness and level of diagnosticity. Acquisition and analytical apparatus staff must be aware of existing limitations and search for ways to solve problems. Such a search should not focus on one-size-fits-all methods, but on a pragmatic approach to each element.

Biały wywiad w zarządzaniu bezpieczeństwem informacji

Author(s): Maciej Witczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2024

Open-source intelligence (OSINT) poses a threat to the information security system in an organisation (business, armed forces) and even in a whole state. The aim of the article is to provide an overview of this issue, to present the threats posed by open source intelligence and to identify ways of countering them. The theoretical part is complemented by a practical case study and confirms the hypotheses: gathering information from the open sources is possible, but it does not always allow for a comprehensive intelligence product. Moreover, the information security management minimises the risk of collecting data from the open sources. The second part provides recommendations and proposes a universal model of information security management in an organisation.

Debata „Rola służb specjalnych we współczesnej Polsce”

Author(s): Leszek Wojcieszak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2024

Współpraca międzysektorowa jako czynnik przewagi konkurencyjnej małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw

Author(s): Angelika Pańka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3-4/2022

The article deals with the cooperation undertaken by enterprises on building their competitive advantages within all three sectors of the economy, i.e., the public, private and non-governmental sectors. The article aims to identify and assess the impact of cooperation undertaken by small and medium-sized enterprises with entities from the three main sectors of the economy on achieving competitive market advantages. Thus, the author attempts to answer whether the cooperation undertaken by small and medium-sized enterprises with entities from the public, private and non-governmental sectors has a tangible impact on the qualitative and price-wise competitive advantages they achieve on the market. The implementation of the assumed goal was based on the results of a survey conducted using the CAPI technique among 1286 enterprises of the SME sector in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Region. The empirical and analytical results do not indicate any relationship between cooperation with any entities belonging to the three sectors of the economy and obtaining qualitative and price-wise competitive advantages on the market.

„Natura(lnie) w Zabrzu” – dobre ekopraktyki projektowe

Author(s): Anna Foltyn-Simka,Anna Koenigshaus,Sylwia Kot,Katarzyna Krulicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3-4/2022

The “Natura(lnie) in Zabrze” – an environmental project – is a response to the deepening climate crisis and still developing environmental education at schools. Led by four teachers from Zabrze, the project blends interdisciplinary and inclusive education, shapes active pro-social attitudes and gives participants a sense of empowerment. The project initiatives include cooperation between schools as well as city institutions and scientific centers, thanks to which the project is gaining more and more publicity. The activities undertaken make it possible to expand knowledge of ecological and climate problems and develop pro-environmental habits. The article presents practical methodological and didactic solutions, which the organisers use within the framework of the project “Natura(lnie) in Zabrze”.

Historia pojęcia „solidarność”

Author(s): Laura Koba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3-4/2023

Solidarity as a polysemous (ambiguous) concept is a multicultural or supra-cultural value rooted in ethics all over the world. It refers primarily to human community life and the universal tendency to support each other in dangerous situations, a tendency that is written in our genes. This concept is currently experiencing a renaissance, appearing in new areas of human life, e.g. in connection with the Covid-19 pandemic, climate disasters, the war in Ukraine; in scientific research; in new technologies (artificial intelligence); or in microbiology – where it is solidarity discovered in the natural world (e.g. the world of fungi), and thus also an introduction to the synonyms of solidarity and the concept of symbiosis. The concept of solidarity includes the obligation to care for those in need and the responsibility to continue living in the „global village“ as an expression of solidarity with future generations.

Konstytucyjne prawo równego dostępu do służby publicznej a instytucja podwójnego obywatelstwa

Author(s): Adam Bodnar,Adam Ploszka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

The “Law and Justice” government in Poland in 2016–2020 conducted a controversial “judicial reform”. As a result, access to the profession of judge and prosecutor for people with dual citizenship was initially denied and eventually significantly restricted. In this piece, we analyze these legislative changes through the lens of their conformity with the Polish Constitution, in particular with the constitutional right of access to public service, as well as with Poland’s binding international law. We are also critically examining the arguments raised to justify these regulations and identifying the effects of their implementation. We argue that depriving people of multiple citizenship of access to the judge or prosecutor profession violates the Polish Constitution, as well as international law.

Audiences for Orchestral Music: Challenges New and Old. The Cases of Germany and Poland

Author(s): Marta Zieba,John O’Hagan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Technological change has impacted orchestral music for over a century, with the demise of orchestral concert audiences in their familiar form being considered by some at various times to be under threat. Access for classical music audiences however has increased over recent decades through radio, albums, and tapes/CDs/DVDs, thereby increasing the potential for large increases in classical music listener/viewer audiences. In the case of albums and tapes/CDs/DVDs, audiences have control over what and when they tune in, whereas in the case of radio, the schedule is fixed for them. Besides, in-hall audiences, adjusted for population, at orchestral concerts in Germany and Poland have been increasing, but a small number of orchestras in each country dominate. Technology has now made possible, through the live streaming of concerts, not just into cinemas and similar venues but also directly into homes, a potential substantial increase in live listening/viewing audiences; the Berliner Philharmoniker is leading the way in this regard.

DVA LICA PANDEMIJE – TRENDOVI NASILJA U PORODICI TOKOM I POSLIJE COVID-19

Author(s): Žana Vrućinić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 9/2024

In the Republic of Srpska, in recent years, there has been a rapid increase in reported cases of domestic violence. According to the data from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Srpska, during the pandemic caused by the coronavirus (COVID-19) that lasted from March 2020 to May 2023, the number of cases of domestic violence within families and communities doubled compared to seven years earlier. Regression analysis of interrupted time series shows that the sudden increase in domestic violence, specifically 85.9% of the changes in the dependent variable, is explained by the pandemic. Predictions for 2024 and 2025, based on the regression model, show that the frequency of domestic violence does not decrease, but also does not exceed the level reached in2023. Perpetrators of domestic violence are mostly male spouses. In more than half of the cases, according to the data from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Srpska, there is a moderate risk of new violence occurring. The increasing domestic violence is a result of disrupted values, and due to its complexity and harmful consequences, it represents a serious social problem. Recognizing perpetrators and the violent acts they commit, as well as challenging prejudices regarding violent behavior, is the first step in prevention, whether it involves adults or children, victims of domestic violence.

VRŠNJAĈKO NASILJE U OSNOVNIM ŠKOLAMA: UČESTALOST I VRSTE NASILNIČKOG PONAŠANJA

Author(s): Tatjаna Marić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 9/2024

In the last few years, one has increasingly recognized the need for systemic research into the phenomenon of peer violence and its various manifestations related to the frequency and types of violence. This research aimed to examine the frequency of certain forms of peer violence in primary schools. The attitudes of teachers and students overlap when it comes to sending simple pictures on the Internet, intentionally destroying personal belongings, ignoring, following and stalking, threatening looks, blackmail, telling lies, exclusion from society, sending simple words SMS- om and via the Internet, threats, hair pulling and fights. The findings showed that boys are more often perpetrators of peer violence in both measurements. It is interesting to note the results of the research, which indicate that the classroom is ranked first as a place of violence by students, while teachers rank the schoolyard. The research results among students indicated the majority representation of the same reaction in a violent situation, and most students would retaliate similarly. According to teachers, the causes of violence are primarily neglect and upbringing by the family, then insufficient cooperation between parents and teachers, while the reactions related to the level of awareness are related to the sphere of non-violent communication. Following the obtained results, one can conclude that violence among children in schools is present in different forms. For this reason, there is a need for systemic work to solve this problem, which includes early identification and prevention of forms of violence among peers and work with parents and teaching staff who, through their actions, transfer patterns of behavior to students.

FREQUENCY OF BULLYING IN PRIMARY SCHOOL FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES

Author(s): Jurka Lepičnik Vodopivec,Blaž Teršek,Aleksandra Šindić / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2024

Bullying is a form of relationship occurring between students in primary school. It is defined as intentional and repeated use of aggressive behaviors, through which the perpetrator exploits an imbalance of power to inflict pain, fear, and anxiety upon the victim. Family, primary school personnel, and peers play an important role in bullying prevention. The aim of the study was to obtain the ratings from teachers, students, and parents regarding the frequency of bullying in primary schools. The 117 survey respondents represented teachers, students, and parents of students attending the last triad of primary school. The data were collected using the online questionnaire ―Bulling in primary school—a challenge for modern society‖. The results indicate that bullying is a common phenomenon in the everyday life of students. It was established that pupils rated the frequency of bullying higher than parents and teachers. Differences in frequency ratings emerged between respondents for the different forms of bullying, as students provided significantly higher ratings of cyberbullying frequency than parents and teachers.

PROMICANJE MENTALNOG ZDRAVLJA I NENASILNOG PONAŠANJA–PROCJENA AKTIVNOSTI I ISKUSTVA STUDENATA PEDAGOGIJE

Author(s): Jasminka Zloković,Lucija Tomac / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 9/2024

Mental health can be defined as a state of mental well-being that enables people to cope with life's stresses, recognize their abilities, learn, work, and contribute to the community, with modern concepts emphasizing control over one's life and improvement of the general, focusing on physical, social and personal resources. In this sense, mental health promotion is the responsibility of all stakeholders, including education, and the importance of promotion is also recognized in the context of human rights and a holistic approach to human health and development. For this very reason, educational institutions are key to promoting mental health and developing resilience in children and young people. Despite research highlighting the importance of supporting teachers and professional staff in the prevention of behavioral problems, there are no clearly defined pedagogical aspects of this phenomenon. The role and orientation of the education of future educational professionals in the context of mental health prevention and protection is not clearly defined. Based on the results of the research carried out in the academic year 2023/2024. on the activities and experiences of mental health promotion and non-violent behavior during primary and secondary education on a sample of undergraduate pedagogy students, it can be observed that the contents were presented differently, with some of them being almost marginalized. Students ranked the importance of most mental health topics as high, suggesting, among other things, recognition of the timeliness of the problem and its importance for mental health prevention. Finally, students state that they have experienced various types of predominantly psychological forms of violence, most of which they have committed against another person. The link between the most common forms of violence perpetrated and the violence experienced by the respondents at the hands of their parents was established.

RODNO ZASNOVANO NASILJE – MEĐUNARODNOPRAVNI STANDARDI I LOKALNI KONTEKST

Author(s): Amila Ždralović / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 9/2024

The paper presents interpretations of gender-based violence in international legal standards, primarily focusing on UN and Council of Europe standards. Using a logical and linguistic method in law, it examines how gender has been interpreted in the phrase 'gender-based violence' and how understanding of its scope varies in relation to these interpretations. The specific focus of the paper is contextual interpretations in the local Bosnian discourse. This approach is motivated primarily by anti-gender campaigns in the 21st century in Europe and America (Paternotte and Kuhar, 2017, p. 7; Sosa,2021, p. 3) structured as right-wing populism that redefines and demonizes the meaning of the word gender (Graff and Korolczuk, 2022, pp. 4, 7). Anti-gender campaigns have their reflections in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the countries in the region, which is particularly evident through the interpretation of 'gender-based violence' in the translation of international standards into national legislation.

E-learning in Norway and Iceland. Development Trends

Author(s): Lidia Pokrzycka / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article describes the practice of implementing e-learning in Norway and Iceland using Oslo Metropolitan University, Reykjavik University and the University of Iceland as examples. The interest in this problem came from the fact that the Nordic countries are leaders in online learning and I had the opportunity to teach at the universities analyzed. Having close contact with the way of teaching in Norway and Iceland, I asked whether some elements of teaching from the analyzed Nordic countries could be implemented in Poland. Thus, the aim of the article is to introduce the basics of the specifics of teaching at the selected universities and to consider whether the proven methods can be implemented in Poland. The basis of the article was therefore participatory observation, and the results of work with Norwegian and Icelandic students prove that Nordic methods of work can be – at least to some extend – transferred to the Polish educational market (not only in higher education, but also, for example, in corporate e-learning).

Mulieres in Military Milieu of Troesmis

Author(s): Roxana-Gabriela Curcă / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2024

The current research focuses on the identification of certain patterns, specific to the analysis of women mentioned in the epigrahical records of an important military settlement of Moesia Inferior, Troesmis. The case study of female figures at Troesmis could serve as a reference for similar investigation of other military milieu of the same province regarding the subject.

Herennius Germanus – veteranus of legio IIII Flavia and the Archeological Complexes of Ratiaria and its Territory

Author(s): Zdravko Dimitrov / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2024

The archaeological studies of the frontier zones of the Roman Empire are of particular importance due to the abundant excavated data that can be directly linked to historical sources and epigraphic evidence known for centuries.In the Lower Danube region of the Roman Limes, an area that has not been as extensively explored as the areas in Central and Western Europe, there are now a lot of new rescue and regular excavations. The new field data, which were obtained from details unearthed near the village of Sinagovtsi, Vidin region, only 15 km away from the ancient centre of Ratiaria, are important as they might help clarify the way of life in Antiquity if linked to and interpreted together with the already known epigraphic, historical and numismatic data.

Students’ Stress and Loneliness During the COVID-19 Period

Author(s): Elona Hasmujaj,Aigars Andersons,Jozef Bushati / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

This study investigated stress and loneliness among students at the University of Shkoder, Albania, during COVID-19, finding higher stress among females and increased loneliness in social sciences students. It highlighted a significant correlation between stress and loneliness, suggesting implications for student health interventions and further research.

Przekształcenia sieci szkolnej pod wpływem zmian demograficznych w aglomeracji poznańskiej

Author(s): Marzena Walaszek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

Changes in spatial and organizational school network in the Poznań agglomeration in recent years resulted primarily from the changing demographic conditions, which are a manifestation of the suburbanization process. As a result of this process in a suburban area rapidly increased the number of pupils in schools, while in the central zone of the agglomeration, this number has decreased markedly. The aim of the article was to present the demographic changes taking place in recent years in the Poznań agglomeration and their impact on the school network.