Kobiety w strukturach ISIS – realne zagrożenie czy niewinne ofiary?

Author(s): Karolina Duchna / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2023

The aim of this article is to present the situation of women in the caliphate and in the structures of ISIS (the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, ar. Ad-Dawla al-Islāmiyya fῑal-’Irāq wa aš-Šām) through the prism of Arabic-language media reports published on websites information services. In the article, the author presents the media image of women in ISIS showed by the Arabic and Western media. While some of them assign marginal roles to women as housewives, mothers and wives, and thus present their reality in this caliphate, there are also other media reports focusing on the active involvement of women in the organization’s activities. Most of the articles are from 2019. This is due to the fact that with the fall of the caliphate, many media began to make some kind of accounts and summaries of the activities of the terrorist organization ISIS.

2014 takeover of the SBU headquarters in Lugansk as an example of the operation of the Russian special services

Author(s): Marek Świerczek / Language(s): English Issue: 28/2023

The author analyzes the seizure of the SBU headquarters in Lugansk in 2014 by pro-Russian demonstrators. The author presents well-documented evidence that the Luhansk SBU was selected by the Russian secret services as a “trigger” of the uprising in the Donbas, due to the accumulation of a huge amount of ammunition, weapons and explosives, thanks to which the separatists could immediately start creating military structures after the attack. In the author’s opinion, the infiltration of the Ukrainian SBU and the Ministry of the Interior was facilitated by the existence of branched clientelist networks within them, enabling politicians hostile to the new prowestern government to steer state institutions in the name of the strategic interests of the Russian Federation.

Zabezpieczenie konferencji, imprez, uroczystości i innych wydarzeń, w tym w kontekście zagrożeń o charakterze terrorystycznym. Perspektywa ustawowa

Author(s): Mariusz Cichomski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3 (3)/2023

In the current legal status, during the organisation in Poland of conferences, events, ceremonies or other events, significant due to their scale or rank, especially those of international character, security activities are carried out on the basis of general provisions - primarily pragmatic acts of services and other institutions carrying out these activities or episodic acts. Polish legislation, however, has not introduced regulations permanently defining detailed principles of conduct and the subject and object scope of responsibility for the preparation and security of such events, unless they are qualified as mass events. This article is an attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of the specific legal instruments used in the case of securing this type of events. Based on the analysis carried out, de lege ferenda conclusions have been formulated, including the introduction of a new legal institution permanently into the Polish legal order, referred to for the purposes of this article as a ‘special event’. As a result of granting a given event or celebration the status of a special event, it would be possible to apply legal instruments hitherto found only in episodic acts, but which are of significant importance from the perspective of ensuring a security standard adequate to the threat.

Anders Behring Breivik. A case study of a far-right terrorist – a lone wolf (Part II)

Author(s): Krzysztof Izak / Language(s): English Issue: 3 (3)/2023

In the second part of the article on the case of Anders Behring Breivik, the author answers the questions of whether the attack could have been prevented and what impact it had on public sentiment, the nature of the changes to internal security policy in Norway and the performance of the country’s security services. In addition, he analyses Breivik’s actions in terms of whether he meets the criteria of a lone wolf terrorist, as well as describing terrorist attacks prepared or carried out by his imitators.

Odbiorca medialny w erze Web 2.0

Author(s): Jolanta Maćkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2023

The article is devoted to outlining the profile of a new media recipient, or rather a media user. It is assumed that new technologies, or rather a new way of using these technologies (Web 2.0), contributed to this. The new way of using means unlimited choice of content as well as time, place and way of reaching it; non-linear and superficial reception; interactivity; the possibility of modifying and creating messages. The new user is mainly superficial, impatient and impulsive, receiving non-linearly and comprehensively, more image-oriented than word-oriented, active.

Fandom Gry o tron. Władza i kultura w środowiskach fanowskich

Author(s): Katarzyna Piórecka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2023

Fans represent a shift in media consumption, and their patterns of behaviour are increasingly visible outside their communities, in other groups. With the observed shift towards a network society, of which fandoms are an emanation, the field of social conflict begins to operate within culture. Cultural power over media products no longer belongs only to the creators, but is also influenced by the users, who cease to passively consume products, creatively interpreting them and engaging in their development. The aim of the article was to show this process on the example of content analysis of internet entries created within the environment of the Game of Thrones fandom, including speculations which the fans of the brand carried out in the context of the plot development.

Dysfunkcje społeczne widziane z perspektywy dziecka. Analiza treści gier wideo studia Killmonday Games

Author(s): Adrianna Linertowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2023

The article presents knowledge in the field of child psychology in reference to social dysfunction in society on two video games produced by the Swedish studio Killmonday Games. The game „Fran Bow” from 2015 and „Little Misfortune” from 2019 were subject to content analysis. Based on both productions, it was shown how children can perceive events taking place in society. An attempt was also made to prove that video games have influence on the results of the actions of recipients with problems, with the effectiveness of action on children and the harmful impact on social phenomena.

Dezinformacja. Próba ujęcia dyskursywnego

Author(s): Karina Stasiuk-Krajewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2023

The categories of disinformation and fake news are among the more frequently invoked concepts in the context of discussions about modernity. On the one hand, there is widespread agreement on the special (negative) role of media phenomena defined in this way, while on the other hand, a lot of research is being conducted to shed light on their nature and principles of operation. Meanwhile, there is a fundamental – at least from the point of view of the social sciences – problem with these concepts. Namely, we do not have their precise definitions. The presented text has the task of analyzing the state of affairs in this regard and proposing an adequate approach. This approach, in fact, identifies the category of disinformation with the category of fake news (in the broader sense), while pointing out the constitutive features of both these phenomena, related to the categories of truth, intention and media format. These features are analyzed in the context of the category of the media genre of information (more specifically, the information function understood in a pragmatic way) and the discursive framework of journalism, into which, as will be shown in the text, disinformation attempts to intrude.

Rosyjska dezinformacja i wykorzystanie obrazów generowanych przez sztuczną inteligencję (deepfake) w pierwszym roku inwazji na Ukrainę

Author(s): Adam Majchrzak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2023

The article addresses the issue of the use of images generated with the use of artificial intelligence as part of disinformation in the first year of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (24.02.2022–24.02.2023). Based on the review of the literature, reports and media coverage in Polish, English, Ukrainian and Russian, examples of the use of deepfake in Russian disinformation were highlighted and how such technology was used and what was its significance in a theoretical context.

Komunikacja z wykorzystaniem sztucznej inteligencji w turbulentnych warunkach rynkowych

Author(s): Michał Makowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2023

The paper presents the scope of application of artificial intelligence in the communication process. Particular attention was paid to the technology of bots used in new media. The functionality of these solutions in turbulent market conditions has been described, indicating both their positive and negative effects in turbulent communication conditions. The Author pointed out the advantages and disadvantages of practical applications of artificial intelligence in new media and the prospects for improving such communication possibilities.

Media w konflikcie interesów? Analiza deklaracji misji oraz sytuacji finansowej wybranych stacji radiowych

Author(s): Anna Teler / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2023

In the presented work, new opportunities were sought to address conflicts of interest in the media industry. It was considered, according to Dennis Thompson’s definition, that a conflict of interest is a series of circumstances and a legitimate concern that a secondary objective will affect the primary one. The primary interest refers to the primary, even statutory goals of the media business, namely the fulfilment of the social mission, while the secondary interest includes personal benefit. It seems that in the media, profit should not be the primacy – rather, it should be a certain prism. The purpose of the article is to formulate a certain proposal, based on the renegotiation of the current state. A so-called third way (relative to non-profit and for-profit activities) is proposed, which is worth further discussion. To this end, an analysis of the financial situation and an analysis of the declared mission of selected media entities was conducted: radio stations such as BBC Radio, WWOZ, WRBH. Careful tracing of these two dimensions (mission and finances) makes it possible to deepen the discourse related to the conflict of interest. It also provides a proposal for renegotiating beliefs about the media business in general. For the purpose of the article and research objective, the research question was formulated: Does the media have to choose between profit and social mission? The obtained research results and the discussion of the results do not allow to answer the research question in the affirmative. With this, it can be assumed that media organizations do not have to choose between profit and social mission. The changing situation of the BBC in the coming years, including BBC Radio, requires further observation and verification of whether the British broadcaster will become a recognized and recognized case of combining profit with mission, perhaps even in a sustainable and inclusive way.

Reklama i promocja piwa w nowych mediach w świetle przepisów prawa polskiego

Author(s): Maria Szajny,Julia Molibog / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2023

The purpose of this article is to examine how brewery brands portray their products on Facebook and Instagram, and whether their practices comply with current laws in Poland. The theoretical part presents selected legal issues in the field of advertising and promotion of alcoholic beverages. The empirical part uses the methodology of qualitative research. Firstly, a technique of media content analysis was used based on the use of categorization key. Next, a focus interview was conducted with 5 people of different age and gender on the associations that graphic identification of selected beer brands evokes in them. The combination of these 2 methods provided a better understanding of the given research problem. It was proved that brewery brands only partially follow the rules established by the Polish legal order regarding advertising and promotion on social media platforms.

Polaryzacja medialna na przykładzie kryzysu migracyjnego na granicy polsko-białoruskiej latem 2021 roku w relacjach trzech polskich telewizyjnych serwisów informacyjnych

Author(s): Monika Kożdoń-Dębecka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2023

The article presents a television image of the migration crisis that took place on the Polish section of the border between the EU and the Republic of Belarus at the turn of August and September 2021, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of polarization in Polish audiovisual media. The study analyses the news coverage of the news services of the three largest Polish television broadcasters: Wiadomości TVP, Wydarzenia Polsat and Fakty TVN. The following methods were used in the analysis of the content of television news: qualitative, quantitative and comparative. The study made it possible to identify (using the framing theory and agenda setting) fundamental differences in the information provided by the most critical tv broadcasters in Poland devoted to this issue. The differences identified by the author were revealed primarily in the editors’ approach to the order in which selected content was presented, in the verbal and visual layer Monika Kożdoń-Dębecka 162 of news about migrants, and in the manner of commenting on the materials of competing stations by individual competing editorial offices. The results of the content analysis provide also insight into the type of polarizing processes in the audiovisual media in Poland.

Odcienie technologii VR. Zaburzenia odżywiania jako przykład psychospołecznych konsekwencji wykorzystania technologii wirtualnej rzeczywistości

Author(s): Gabriela Motyl / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2023

Nowadays, with the development of virtual space, it is evident that society is becoming more susceptible to content and models created online. Moreover, the boundary between the real world and the virtual world is slowly becoming blurred. Cyberspace creates advantageous conditions for development but is also a source of danger in all aspects of life. The purpose of this paper is to take a critical look at the use of VR technology and the analysis of the psychosocial consequences of its utilization. The article is a systematization of knowledge about the areas of use and opportunities offered by virtual reality, as well as the hazards it causes. The topics covered in the article address the psychosocial consequences of the use of virtual reality. It also focuses on analysing the influence of VR usage on the escalation of specific eating disorders.

Peter Warren Singer, Emerson T. Brooking, Nowy rodzaj wojny: media społecznościowe jako broń

Author(s): Robert Borkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 24/2021

Zmiana w postrzeganiu imigracji, integracji, wielokulturowości i zagrożenia islamskim radykalizmem przez władze niektórych państw UE

Author(s): Krzysztof Izak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 24/2021

The 2015 immigration crisis became a driving force for movements and parties that negate the current political order, including those that do not conceal their xenophobic slogans and ideas. In retrospect, there are more and more signs that the decision to accept the uncontrolled refugee influx was more an expression of wishful thinking than a rational decision, taking into account the actual political situation. Thus, Europe finds itself in a dangerous situation with far-right movements on the one hand, and radical Islam on the other. Each of these formations legitimizes its existence and methods of operation by the existence of the other side, trying to polarize society and create a situation that will somehow force citizens to opt for one of the two options. Paradoxically, Chancellor Merkel’s decision significantly increased the risk of such a scenario, hence the perception of Islamic and right-wing extremism by the German authorities as posing an equal threat to state security. However, it was only the recent terrorist attacks in October and November 2020 in France and Germany that changed the political narrative.

Normatywne ujęcie czynności operacyjno-rozpoznawczych w aspekcie dowodu nielegalnego

Author(s): Norbert Nowicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 24/2021

The issues discussed in this article refer to the normative status of operational and investigative activities in the context of the Police Act and the Code of Criminal Procedure. Namely, an attempt was made to demonstrate the conditions that affect the legal nature of surveillance, and thus the effective use of operational material in a criminal trial. For this purpose, the covert activity of the Police has been characterized by listing acceptable operational methods and defining operational and reconnaissance activities in the light of the literature on the subject. Therefore, in order to fully illustrate the issues discussed, an analysis was conducted of the legal relationship between the illegal evidence referred to in Art. 168a of the Code of Criminal Procedure and the evidence from operational and reconnaissance activities, on the example of an ordered operational control. The practical dimension of these considerations is discussed from the point of view of evidence proceedings, taking into account the procedural roles and responsibilities of the prosecutor and the court.

Changes in the perception of immigration, integration, multiculturalism and threats of Islamic radicalism in certain EU member states

Author(s): Krzysztof Izak / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2021

The 2015 immigration crisis became a driving force for movements and parties that negate the current political order, including those that do not conceal their xenophobic slogans and ideas. In retrospect, there are more and more signs that the decision to accept the uncontrolled refugee influx was more an expression of wishful thinking than a rational decision, taking into account the actual political situation. Thus, Europe finds itself in a dangerous situation with far-right movements on the one hand, and radical Islam on the other. Each of these formations legitimises its existence and methods of operation by the existence of the other side, trying to polarise society and create a situation that will somehow force citizens to opt for one of the two options. Paradoxically, Chancellor Merkel’s decision to admit immigrants significantly increased the risk of such a scenario, hence the perception of Islamic and right-wing extremism by the German authorities as posing an equal threat to state security. However, it was only the recent terrorist attacks in October and November 2020 in France and Germany that changed the political narrative.

State security as exemplified by the fight against terrorism: a choice between the well-being of the individual and the well-being of the community

Author(s): Remigiusz Rosicki / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2021

The objective scope of the analysis encompasses special measures used in the fight against terrorism in the context of ethical and constitutional principles attributed to a democratic state ruled by law and a liberal democracy. A practical example of a special measure used in the fight against terrorism, and presented in the text, is furnished by the content of one of the articles in the Polish Aviation Law, which was found unconstitutional in 2008. The content of this article made it possible for an administrative authority to make a decision with regard to consenting to the destruction of a civil aircraft, if it was used as a means of terrorist attack. The main purpose of the paper is to consider the acceptable scope of radical measures in the fight against terrorism, while taking into account the reinterpretation of priorities in the hierarchy of legal principles. In order to elaborate the objective scope of the analysis, the following research question is phrased: To what extent is it possible to sacrifice the well-being of the individual (dignity, rights and freedoms) for the sake of the common good (security)?The adopted analysis methodology is based on a thought experiment consisting in the reinterpretation of ethical principles and the values of the constitutional norms in a democratic state ruled by law and a liberal democracy. With the benefit of essentialist reduction, it is posited that the two competing constitutional principles are the principle of dignity and the principle of the common good; they can be reduced to, for instance, protection of the life of an individual or of members of the community as a whole.

Niewidzialna infrastruktura Internetu – usługi chmurowe jako krytyczny element środowiska bezpieczeństwa. Przypadek Amazona

Author(s): Maciej Gurtowski,Jan Waszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2021

The disruptions in cloud computing are an important aspect in the global security environment. An instrumental case study method has been used to analyse this problem. Two relevant examples are discussed which are typical of literature in the field. Firstly, the problem of the growing complexity of the cloud is described. One of the service outages of a global cloud provider is used as an example. It indicates that even relatively small failures might trigger a cascade effect and far-reaching breakdowns. Secondly, the suspension and – as the result of this suspension – the standstill of the social media company Parler is analysed. It is used as the example of the so-called vendor lock-in problem in cloud computing, which renders undisrupted migration to other vendors particularly hard – and at times even impossible. Aforementioned issues have been so far studied mostly from the perspective of the continuity of enterprises, cybersecurity, or privacy. The key phenomenon crucial for the global security environment is usually omitted, namely that the cloud computing has become “the Internet’s invisible infrastructure”.