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"A Robot Is Watching You”: Humanoid Robots And The Different Impacts On Privacy

Author(s): Lucas Cardiell / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Robots, particularly the ones that belong to a special type of robotic technologies designed and deployed for communicating and interacting with humans, slip into more and more domains of human life - from the research laboratories and operating rooms to our kitchens, bedrooms, and offices. They can interact with humans with facial expressions, gaze directions, and voices, mimicking the affective dynamics of human relationships. As a result, they create new opportunities, but also new challenges and risks to peoples’ privacy. The literature on privacy issues in the context of Social Companion Robots (SCRs) is poor and has a strong focus on information privacy and data protection. It has given, however, less attention to other dimensions of privacy, e.g. physical, emotional, or social privacy. This article argues for an “evolving” or “transformable” notion of privacy, as opposed to the “elusive” concept of privacy elaborated by leading privacy theorists such as Daniel J. Solove (2008) and Judith J. Thomson (1975). In other words, rather than assuming that privacy has a single core or definition (as defined, e.g., in Warren and Brandeis' 1890 paper), it maintains that it is important to conceptualize privacy as distinguishable into various aspects, including informational privacy, the privacy of thoughts and actions, and social privacy. This inductive approach makes it possible to identify new dimensions of privacy and therefore effectively respond to the rapid technological evolution in AI technologies which is constantly introducing new spheres of privacy intrusions.

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"COFOLA INTERNATIONAL 2016. Resolution of International Disputes Public Law in the Context of Immigration Crisis

Author(s): / Language(s): English

The conference “COFOLA = Conference for Young Lawyers” is annualy organized by the Masaryk University, Faculty of Law from 2007. The main aim of this conference is to give floor to the doctoral students and young scientists at their early stage of career and enable them to present the results of their scientific activities. Since 2013 COFOLA has been enriched by special part called “COFOLA INTERNATIONAL”. COFOLA INTERNATIONAL focuses primarily on issues of international law and the regulation of cross-border relations and is also oriented to doctoral students and young scientists from foreign countries.

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"Dialogue" of the High Courts CJEU – CCR – HCCJ, regarding the prescription of criminal liability

Author(s): Tudorel Toader / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2022

The constitutional order is ensured by the jurisprudence of the constitutional court. The Court of Justice of the European Union cannot call for violation of the balance between state powers, nor for non-compliance with the principle of legality. The Supreme Court cannot disregard the case-law of the the Constitutional Court of Romania, it cannot establish the existence of a systemic risk, it cannot violate the principle of legality. The competences of the three High Courts are complementary without any collision.

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"MALE" MANJINE

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Prerastanje nacionalizma u vladajuću ideologiju neizbežno je zaoštrilo problem manjina. Na etnički izmešanim teritorijama primena načela "jedna nacija jedna država" nije bila moguća bez nasilja nad pripadnicima manjina. Doduše, nasilje nije bilo jednako upereno prema svim manjinama – neke manjine su stavljane u "izlog" i služile su, pre svega, u legitimacijske svrhe režima, dok je protiv drugih mobilisana javnost, a primeri nasilja nad njima tolerisani. Smenom Miloševićevog režima nestalo je straha da će manjine biti ponovo podvrgnute represiji. Budući da su i same u velikoj meri doprinele krahu starog režima, manjine su od nove vlasti očekivale da, u skladu sa deklarisanim ciljevima – integracije zemlje u međunarodnu zajednicu i izgradnje društva gde manjine neće biti tretirane kao javni neprijatelji – stvori novi institucionalni poredak u kome bi na lakši i efikasniji način ostvarivale svoja prava i unapređivale svoje interese. Zakon o zaštiti prava i sloboda nacionalnih manjina, usvojen od strane Savezne skupštine krajem februara 2002. godine, tim zahtevima izlazi ususret, pre svega tako što inovira institucionalni poredak. Najvažnija institucija, Nacionalni saveti, pobudili su veliko interesovanje manjina, jer se preko njih ostvaruje manjinska samouprava u oblastima važnim za očuvanje nacionalnog identiteta manjina – obrazovanju, kulturi, informisanju i službenoj upotrebi jezika. Osim ove, Zakon predviđa stvaranje još dve institucije – Saveznog saveta za nacionalne manjine i Saveznog fonda za nacionalne manjine. Cilj osnivanja prve institucije je očuvanje, unapređenje i zaštira posebnosti manjina i njihovih prava, a druge podsticanje kulturnog, društvenog i opšteg razvoja nacionalnih manjina. Spomenuti zakon je, kao što je poznato, naišao na pohvalne ocene predstavnika međunarodne zajednice, kao i predstavnika manjina koji su učestvovali u njegovoj izradi. No, na račun ovoga zakona izrečene su i vrlo oštre kritike. Interesantno je da u kritikama i razgovorima o spomenutom zakonu nije posebno tematiziran položaj "malih" manjina. Po mišljenju Helsinškog odbora za ljudska prava u Srbiji, Zakon o manjinama više odgovara Bošnjacima i Mađarima, nego Česima ili Nemcima, dakle uticajnijim i velikim, nego malobrojnim manjinama, iako bi bilo posve logično da on više izlazi ususret manjinama koje su, upravo zbog malobrojnosti i oskudnih kapaciteta, daleko više podložne asimilaciji od manjina koje imaju snažnu elitu, izgrađenu infrastrukturu, organizacije, medije i političke partije. Uveren da od brojnosti neke manjine ne zavise i njena prava, Helsinški odbor je pažnju posvetio upravo "malim" manjinama, podrazumevajući pri tome Jevreje, Čehe, Ukrajince, Nemce, Aškalije i Makedonce. U Vojvodini, kao izrazito etnički i kulturno heterogenoj sredini, postoje i manjine koje su malobrojnije od spomenutih. Prema rezultatima prošlogodišnjeg popisa, u Vojvodini je, na primer, registrovan 101 pripadnik vlaške zajednice. No, za razliku od Vlaha ili, pak, Bošnjaka (na popisu je 417 građana deklarisalo svoju pripadnost bošnjačkoj zajednici), pripadnici manjina kojima se bavilo ovo istraživanje čine napore da očuvaju svoj identitet. Osim toga, većina pripadnika ovih manjina živi skoncentrisana upravo u Vojvodini, što se za Vlahe ili Bošnjake ne može reći, jer prvi u najvećem broju žive u istočnoj Srbiji, a drugi u Sandžaku. Izuzetak su Makedonci. Više pripadnika ove manjine živi u centralnoj Srbiji, nego u Vojvodini. Makedonci su interesantni zbog još jednog razloga. Oni su (11.785) najbrojnija od svih gore pomenutih manjina. Zapravo, makedonska zajednica u Vojvodini broji više pripadnika nego sve spomenute manjine zajedno (10.498). Njih smo uvrstili zato što je proces asmilacije pripadnika ove zajednice najdalje odmakao. Recimo, kada je reč o ostvarivanju nekih kolektivnih prava, kao što je pravo na informisanje, Makedonci se nalaze u najnezavidnijoj situaciji, jer nemaju čak ni interna glasila kakvi su, na primer, bilteni. Tek u poslednjih nekoliko godina oni čine stanovite napore da očuvaju svoju nacionalnu posebnost. Jedan od ciljeva ovog projekta je bio upravo to da skrene pažnju javnosti na položaj i probleme sa kojima su suočene "male" manjine, da o nekima od tih problema organizuje javnu debatu i, napokon, naznači određena rešenja. U tom pogledu razgovori sa pripadnicima "malih" manjina pokazali su se kao veoma dragoceni u identifikovanju problema, a rasprave na Helsinškom forumu kao značajne i korisne u sugerisanju određenih preporuka i rešenja. Projekat "Male manjine" elaboriran je u vidu Monitoring missions, Helsinškog foruma i tribina.

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"NASCITURUS PRO IAM NATO HABETUR QUOTIENS DE COMMODIS EIUS AGITUR". РИМСКОТО ПРАВИЛО И СЪВРЕМЕННОТО МУ ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ

Author(s): Malina Novkirishka- Stoyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

The report presents the rule "Nasciturus pro iam nato habetur quotiens of commodis eius agitur" as it exists in Roman legal texts in relation to the ancient Greco-Roman concept of personae, different from that which we conceive today. In this context, the capacity of human embryo to be subject of right comes from social, religious, medical, moral and especially legal recognition. We discuss some of the heritage aspects of this rule, as well as the issues of early human life, abortion, infanticide and murder of pregnant women, recognition of the newborn by the father, State, etc. Some decisions of the Roman jurisprudence are surprisingly topical and are part of many discussions on its bioethical and legal aspects.

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"Sucks Cases" in WIPO Domain Name Decisions

Author(s): Michal Koščík / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2007

Does the use of a domain name for criticism constitute the use of the domain name in Bad Faith? Is there any right to register a domain name confusingly similar with the name of a well known company to tell other people that it is vivisecting animals? Or is it a legitimate interest to register domain name like bridgestonesucks.com when your car skids on the wet road? Generally speaking there are two approaches to answer these questions. The first approach says that the right to criticize does not extend to registering a domain name that is identical or confusingly similar to the owner’s registered trademark. Second approach considers the freedom of speech and says that there is a legitimate interest in using the trademark as part of the domain name of a criticism site if the use is fair and non-commercial. Both approaches can be found in the WIPO domain name decisions. The main issue is to consider whether defendants in “sucks cases” are really intending to practice their freedom of speech or are just trying to blackmail the complainants. To prove a good faith defendants have to prove that they are not competitors of complainants in any way and that they have no commercial profit from their sites. If there is no other intent than to protest and to ridicule the complainants, the defendands have legitimate interests in respect of the disputed domain name.

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#ostanikodkućeslobodan

Author(s): Jelisaveta Blagojević / Language(s): Serbian

Ne pišem nikakav dnevnik, nemam dobre savete za naredne dane, nikakve sudbonosne ili ohrabrujuće misli, ništa od toga. Verujem da poprilično mediokritetski prolazim kroz ovaj period: loša koncentracija, u potrazi za odgovorima, čitanje između redova, histerija, tuga, paranoja… pa novi krug. Loše spavam, loša sam i kad sam budna, ali ništa vredno pomena. Kad pogledam kako su nas sa svih strana prignječili, i nisam tako loše. Eto, da znate.

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#tropy#feminizm

Author(s): Agata Szuba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1 (25)/2018

The contemporary media message can be perceived in two perspectives: an active one, in which women perform a role of journalists and editors, and a passive perspective, in which they become a part of media message. The latter aspect is the most controversial for many reasons. Walter Lippmann defines a stereotype as an image created in the mind which allows a subordination of a certain fragment of reality a priori. The media’s visible, negative influence on women has them create a reality beyond the boundaries of acceptance, presenting it in a way the audience expects. A new kind of feminism appears, i.e. one which answers the receiver’s needs (succumbing to the expectations and exposing to the view), and a question appears – whether in the time of the feminist legacy, thereby changes resulting from the development of the media, feminists should gain their own unique style? In a way this begins to happen. Due to the development of the media, women gained an unrestricted possibility to express their views, and the reception and availability of the media lifts the restrictions and causes an inconspicuous person to please and sweep the crowd and his or her voice to be impossible to be ignored in the discourse.

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(IN)ADMISIBILITATEA CONTESTĂRII PATERNITĂŢII STABILITE PRINTR-O HOTĂRÂRE JUDECĂTOREASCĂ DEFINITIVĂ, ÎN SITUAŢIA PROBELOR NOI OBŢINUTE PRIN PROCEDEE TEHNICO-ŞTIINŢIFICE CARE NU ERAU DISPONIBILE LA DATA SOLUŢIONĂRII CAUZEI

Author(s): Georgeta Bianca Spîrchez / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 05/2022

The following study focuses on those cases involving paternity, which at the time of their ruling took into account scientific evidence by which the filiation could not be established with certainty. If under the relevant domestic law the applicant has no possibility of challenging the judicial declaration of his paternity, the conclusion is that the authorities failed to secure his right to private life. In order to highlight the legal remedies that need to be considered, we have also referred to the main principles developed through the European Court of Human Rights case-law.

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(Ne) budi ovca. O etničkoj diskriminaciji u BiH

Author(s): / Language(s): Bosnian

(Ne) budi ovca: o etničkoj diskriminaciji predstavlja izabrane analize objavljene na web portalu koalicije Jednakost (www.jednakost.ba), u okviru koje organizacije koje su njen dio imaju za cilj ukidanje etničke diskriminacije konstitutivnih naroda i Ostalih na cijelom prostoru Bosne i Hercegovine. Formalna i faktička diskriminacija u ostvarivanju ličnih i političkih prava, a dalje i kulturnih, ekonomskih i socijalnih, utječe na samorealizaciju i samostalnost svih individua koje žive na prostoru Bosne i Hercegovine. Sloboda i jednakost, bez obzira da li se one ostvaruju individalno ili kroz kolektiv, neotuđiva su ljudska prava i ne trebaju biti ovisna od drugog kolektiva ili pojedinaca_ki. U prvom dijelu brošure predstavljene su analize pozicije Ostalih u dijelovima pravnog i političkog sistema Bosne i Hercegovine, dok je drugi dio fokusiran na široke posljedice etničke diskriminacije u Bosni i Hercegovini. Tekstovi naglašavaju potrebu uvođenja principa jednakosti kako za konstitutivne narode, tako i za pripadnike_ice koji_e se ne izjašnjavaju kao konstitutivni narodi, odnosno pripadaju grupi Ostalih; moguće modele njihove reprezentacije u političkom sistemu Bosne i Hercegovine; oblastima u kojima i dalje na normativnom nivou postoji etnička diskriminacija, te model Brčko distrikta Bosne i Hercegovine kao potencijalno dobrog modela političke participacije i uključivanja svih segmenata društva u proces odlučivanja. Drugi dio brošure fokusiran je na primjere etničke diskriminacije na pojedinim nivoima vlasti; potrebi suočavanja sa prošlošću kao osnovi za gradnju povjerenja; etničkim podjelama u obrazovanju i njihovim posljedicama na etničke manjine; diskriminaciji u medijima, ekonomiji, kao i drugim oblastima života. Analize, iako obrađuju kompleksne pravne i društvene probleme Bosne i Hercegovine, razumljive su i osobama kojima pitanje etničke diskriminacije Ostalih i nije oblast posebnog interesovanja, ali je njen cilj da na jedan inovativan i provokativan način aktualizira sveprisutnu etničku diskriminaciju u Bosni i Hercegovini.

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(Ne)etičnost i (ne)legalnost upotrebe dronova u ratu protiv terorizma

Author(s): Ivica Kelam,Darija Rupčić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 73/2016

Powerful increase in the use of drones in fight against terrorism through the tactic of targeted killings, especially after the arrival of President Obama to power, causes increasingly ethical and legal issues. The intention of this paper is to investigate exactly these issues. The basic hypothesis is that the US use of drones in war against terrorism is a major threat to international security, human rights and democracy. Instead of reducing the threat of terrorism, drones uses additionally incites hatred and desire for revenge, since it leaves severe adverse consequences on the lives of civilians. The expected contribution of this paper lies in the demystification of drones activities and questioning the many dangers that the use of drones in the fight against terrorism carries.

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(NE)POMIRLJIVOST KAZNE DOŽIVOTNOG ZATVORA I LJUDSKIH PRAVA

Author(s): Vladica Ilić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2019

Since May 2019, Serbia has joined the majority of European countries which have the sentence of life imprisonment in their criminal justice systems. Despite the refusal of the competent authorities to hold a public hearing on the issue, the introduction of life imprisonment, excluding the possibility of conditional release of convicted persons for certain offenses punishable by this sentence, was met with noticeable interest and activism by representatives of the domestic and international professional public. Particular attention in the paper is devoted to human rights standards relating to life imprisonment, mainly stemming from the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. The paper analyzes the possibility of application of human rights standards within the current criminal law legislation. At the end of the paper, the author points to possible de lege ferenda directions that could represent an alternative to life imprisonment, considering it a serious challenge for protection of the dignity of convicted persons.

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(Ne)sigurnost socijalnih radnica na radnom mjestu u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Anida Dudić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 11/2020

The role of women in the social work profession from the beginnings to today, is greatly significant and indisputable. Long since, social work studies in Bosnia and Herzegovina were enrolled more often by women than by men, which is why many authors refer to social work as a “women’s profession”. The reason why women are more interested in social work studies is in the traditional understanding of women’s roles through care and welfare, and it is therefore not surprising that women more than men settle for the assisting profession. Due to the strong representation of women in the social work profession, the aim of this paper is to analyze and interpret the specific role of women in the process of professionalizing social work in Bosnia and Herzegovina.The paper pays attention to the problems and challenges faced by social workers, and in particular the level of insecurity in the workplace, the threats and attacks they are exposed to on a daily basis. The semi-structured interview (N = 14) came to conclusion that social workers are often victims of verbal and physical assaults, which makes them feel unprotected in their workplace. Due to the increasing frequency of attacks on social workers in Bosnia and Herzegovina, they need to enable official status as soon as possible, hire security guards at all social work centers and social welfare institutions, and to sanction any form of violence to protect these professionals and not to victimize their users.

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(NON)RELIGIOUS FREEDOM: A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE CONTEMPORARY UNDERSTANDING OF FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE AND RELIGION

Author(s): Rafał Prostak / Language(s): English Issue: 71/2021

Nowadays, liberty of conscience as an inalienable right is a standard of demoliberal constitutionalism. It is an obvious component of a well-organized society and state. However, at the very beginning of its presence in the political discourse, it was more a product of Christian theology (the free conscience perceived as a gift of God) than a legal category; more an endowment of divinity than an intrinsic human value. In the contemporary, secularized world, our understanding of freedom of religion includes not only free exercise of religion but also freedom from religion. An increasing number of non-believers changes our expectations of the state that is obliged to protect the freedom of conscience of all citizens regardless of their beliefs. The goal of the article is to consider the difficulties faced by people with a theistic worldview in the reality of a state founded on the principle of ideological neutrality.

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(R)EVOLUTION OF THE AXIOLOGY OF HUMAN RIGHTS, POLITICAL FREEDOM AND SECURITY AS A DETERMINANT OF UN PRAGMATISM. METAPHORIZATION IN LAW

Author(s): Jerzy Menkes,Anna Kociolek-Pęksa / Language(s): English Issue: 71/2021

The state, under the Westphalian order, was both the creator and product of international law which determined its position as the central actor of this system. The norms of international law defined the normative content of the internal security regime, where state security was identical with security as such in international relations. The reality that laid the foundation for this logical syllogism has been subject to gradual transformation that had its climax in the early decades of the 21st century. The states, previously holding monopoly of using force in international relations, which allowed for prevention of wars by means of intergovernmental agreements or maintenance of peace through institutionalized intergovernmental cooperation, lost their exclusive authority to use force. Stipulating ‘non-war’ by means of an (intergovernmental) international treaty became impossible since the non-state actors who apply force pursue counter-systemic goals and reject the international (and internal) order based on the rule of law. The state sovereignty, whose significant albeit not exclusive referent was autocracy and total power, has been transformed from the title of claim to cease the violation by the state into the personal right to protection (vested in an individual or minority/people/mankind in general).

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(Р)еволуција женских права - од лица alieni iuris до нордијског парадокса

Author(s): Snežana Prelević Plavšić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 67/2019

For thousands of years, women have been fighting for the right to education, a better position in society and against male domination. Despite the fact that justice and wisdom are female deities, women have been in a subordinate position for centuries. Women were in the best position in Egypt. Three millennia ago, Egyptian women could have been Pharaohs, army commanders, scribes and priests, which is not possible today. Under the influence of Greek civilization and later Christianity, women in Egypt gradually lost their rights. The equality between men and women in the land of Pharaohs disappeared, which was one of the essential values of this civilization never again realized in any country in the world until the First World War. In ancient Greece, despite many ideas that led to the progress of civilization, the position of women was rather unfavorable. During the Middle Ages, with the blessing of the church, the persecution of witches began to spread representing the most hideous violence against women. Paradoxically, women enjoyed the most extensive rights in monasteries. Viewed through the prism of history, women are in a subordinate position compared to men. In contemporary times, not only in Europe but also in the wider international milieu, the premature death of women and girls due to gender discrimination, unequal access to resources, due to violence and neglect are identified with the "phenomenon of missing women". The theory of the Nordic paradox shows that women with a higher economic status than their traditional partners are more exposed to violence. In the subject analysis, the author considered the process of developing and evolving the rights of women and concluded that gender equality through the reduction of traditional gender roles strengthened the view that violence against women was justified, and their success in life circumstances was often regarded as a certain threat.

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(الحماية القانونية الدولية لحقوق اإلنسان العراقي (غير المواطن

Author(s): Imad Halil Ibrahim / Language(s): Arabic Issue: 3/2017

All persons, regardless of their place of residence, are equal and enjoy all human rights. There can be no discrimination among them unless there is a legal need for states to distinguish between their citizens and (non-citizens) living in them. Hence, there are international legal rules and other national ones regulating the condition of (human rights) within each state. The condition of persons (aliens) living within states other than theirs has a share of the international legal regulation as well.

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10+1 Good Practices in Preventing Intolerance, Discrimination, and Group Hatred in Central and Eastern Europe

Author(s): Gergana Tzvetkova / Language(s): English

This compendium was created by the consortium members of the CEE Prevent Net initiative. Its development is the result of a robust exchange of good practice methods among various organizations and civil society actors in the areas of youth work and (non-formal) education aimed at preventing intolerance, discrimination, and right-wing populism and extremism in the region of Central and Eastern Europe. Initially, this volume was supposed to present 10 good practices for working with young people directly; however, the CEE Prevent Net network decided to expand this initial enterprise gratuitously. This additional section provides youth workers, educators, and other civic actors with recommendations and advocacy strategies for youth work that fosters tolerance, facilitates dialogue, and prevents discrimination and far right ideologies.

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18. Yüzyılın İkinci Yarısında Trabzon Kadı Sicillerinde Aile Kurumunun Oluşumuna Yönelik Kayıtlar

Author(s): Melek Öksüz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 7/2005

Turkish tradition and Islamic law were of determinant feature in formation of family institution in Trabzon in the second half of the XVIII. century. This determination had special stress on women rights, and contributed to establishing family on durable base. Turkish traditions, Islamic limitations on polygamy and some other circumstances were preventive factors for polygamy in the Ottoman Empire, and naturally Trabzon.

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19. YÜZYILIN SONLARI 20. YÜZYILIN BAŞLARINDA (1880-1930) TÜRKİSTAN SÜRELİ YAYINLARI VE KADIN KONUSUNA YAKLAŞIMLARI

Author(s): Yasemin IŞIK,Kübra Koç / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 74/2022

Turkistan Turks, who started to wake up with the “Cedidcilik (Principles-of Jadid/Jadidism)” movement that emerged in Western Turkestan, took advantage of the libertarian atmosphere that emerged after the declaration of the Constitutional Monarchy in 1905 in Tsarist Russia and accelerated their publishing activities even more. The libertarian and egalitarian atmosphere promised by the Bolsheviks blowing in the region with the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution lasted only until 1922; This situation is also reflected in social and cultural life. While these were happening in West Turkestan, East Turkestan was exposed to the attacks of the Chinese on the one hand and the Bolshevik Russians on the other. Some of the Turkestan intellectuals, who could not stand all these pressures, preferred to emigrate and published various newspapers and magazines in the countries they migrated to tell the whole world about the Turkestan cause. Intellectuals who preferred to stay in Turkestan despite all the difficulties experienced did not stay idle and expressed their views through newspapers and magazines by transforming their reactions to the pressures into intellectual movements. In these periodicals, the subjects are usually political; discussions on different issues such as social life, women, women’s rights were also discussed.

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