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The documents included in the Prefect’s Office of the county of Chernivtsi fond that could be found in the State Archive of the Chernivtsi Region (Ukraine) emphasize the role of this institution in the years in which the county of Chernivtsi was a part of the national territory of Romania (1918-1940 and 1941-1944). The part taken by the Prefect’s office could not be understood without the presentation of the relations with other state institutions, trade companies or private associations. The Prefect’s office was created as an administrative superior body of the county on November 12, 1918 according to the temporary law of the Romanian National Council “About the organization of power in Bucovina” replacing the Austrian district administrations. It was subordinated to the Secretary of the Ministry of Interior of Bukowina (1918-1923), the General Directorate of Interior of Bukowina (1923-1925), the Ministry of Interior (1925-1940, 1934-1938), the General Inspectorate of the Regional Administration of Bukowina (1931-1934), the Royal Resident of the County of Suceava (1938-1940) and the Governor of the Province of Bukowina (1941-1944). The Prefect’s office included the county Council, county and prefect representatives and led the political and household life of the county. It also controlled the activity of the administrative institutions (town halls and prices) and supervised the public organization. The Prefect’s office practically ended its activity in 1944, after an interruption between June 1940 and July 1941. The Prefect’s office of the county of Chernivtsi fond includes: orders and circulars of the Ministry of Interior and Health, of the second Ministerial Directory concerning the Prefect’s office’s issues (1919-1940), transcripts of the meetings of the prefect’ office’s commissions and of the communal councils of the county town halls (1919-1940), correspondence with the Ministry of Interior and the Police Station of Chernivtsi regarding the registration of associations and companies (1918-1940), memoirs about the activity of the administrative and political bodies of the county (1941-1944), informative bulletin of the Police Station of Chernivtsi regarding the state of criminality in the county (1934-1939), files regarding the recognition of the Romanian citizenship, the issuing of passports, the issuing of building permits and the opening of industrial enterprises, the registration of companies and civil status of the inhabitants of the region, statistic tables of the epidemic diseases (1919-1940), historical-geographic memoirs of the county (1919-1940), maps of the county, plans of the schools and the industrial enterprises, payment lists for the employees of the prefect’s office, lists of the officials of the county administrative institutions (1941-1944), etc. The fund is registered with the inventory no 15, opis 1-8, having 31,278 files.
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The article is based on research of the architectural development of the National Archives of Romania. Although many design plans were proposed by various architects such as Vladimir Blaremberg (1811-1846), Xavier Villacrose (?-1855) and Carl Benesch/Carol Beniș (1822-1896), the archives were moved to Mihai Vodă Monastery. The precincts were restored and enlarged on numerous occasions and a new contest was organized in 1885-1886 for a new complex building. Due to financial and urban planning limitations the project of Italian architect Giulio Magni was left aside and at the beginning of the 20th century new reparations and building extensions were carried out by various Romanian architects: Constantin Băicoianu (1859–1929), Nicolae Gabrielescu (1854-1926), Cristofi Cerchez (1872-1955), and Petre Antonescu (1873-1965). These phases are brought to light on the occasion of the research of the documents thus descovering again the contribution of important architects and recovering important moments of a monument that would be destroyed by Ceaușescu in 1985 (only the church and its belltower were moved).
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Internet era brought new consideration and interpretation of the notion historical source. With retrospection on classical and historical sources of a digital era, this article discuss the potentials of Web 2.0 net and its tools for presenting, collecting archival materials and information about archival materials. Concrete examples are presented as illustration how archives can use advantages of digital era and enhance their work in the field of protection.
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Regarding the fact that archives can be paper based or electronic we are lately facing in records management and current archival theory and practice certain changes, which are defined also in the Declaration on Archives. Problems are arising in the processes of the creation, recording and all the other tasks in records management at creators, as well as at archiving of documents having the character of archives. The process of archiving is prescribed by the Guidelines on Archiving. In this field we are faced with a lack of knowledge therefore the Master in Archival Studies is very welcome and now available also in Slovenia. It provides the necessary skills for successful work at the creators of archives and records, and in professional state archives or archive services. In the practice we are facing very poor professional knowledge in the companies providing long term preservation of records. The state will have to strengthen its role in ensuring the proper management of records and in archival theory and practice also because those documents that are important for science and culture represent the memory of the nation and are considered as cultural heritage which is protected by law.
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Since the accommodation facilities for the disposal of documentary and archive material (papers) are filled, and the human resource in Archive of Republic of Srpske is in deficit, it is necessary to carefully and strategically access to this problem. It is important, because we have to protect this valuable documentary and archive material on time.
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The current way of archiving and storage of material on missing persons creates good assumption that one day when MPI stops working, it is handed over to the archives of BiH in orderly form. Since the existing legal framework provides for certain exemptions to family members of missing persons, it is expected that for many years to build that occurs in the work of the MPI be be used for evidential purposes for the right of family members of missing persons. The implication could one day take over BiH Archive. Apart from exercising certain rights, it is certain that many materials used MPI for its scientific research. All this creates an obligation that the documents are stored in orderly form, with a special challenge lumber regional and field offices. A particular challenge for documentations MPI special is the fact that the MPI is a specific structure created in the work of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the International Commission on Missing Persons (ICMP), which have special rules when it comes to the availability of their holdings. In fact, these institutions allow the use of their material exclusively to facilitate the process of tracing and identifying missing persons.
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National liberation councils (NOO) were established in the year 1943. During the same year NOOs became national councils (NO). In the year 1955 municipality becomes a basic administrative territorial unit and a basic social and economic community. In the year 1963 functions of power were entrusted to the representative bodies of the socio-political community (DPZ) that were territorial bodies of social self-management. DPZs were municipalities, districts and the republics. Since 1974 DPZs were municipalities, cities (composed of several municipalities), community of municipalities and the republics.
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Archives and archivists are facing numerous, serious problems of the development of archival profession in a way of adjustment to the demands of modern technology. For the time being these processes are developing in an unevenly speed in different countries depending on their economic and social development. However, the essence of these processes lies within the fact that archives can no longer function without the IT background. Besides, archives have been a part of the developing strategies of the new IT society for years now; they are formed and approved on the World, European, regional and national level. However, if we recall all the problems presented in this paper, that are pressing the archival profession from all sides, such as the marginal position within the country, absence of basic law system on archives which could standardize the work of archives and enable the archival development in accordance with the World trends, lack of system of education of archival personnel and so on, one wonders about the way and level of dynamics this profession can develop. There is also a question how the profession that has systematically been neglected can be considered as up-to-date. The guidelines for the future are clear, but can be achieved only if the solid and clear system of education is established as well as the legal legislation. It is also highly necessary that we create basis for the popularization of archival profession as a science and that the archivists themselves become aware of their own identity and the power they possess. Yes, I said power! It is a word not so often associated with the archival profession although it should be because the archivists are the ones that keep written tracks on civilisations. By the very process of selection the archivists decide and form cultural and historical heritage of a nation as well as of the entire civilization.
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In the modern world, archival science is an independent discipline within the field of information science, and is undergoing constant development. Because of this, different educational models have been developed, as well as different programs and methods by which archival studies are taught at colleges and universities. Due to its inclusion in a modern IT environment, the self-concept of archival professionals is changing too. Archivists are now often thought of and defined as IT experts, which is incorrect, since the work of the archivist remains rooted in traditional approaches, even if it may employ modern information technology. The education of archivists on Bosnia and Herzegovina in the academic sphere did not develop for a number of reasons. But professional training within the field exists and should be supported, because the archival field can continue to thrive and prosper in our country only with the existence of trained archival staff. Certainly, we should continue to support the kinds of training programs that do exist, both for groups and for individuals, within the field. But the establishment of real academic programs and departments for archival science – either alone or with other heritage sectors – is an essential prerequisite for the further progress and survival of the archival profession in our country.
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The issue of education and training of archivists is an issue that in recent years become focus of modern archival science, both in the world and in our country. The existence of adequate personnel is an essential precondition for carrying out any activities, including archival. Education and training directly affect on the structure of the archival personnel in archival institutions, especially at archivists as main protagonists of professional activity of archives. Education and training of archivists is a complex and important issue for any of archives and archival services because depends on them performance of basic tasks and duties of archives - protection, preservation, management and use of archives material, and also the overall activity and development of the archive as an institution. What is the basis of education and training of archivists and archival personnel in general in the archival activities and how it affects on development of a modern archivistics?
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For the existing educational program in Serbia should be noted that there still is no adequate program that provides higher education in conservation and restoration of cultural heritage in Serbia. Education and training are required to maintain the standards of the profession. Professional education of conservators restorer’s at the university level or recognized equivalent master, should be a priority for conservation-restoration education personnel in our country. There is a requirement to organize a multidisciplinary academic education at the academic level according to the guidelines of European conservation organizations: ECCO – European Confederaction of Conservator-Restorer’s Organizations and Encore European Network for Conservation - Restoration. In accordance with the guidelines of European associations that promote the education of conservators-restorers to approach making a serious academic program, whether studies are organized as departments at existing universities, or to organize a separate study, which would be common for conservators and restorers of all specialties, because only well-trained professional can make an informed decision regarding protection. In addition to education of students, it is very important professional training also, of qualified conservator-restorers, for further improvement, scientific and educational work. Always bear in mind that only professionally trained staff can provide design and implementation of clearly defined national strategy for the protection of the written heritage. Raising awareness on the importance of the written cultural heritage and creating a strategy for education of personnel in the field of physical and preventive care, what should be a “moral imperative” for all institutions and individuals involved in the protection.
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The paper presents the problem of the protection of public archival materials in process on the field of Sumadija region , with emphasis on the state of archival legislation in the Republic of Serbia. Emphasize the importance of archival activities for the needs of the wider community and archives as institutions for protection of special social interest, the author believes that a good legal framework is primary link to a quality system of protection of public archival materials and documentary materials. Modern archival services requires an appropriate legislation. Only with an appropriate legislation it can realize his mission and documents which was created in the community to preserve, process and returne to the citizen for their use.
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The ethics is an integral part of every profession, so as the archival profession. The societies in transition, especially after the disintegration of SFRY, after armed conflict, political turmoil, because of the lack of legislation or because the legislation was outdated or imprecise, because of the general economic condition and other reasons, are a fertile ground for numerous ethical dilemmas and, in the worst case, for the occurrences of the violation of the ethics in every profession, so as in the archival profession. Unevenly regulated question of ethics and the Code of Ethics for Archivists is also present in the archival profession in the surrounding countries. In Serbia the question of ethics among the archivists and the Code of Ethics for Archivist are not emphasized enough. By conducting the questionnaire to the archivists in Serbia we have obtained illustrative data that the archivists consider important that the Code of Ethics for Archivists be emphasized transparently, also, they consider that a special agency should be established that will deal with ethical issues and the violations of the archival ethics. At the end, it should be stressed that Serbian archivists value highly loyalty to their profession and to the truth, which speaks for itself about professionally inherent ethics among the archival professionals in Serbia. Being an archivist is not only a profession or occupation but above all it means orientation to the truth.
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Governmental e-services allow citizens quick and efficient access to the public sector services at the national level. E-services are connected to the single sign-on system and together they can exchange data. This article addresses issues of trust in electronic records, possibilities of interoperability between implemented e-services, exchange of information both within a country and at the international level and the problems that might occur in practice.
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Slovenia has two recognized minorities: Italian and Hungarian. They exist and work, helping the survival of their ethnos with cultural activities, and various promotional activities. They actively create and enrich the cultural heritage of the domicile country. In the same way we should perform and keep that. to adapt the document in a historical document, knowing who created the document as the idiom of the language code, unique as a unique language. With a view to better understanding and more serious interpretation of documents in Italy have established archival schools in the archives in which students learn the tehikama directly on the stored original documents. Therefore, naturally developed a multidisciplinary study sciences such as palografija and diplomacy, because the archive preserves ancient documents caesarean signatures that. spelled out in writing called “precarolina” (Fig.19). It may happen that a document must be translated “lietterae executoriae” or make transcription assignments from the Pope, written in “minuscola cancelleresca pontificia” (Fig.2). Notari were already present and certify contracts and other social forms such as weddings or wills, and have your font letters “minuscola notarile” (Fig.3). Also often encounter different calendar (dating). Papal See (Vatican) country has its own calendar, which is called “indizione novel” the use of which began in the fourth century (Anno Domini) and after him were and the dates of public documents, although its origin goes back to a time when emperors edited taxes on the land. The first cycle begins with the third year before the birth of Jesus, but not the source (of dating) was not always the same: Gregorio VII and subsequent popes have decided that the new year will begin on January 1 in 313. To find your Roman numerals year, for example 2016 - we must first subtract 312 and then divided by 15: so we indizione novel 113th Although archivists rarely faced with such issues, correctly, that it is necessary to know them because they are based on subsequent documents. Sedimentation is a physical and intangible, ie. cultural, and as such is subject to interpretation, which may not be personal, but impartial. This is only possible if we have the appropriate training, if we are educated with a multitude of cases, that although we do not use we need to know identify.
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