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FREEDOM OF SPEECH IN FINLAND AS A PART OF EUROPE – CONNECTION WITH DIMITRIE CANTEMIR

Author(s): Marja-Liisa Tenhunen / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

Freedom of expression is a right of citizens' fundamental rights to express and receive their views in public. Freedom of opinion and expression can be considered as a prerequisite for safeguarding many other key rights. Finland‘s history of freedom of speech and press has been reviewed ever since 1766 by Anders Chydenius, who wrote at the age of 37: ―The freedom of the nation is always proportional to the freedom of printing it possesses, so that neither can exist without the other.‖ United Nation´s (UN) Human Rights Conventions International Convention on Civil and Political Rights has created rules in the Article 19: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion without any external interference and everyone has freedom of expression. The philosophical purposes written by Dimitrie Cantemir could be considered as part of the freedom of the speech, at least indirectly. There are many similarities between Anders Chydenius´s and Dimitrie Cantemir´s main targets. Problems concerning freedom of speech have emerged in recent years as a result of the use of social media. That is why we need a debate and new legislation.

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HUMAN PERSON AND THE METAPHYSICS OF SOCIAL ORDER AND DEVELOPMENT

Author(s): Philip Osarobu Isanbor,Paul Olorunsola Folorunso / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

There are always indispensable links between the values of the human person and their sense of social orderliness, and such relationships define how considerable such development is to their existential and essential living. In our contemporary society, there are needs to understand the human persons and their metaphysical demands for social order and development. With this concern, the paper recognizes that human society has been advancing many mythologies and approaches toward development and growth, but the same human society has been neglecting the communal nature which it possesses, where many human values (the respect for human life, rights and dignity, sense of common good, socialization based on truth and trust, ascetic social continence, moral sincerity, etc.) are supposedly fading away, and some, culturally abandoned. This paper tries to explicate the metaphysical valuation of the human person in the pursuance of social order and development in our world of conflicting developmental ideologies interests that are dehumanizing and reducible. It projects that social order and development can be adequately realized when the human society reasonably and fully upheld the values of human togetherness, inter-subjectivity and inter-transcendence.

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THE NORMATIVE AND VALUES DILEMMAS RELATED TO THE GOVERNMENT-CITIZEN RELATIONSHIP DURING THE PANDEMIC

Author(s): Rodica Ciobanu,Mariana Roșca / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

The article outlines a part of the research findings carried out using a complex methodological framework, designed to assess the current social context of the Republic of Moldova, and aims to identify the governance modernization challenges. It reflects the assessment of the relationship between authorities and citizens during the pandemic crisis and demonstrates the relevance of value-normative foundations for the social construction. The preference for interdisciplinary methodology facilitated the structuring of the research in several basic compartments: the first one reflects in a synthetic formula the theoretical-methodological framework of analysis and the formulation of the working hypothesis, followed by the substantiation and support of the authors' positions on the basis of pragmatic and normative-value arguments, and concluded with generalizations that provide a platform for scientific debate with a view to pursuing further approaches on the subject of the impact of crises on the social framework and the need for spiritual foundations in human perpetuation.

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Minimum age of criminal responsibility in member states of the european union. A legal and psychological assessment of moral development theories and the minimum age of criminal responsibility

Author(s): Judit Torma / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The consideration behind setting a minimum age of criminal responsibility and liability in criminal law is based on a scientific assumption that below a certain level of cognitive maturity there is limited ability to apprehend the wrongness or rightness or the consequences of one’s action. Jean Piaget, the first cognitive and development psychologist has established the scale model of moral development of the child ninety years ago. These age-related theories are still prevailing in setting the minimum age of criminal responsibility in most European countries; however, more recent and contemporary research question the usability of Piaget’s findings. The shift in science is reflected in three to six countries’ legislations and in the guidelines and recommendations of the Council of Europe and the European Union.

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PSEUDO GOVERNANCE AND GOOD GOVERNANCE. OR HUMAN RIGHTS AS A VALUE CONSTANT FOR CONCEPTUAL DELIMITATIONS

Author(s): Andrei Negru,Natalia Creciun / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

Good governance, as a path of qualitative development of contemporary democracy, proposes certain natural priorities as protecting and guaranteeing human rights, ensuring an adequate level of professionalism of the subjects involved in the process, ensuring transparency, including in the process of the administration of the society, supporting social inclusion. In order not to be in a situation of pseudogovernance, limited to abstract statements, this path must be conceptualised and the concept must be applied consistently, within the limits of legality and with priority respect for human rights, which are considered to be a value constant for conceptual contextual delimitations. The article is developed within the Project “Modernization of governing mechanisms focused on the protection of human rights”, cipher 20.80009.1606.15 in the Scientific Research Laboratory “Compared Public Law and e-Government”, Law Faculty, Moldova State University

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RIFIUTO DI EMOTRASFUSIONI E TESTIMONI DI GEOVA ALLA LUCE DELLA NUOVA SENTENZA DELLA CORTE EUROPEA DEI DIRITTI

Author(s): Brigitta Marieclaire Catalano / Language(s): Italian Issue: 2/2024

The contribution explores the issues related to the right to religious freedom and the self-determination of Jehovah’s Witnesses, particularly in connection with their refusal of blood transfusions for reasons of faith. This complex legal and bioethical issue becomes particularly pressing when the patient’s refusal of treatment could lead to fatal consequences, necessitating a delicate balance between individual autonomy, religious freedom, and the State’s duty to protect life and public health. The contribution also analyzes how the recent European Court of Human Rights ruling in Pindo Mulla v. Spain clarifies, although with some limitations, the intricate relationship between personal religious beliefs and the legal obligations of healthcare professionals. It offers an interpretation that reflects the profound tensions present in contemporary pluralistic societies, where religious beliefs, ethical values, and legal duties can collide in complex ways.

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CONCEPȚIILE UNOR FILOSOFI MUSULMANI DIN SECOLELE IX-XII DESPRE CUNOAȘTEREA „ADEVĂRULUI” PRIN „CREDINȚĂ” ȘI „RAȚIUNE”

Author(s): Nicolae V. Dură,Cătălina Mititelu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2024

The knowledge of the “Truth” through “faith” and “reason” has been testified by the texts of ancient philosophers (Plato, Aristotle, Plotinus, etc.) as well as by the “Sacred Books” of the Great Religions of mankind, whose texts have been examined and evaluated over the ages through the prism of the systems of thought of the different schools of theology and philosophy. From the pages of this study, the reader familiar with the fields of Philosophy, Theology, Law and the History of Culture and Spirituality will be able to learn about the conceptions of some Muslim scholars of the 10th - 12th centuries - of philosophical, theological and legal training - on knowledge through faith and reason, and, ipso facto, the relationship between Theology and Philosophy. However, the examination and evaluation of the text of such reputed Muslim philosophers, theologians and jurists as Al-Kindi, Al-Fārābi, Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna), Al-Ghazali and Ibn Rushd (Averroes), has enabled us to know not only their conception of Truth and the way of knowledge by faith and reason, but also the ways in which the Qur’anic text can be understood. Knowledge by faith and reason has contributed not only to initiating a dialog between the exponents of the two fields of knowledge and research, theology and philosophy, but also to the development of a philosophical and theological culture which underpins the edifice of the cultural and spiritual heritage of the Muslim world.

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AVANT L’UKRAINE, C’ÉTAIT LA GÉORGIE: LE RÔLE DES TRIBUNAUX INTERNATIONAUX DANS L’ÉVALUATION JURIDIQUE DE LA RESPONSABILITÉ DE LA RUSSIE À LA SUITE DES VIOLATIONS FLAGRANTES DES DROITS DE L’HOMME

Author(s): Maka Nutsubidze / Language(s): French Issue: 28/2022

La création de l’État géorgien remonte au IIIe siècle avant Jésus-Christ. À partir du XVIIIe siècle, la Russie tsariste assume le rôle de puissance « protectrice » et, en 1801, annexe la Géorgie. Après la Première Guerre mondiale, l’État démocratique de Géorgie connaît trois ans d’indépendance (1921-1924) avant d’être conquise par « l’armée rouge » et incorporée, d’abord dans la République soviétique socialiste fédérale de Transcaucasie et, ensuite, dans l’Union soviétique. Lorsque l’Union soviétique commence à se désintégrer, la Géorgie engage son chemin vers l’indépendance. L’analyse des rapports de l’Assemblée parlementaire du Conseil de l’Europe5 permet de conclure qu’à partir de 2003, la Géorgie a pratiquement commencé l’exécution des obligations prises lors de son adhésion au Conseil de l’Europe en 1999.

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LES INSTITUTIONS EUROPÉENNES APPELÉES À LA RESCOUSSE DE LA JUSTICE: LE MAL SYSTÉMIQUE QUI RONGE L’ÉTAT DE DROIT À L’EST

Author(s): Natașa Danelciuc-Colodrovschi / Language(s): French Issue: 20/2020

Le 14 mai 2020, la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme a communiqué au gouvernement de la République de Pologne cinq requêtes déposées par des ressortissants polonais et lui a demandé de soumettre ses observations au sujet des griefs y étant invoqués. Il s’agit notamment des affaires Sobczyńska et autres c. Pologne et Zurek c. Pologne.

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SUR L’ÉTAT D’URGENCE EN POLOGNE À LA LUMIÈRE DE LA CRISE MIGRATOIRE DANS LA PARTIE ORIENTALE DE L’EUROPE

Author(s): Katarzyna Kubuj / Language(s): French Issue: 25/2021

Au début du mois de septembre 2021 le président de la République de Pologne, Andrzej Duda, a proclamé l’état d'urgence pour une période de trente jours sur une partie du territoire polonais, c’est-à-dire le long de la frontière avec le Belarus, qui fait également partie de la frontière orientale de l’Union européenne. Le règlement a été pris à la demande du Conseil des ministres à la fin du mois d’août 2021 et confirmé par le Sejm le 6 septembre 2021. L’action du Chef de l’État est fondée sur l'article 230, paragraphe 1, de la Constitution de la République de Pologne du 2 avril 1997 et sur l’article 3 de la loi sur l’état d’urgence.

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AVORTEMENT EN POLOGNE, ÉTERNEL PROBLÈME SOCIAL, POLITIQUE ET JURIDIQUE

Author(s): Katarzyna Kubuj / Language(s): French Issue: 24/2021

Le problème de l’avortement suscite de grands émois en Pologne depuis des années. Le différend oppose les partisans du renforcement et ceux de l’assouplissement de la loi relative à l’interruption volontaire de grossesse. Il a été relancé à l’occasion des propositions d’amendements législatifs et des décisions du Tribunal constitutionnel, plus particulièrement celle du 22 octobre 20201 qui a fait en sorte que le débat – bien qu’entravé pendant la pandémie et les circonstances extraordinaires qui en résultent – soit toujours présent dans les rues des villes polonaises.

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CHRONIQUE DE L’EST

Author(s): Laurent Léothier / Language(s): French Issue: 23/2021

Chronicle of the East: Central Asia; Balkans; Baltic States; Caucasus; Central Europe; Eastern Europe; European Union.

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LA PRISE EN COMPTE DE LA JURISPRUDENCE DE LA COUR EUROPÉENNE DES DROITS DE L’HOMME PAR LA COUR CONSTITUTIONNELLE DE LA FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE

Author(s): Sophia TIKHOMIROVA / Language(s): French Issue: 21/2020

En juillet 1989, Mikhaïl Gorbatchev, Secrétaire général du Comité central du Parti communiste de l’Union soviétique, déclarait devant l’Assemblée parlementaire du Conseil de l’Europe que «la maison européenne commune est une communauté de droit». Son discours historique reflétait la volonté commune des États européens d’affermir la paix et la stabilité. La disparition de l’Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques (ci-après URSS) en 1991 a marqué la fin de la division de l’Europe, offrant enfin une chance aux États de ce continent de s’unir dans le but de créer «un vaste espace de sécurité démocratique». La communauté européenne a réellement pris corps par l’adhésion des nouveaux États indépendants au système de la Convention de sauvegarde des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales adoptée le 4 novembre 1950 à Rome (ciaprès Convention). En rejoignant le Conseil de l’Europe, les États contractants ont non seulement reconnu le principe de la prééminence du droit, mais ils ont surtout offert à leurs citoyens une protection effective de leurs droits fondamentaux, participant de ce fait à l’indivisibilité et à l’universalité des droits de l’homme.

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Surrogacy in the Context of Reproductive Rights

Author(s): Loredana Terec-Vlad / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The evolution of the medical technologies has also transformed the surrogate, from the traditional surrogate to the gestational surrogate, from the surrogate with the embryo of the infertile couple to the surrogate with embryos from donors or with embryos obtained from gametes taken from donors (surrogate mother or another person), from carrying a pregnancy by a woman of biological reproductive age and up to carrying a pregnancy by a woman past the reproductive age, all these stages or forms of surrogacy imply various debates in the medical, bioethical and, of course, human rights literature. As the forms of surrogacy diversified, the multitude of rights that had to be balanced (of the infertile couple, of the parents, of the surrogate mother, of the embryo in vitro or of the embryo transplanted into the uterus) were also increasingly difficult to quantify, to define as legal and to keep in a fair balance.

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ОБЩИ ТЕОРЕТИЧНИ АСПЕКТИ НА ЕВРОПЕЙСКОТО ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛСТВО В ОБЛАСТТА НА ЗАЩИТАТА НА ПРАВАТА НА МИГРАНТИТЕ

Author(s): Veronika Doychinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The article is devoted to some theoretical problems in the application of European legislation in the field of the protection of the migrants’ rights. In search of answers to the questions, attention is paid to the topic of the general principles of law, the application of which is considered as a condition for the effectiveness of the legal system and guaranteeing the protection’ right. Conclusions are made regarding the legal framework of the rights and obligations of migrants according to their legal status.

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ЗАЩИТА НА ПОДАТЕЛИТЕ НА СИГНАЛИ ПРИ ДОКЛАДВАНЕ НА СЛУЧАИ НА КОРУПЦИЯ

Author(s): Jordan Georgiev Deliversky / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The protection of persons providing information for irregularities and manifestations of corruption practices (Whistleblowers) is essential to ensure transparency and accountability in every sector of public activities. In 2024, the European Union (EU) and Bulgaria took decisive steps in improving the environment and conditions for the protection of persons reporting cases of corruption and unlawful behaviour. This article examines the current state of protection of persons providing information for the existence of corruption practices within the EU and in Bulgaria, paying special attention to the legal framework, the challenges in applying the regulatory framework and the impact on current trends and future perspectives. By analyzing the framework and practical aspects outlining the challenges and difficulties related to the applicability of the current legislation, the article provides a comprehensive review of the effectiveness of protection mechanisms and formulates recommendations for further improvement in the regulatory framework. The results of the research presented emphasizes the importance of systemic efforts to strengthen the protection of persons reporting irregularities, even by creating a secure environment that promotes the reporting of misconduct leading to improving the application of legal regulation and the current regulatory framework.

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УЯЗВИМОСТТА - КЛЮЧОВ ЕЛЕМЕНТ В БЕЖАНСКОТО ПРАВО

Author(s): Elena Dobreva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

This article examines the concept of vulnerability in Asylum and Refugee law. Its purpose is to differentiate between the vulnerable groups by outlining their key features. The article focuses on the importance of accurate and prompt identification of vulnerable persons among asylum seekers and refugees.

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Transitional Justice Studies: Development, Challenges, and Future Directions

Author(s): Lina Strupinskienė / Language(s): English Issue: 4 (116)/2024

In an era marked by numerous conflicts and human rights violations, this article provides a comprehensive review of transitional justice studies, assessing the evolution of the field and exploring potential future directions. It addresses several critical questions: How has the field of transitional justice developed, and what factors have influenced its changes over time? What tools and techniques have been employed, and what challenges and achievements have they revealed? What significant lessons and recommendations have emerged from existing studies, and why are they important? Finally, the article also considers normative aspirations for future cases of transitional justice, particularly in the context of Russia’s war against Ukraine. This analysis underscores the belief that academic self-reflection is valuable not only for students and researchers but also for national and international actors involved in implementing transitional justice strategies.

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SELF-ADVOCACY OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS

Author(s): Natalia Cojocaru / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The article delves into the concept of self-advocacy among persons with disabilities and its significance within the framework of international human rights standards. It analyses the legislation and policies of the Republic of Moldova to demonstrate how they establish conditions for the self-advocacy of persons with disabilities. The recently initiated process of accession to the European Union by the Republic of Moldova has implications for the country's approach to the rights of persons with disabilities. Consequently, the article also offers insights into the standards and legal provisions of the European Union that affect the self-advocacy of persons with disabilities. The article employs the method of documentary analysis to investigate relevant scientific publications and to scrutinize the legal frameworks at both the national and international levels that are relevant to the rights of persons with disabilities, enabling their self-advocacy and participation. The article concludes that Moldovan legislation is aligned with international standards on the rights of persons with disabilities, providing a robust legal basis for their self-advocacy. However, the effectiveness of self-advocacy depends on how actively involved persons with disabilities are in promoting their own interests. Additionally, it depends on whether decision-makers make media and information easily accessible to them, thus enabling their full and meaningful participation.

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Shrouded in secrecy – does the comitology procedure for GDPR adequacy decisions fit its purpose?

Author(s): Michal Czerniawski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

With the entry into force of Directive 95/46/EC, the EU based its approach toward data transfers on adequacy decisions, unilateral acts of the European Commission, issued as implementing acts. The EU co-legislators subsequently copied this model into the GDPR and the LED. Since the very beginning, the adequacy procedure involves a comitology phase in which a committee consisting of representatives of Member States expresses its opinion about the Commission's draft implementing act. I argue that adequacy, designed as a technical process, evolved into a tool in which politics, including economic relations and commercial interests, play an ever-greater role. This goes against the concept of comitology, the legitimacy of which is built on denying the political nature of what is delegated. Taking into account the above, as well as other shortcomings of the EU adequacy model, I argue that it is the right time to rethink it. There is also the need for a separate discussion regarding the role of the Article 93 Committee in the adequacy procedure, to be conducted together with the debate on the role and accountability of the European Commission.

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