Logic and reasoning in jokes

Author(s): Graeme Ritchie / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

It has often been remarked that jokes involve some form of distorted logic, but the details ofthis joke logic have not been fully explored. We offer a contribution to the methodology of thisexploration by clarifying some abstract theoretical distinctions. Firstly, we separate twocrucially different notions of “reasoning” which are relevant to joke comprehension: internallogic and audience inference. Internal logic is a system of logical rules, in the traditionalsense, which define relationships within the fictional world of the joke, particularly therelation of consequence. Audience inference is a dynamic process which the recipient of ajoke undertakes in order to make sense of it. Previous writings on the topic of logic in jokesseem to conflate these two very different concepts. Another distinction which is sometimesoverlooked is between internal logic and other joke techniques with different functions, suchas strategies for presenting information. We also consider whether the logic of jokes requiresa qualitatively different inference mechanism from that of conventional logic, concluding thatthere is not yet any evidence to suggest this. Finally, we reflect on how we might go on toaddress the open question of what is possible as pseudo-logic within a joke.

Преподаването на манифеста

Author(s): Irena Dimova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2021

In this article, we look at the genre of the manifesto and its possible uses in high school. First, we point out some basic characteristics of this type of text and link them to the idea of a “form of rebellion”. Second, we make a connection between teaching literature in school with teaching the literary events and facts as part of the so-called literary narrative, i.e., putting the phenomena into the larger framework of what is happening in the cultural context of the observed period. We propose a possible way of teaching the manifesto, based on an example of the aesthetico-theoretical work of Geo Milev, having in mind that the author has texts with the characteristics of a manifesto, not complete manifestos.

Utopia of School, Disobedience, and Translation. Two Biblical Myths in the Interpretation of Erich Fromm and George Steiner

Author(s): Rafał Włodarczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 55 (2)/2020

It can be assumed that two biblical myths – about Adam and Eve leaving the Garden of Eden and about the builders from Babel – are interesting expressions of the utopian imagination, because these myths narrate about two places where projects of sufficiently perfect social order were implemented in two different ways. At present, the school is one of the places that could be understood as the ambiguous effect of an implemented utopia of the industrial revolution era; the school is an education space designed as an important part of the project of a sufficiently perfect social order. Two original readings of the mentioned biblical myths – by Erich Fromm and George Steiner – shall contribute some new themes and outlooks to the discussion of the condition of the modern school and the discourses of critical pedagogy or the pedagogy of resistance and hermeneutic pedagogy.

Wstęp

Author(s): Dominik Bień,Krzysztof Jakubiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2019

The Principal Kingdoms of the Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa as reflecting the four puruṣārthas

Author(s): B.N. Hebbar / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This study looks into the metaphorical understanding of the four principal kingdoms of the Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa, i.e., Ayodhyā, Kiṣkindhā, Laṅkā and Mithilā, in terms of the four puruṣārthas of Hinduism, i.e., dharma, artha, kāma and mokṣa. The question is whether Vālmīki was creating a story to illustrate the four puruṣārthas in the form of a magnificent epic with all its plots, twists, intrigues and excitements. Not only do the three main kingdoms fit the trivarga order but seemed to be so aligned geographically north to south with Mithilā being the apavarga as does mokṣa among the puruṣārthas.

On the image of Padmasambhava in Tibetan texts preceding Zangs gling ma

Author(s): Iulian Lucian Maidanuc / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This paper reviews five texts regarding Padmasambhava, which were written before Zangs gling ma (dBa' bzhed and four manuscripts discovered in Dunhuang – Pelliot tibétain 44, IOL Tib 321, IOL Tib J 644 and Pelliot tibétain 307), in an attempt to outline a historical portrait of Padmasambhava, different from the mythologized portrait shaped by Zangs gling ma and the revealed biographies following it.

The House of Tagore

Author(s): Mihaela Gligor / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Rabindranath Tagore was the first Nobel laureate of Asia. In 1913 he received the prestigious prize for Gitanjali (Song Offerings), his volume of poetry. He was born in Calcutta into a wealthy Brahmin family. He was well educated and very talented. He was a poet, philosopher, writer, playwright, songwriter, painter, and educator. He was a very charismatic person and he traveled a lot. He held lectures at several important universities of the world, had encounters with extraordinary people, and received many honorific degrees. During his life time he created a remarkable oeuvre, and his legacy is monumental. At 160 years after his birth, Rabindranath Tagore’s genius is celebrated across the globe. This study presents a short history of his incredible family, which had an important role in the Bengali cultural renaissance.

The import of Hindi popular films in Communist Romania. Brief radiography of the context

Author(s): Diana Smeu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

During the Communist period, Romania encountered an interesting phenomenon, specific for several Socialist countries: the import of Indian (mostly Hindi) films – a visual and musical treat for the Romanian audience. Their appeal can be analysed in numerous ways: Hindi films were special for their look into foreign places, for their musical quality, for their escapism, for their appeal to the Roma community. Taking into consideration the history of the India-Romania intersection, the import of Indian films provided a premiere: for the first time, Indian cultural objects were accessible for a larger number of people, because of cinema’s quality to address the masses.

review at Ori Z. Soltes (Ed.), Growing Up Jewish in India. Synagogues, Customs, and Communities from the Bene Israel to the Art of Siona Benjamin, Niyogi Books, New Delhi, 2021.

Author(s): Mihaela Gligor / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

review

Nature and Environment in William Wordsworth’s Selected Poems: An Eco-critical Approach

Author(s): Hassan Mariwan N. / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2020

In recent years, studying connections between the human being and environment along with nature has been looked at as a topic of significant value for literary researchers. Thus, the emergence of eco-critical approach in the countries, which use English as their first language, holds the first position in this respect. This harmony of the two has been discussed for a while in world literature. This research studies literature review and pinpoints the positive view been presented by looking at eco-criticism. The methods used are textual analysis approach and eco-critical approach. The major points of this study are to investigate the main theme and shed light on it and the way William Wordsworth used his writings to protect the environment from destructions and the writer used eco-criticism or ecology in his works in his time. The environment and ecology in William Wordsworth’s poems are the two things which have been dealt with because poems can serve human beings and make them aware of protecting the environment from pollution. This research consists of several essential points about the literature and nature as well as ecology. Besides, the paper presents an introduction about Englandin the nineteenth century, romanticism, and characteristics of romanticism as these are interrelated with eco-criticism.

COUNSELING CLASSES SEEN AS SCHOOL AND PROFESSIONAL COUNSELING ACTIVITIES FOR THE STUDENTS

Author(s): Oana Maria Ciuchi / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2020

The paper below is a synthetic presentation of all the forms, characteristics, particularities of the counseling activities performed by a homeroom teacher in his capacity as coordinator of a class of pupils in the Romanian pre-university education but also a review of the methods, the techniques and tools necessary to carry out such an activity. For the pupils in the age category corresponding to the secondary education, the counseling activities carried out by teachers or school counselors are necessary for their socio-professional development

Forgiveness as a method of (self)healing: a procedural-psychological analysis

Author(s): Narcisa Loredana Posteuca-Esi / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2020

Modern psychological approaches include forgiveness as a landmark in the healing process, considering that its benefits do not resume to mind comfort, but it also address to emotional, relational, social and general health issues. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the role of forgiveness as a coping mechanism, but also as a major focus point when dealing with healing strategies. This analytic approach intends to offer a clarified overview concerning the dimensions that forgiveness enact in human life, but also its role and functions within the acceptance – rebalance – reconciliation strategies. Moreover, incorporating this concept in guided healing and self-healing depends on the experimental evidences, but also on a good understanding forgiveness as a process, but also as a final or intermediary objective in therapy is required.

REVIEW: Călin-Horia Bârleanu, Strigătul lui Benjy. Contribuţii asupra tipologiei idiotului în literatură [Benjy’s Howl. Contributions on the typology of the idiot in literature]

Author(s): Alina Prelipcean / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2020

With his innovative spirit, daring to the point of risk, including that of a self-mannerism, Călin-Horia Bârleanu, an academic from the University of Suceava tries, through his excellent study Strigătul lui Benjy. Contribuţii asupra tipologiei idiotului în literatură [Benjy’s Howl. Contributions on the typology of the idiot in literature], an ontological decipherment, i.e. from the perspective of the “speculative theories about the ultimate essences or principles of all things” (MDA, 2010), which would premeditatedly avoid the “harmony of words, so deceptive and by which the trust, as a form of faith, has been emptied of any content”(p. 344), of “the typology of the patient with diminished mental capacity, real and equally projected on him” (p. 204), starting from and analyzing Faulkner's novel The Sound and the Fury, in which the typological character “is, among the resonant forms of the archetype, an entity as palpable as the fear of the dark or the obsessive «devouring jaws», because it represents and it is described by the American writer as a unique form of manifestation and communication”(p. 344), following “the unique typology of Benjy’s projections” especially “through the psychoanalytic lens or the Jungian psychology”(p. 78).

TEACHING SPANISH PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS TO ROMANIAN LEARNERS: DIDACTIC CHALLENGES

Author(s): Marius Rădoi / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2021

The aim of this paper is to provide a general overview of the most relevant empirical works in recent years focused on contrastive and applied phraseology to didactics of Spanish as a foreign language in both international and Romanian fields. We reflect on controversial issues such as the appropriate level for introducing the idiomatic component in the classroom, the creation and organization of a phraseological database, the relevant criteria for developing materials and the typology of activities. Moreover, we analyze the role of lexicographic sources and the theories of curricular documents, aiming to provide general methodological considerations with educational implication.

INTEGRATION OF FUTURE ECONOMISTS IN THE LABOR MARKET THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE PROFESSION OF ECONOMIST

Author(s): Alina Somitca,Sorin Somitca / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2021

The professions in the economic field, especially accounting, belong to an area where most of the activities are suitable for digitalization, and more and more companies are interested to move towards efficiency in this segment in order to benefit by reducing the costs for obtaining the highest possible performance. The special current context, namely the health crisis caused by the Covid pandemic transformed immediately afterwards into a global economic crisis, has attracted countless restrictions on population movement while social distancing has led the business and political environment to put a special emphasis on digitalization. In is well known and no longer stranger for anyone that repetitive actions in a company should be replaced by automated processes, so as to reduce the inevitable human errors, but also to make the activity as efficient as possible. The use of technology and digitalization does not mean that the professions of economists, accounting experts, will disappear and be replaced by technology. On the contrary, their role will be transformed into the voice of experts who makes checks and gives advice to entrepreneurs, an expert who will be relieved by technology of repetitive tasks.Digitization will lead to major changes so that the activities carried out by professionals in the economic field will be interdependent with the use of sophisticated computer systems and artificial intelligence to analyze, report and develop the desired results. The need for digital skills for students with economic profile is essential for their integration into the labor market.

PSYCHOPEDAGOGICAL INTERVENTION ON PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS SUBJECT TO PHYSICAL ABUSE

Author(s): Gabriela Balan / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2021

A novelty of this research is the study of early childhood abuse. The fight to eliminate physical abuse in the school environment must start from the first level of placing the child in this environment, respectively from the young school age. The important scientific problem solved lies in the change of the attitude of the parents and teachers towards the physically abused child, but also in the establishment of the psychotherapeutic methods of working with them. The causes of physical abuse are numerous because abuse is a complex phenomenon, and the literature mainly reveals the abnormal behaviors of parents, poor parent-child relationships and problematic families. Very often we meet children who belong to disorganized families and / or with a disadvantaged socio-economic level. Any attack on the child's health, physical abuse, regardless of its form, affects all areas of psychological functioning of the child (intellectual, emotional, volitional, interpersonal), not only causes physical damage, but also negatively affects the child's overall development, his relationships with other people, school performance.

THE CONCEPT OF JUSTICE IN REFERENCE WITH PHILOSOPHIES OF PLATO AND ARISTOTLE: A CRITICAL STUDY

Author(s): Sooraj Kumar Maurya / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

The concept of justice has been a constant issue since its conception. The Greeks also attempted to define justice. They have observed justice as goodness in deeds and so a virtue. In the Greek mind, fairness was an attribute of the spirit or soul, while injustice was a sin. Both Plato and Aristotle defined justice as kindness as well as a desire to follow the law. It alluded to the connection between rights and duties. In human interactions, justice was the pinnacle of excellence and the attitude that animates folks in the right fulfillment of their responsibilities. The development of harmony and peace in thinking and conduct was pre-eminently social. In the same way, Aristotle's and Plato's fairness are complementary; both philosophers seek to discover a concept of ability by which unity, harmony, virtue, and pleasure may be produced in a community. Despite this shared agreement, they are fundamentally different in many ways. In this paper, an attempt has been made by the author to discuss the similarities and dissimilarities in theories of justice propounded by Plato and Aristotle.

The Baptism of Relics of Oleg and Yaropolk: Ethical, Theological and Political Aspects

Author(s): Roman Dodonov,Vira Dodonova,Oleksandr Konotopenko / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

A stereoscopic view on a particular historical event, in which contemporary assessments are combined with mental stereotypes of a medieval man, allows a slightly different assessment of the chronicle plot about the posthumous “baptism of bones” of Oleg and Yaropolk, Princes of Kyivan Rus, in 1044. While from theological positions it is perceived as an absurdity and a direct violation of the rules of the church, in the Middle Ages this act did not contradict the mass religious beliefs. From an ethical point of view, the action of Yaroslav the Wise was regarded as concern for the souls of the ancestors who died pagans and therefore did not claim for the salvation. The soteriological optimism that prevailed in the eleventh century in countries of the late Christianization, including Kyivan Rus, gave hope that living people were able to influence the fate of the souls of the dead. From a political point of view, the baptism of the ashes of the ancestors and their reburial in the family tomb of the Princes of Kyiv in the Church of the Tithes was aimed at expanding the circle of heavenly patrons and protectors of the princely dynasty, expanding the period of the Christian history of Kyivan Rus, and, as a result, legitimizing the power of Yaroslav the Wise.

ЕКОФЕМИНИЗАМ И ЕТИКА

Author(s): Danica B. Milošević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 72/2020

Inclined towards consumerism, modern patriarchal society suffers from denaturalisation which reflects itself through the processes of natural oppression and animal exploitation. Logic of domination upon which patriarchy acts and by which it imposes a superior attitude over nature and nonhuman species, destroys internal values that animals and nature possess, which are not recognized at the capitalist stage where value is regarded through the prism of instrumentalism. This paper aims to disclose the opposite practice which employs the ethics of care and partnership with nature and its elements, through the postulates of ecofeminism oriented towards the life-affirming principle, not the destructive force that patriarchy is prone to. By analysing different ecofeminist approaches, this paper reveals the importance of nature and animals as a unique potential and subjectivity, with a right to freedom and existence. In view of maintaining biodiversity, the animal is redefined from the absent referent, that is, inferior and subdued phenomenon endangered by the masculine hegemony, into a siginificant constituent of human reality by introducing the language of empathy and moral responsibility with the capacity to build a close relationship with the environment from the angle of ecofeminism. It is important to develop ecological consciousness, and accept the time flow needed for renewal of nature, by understanding the importance of the natural surroundings in which man is only a small particle. In such a language, the culture of meat eating has an alternative in the form of vegeterianism, whereas animal and nature become part of moral community, so that hunting, and laboratory exploitation of animals, as well as the use of natural resources are reduced to necessity, not the indispensable. Meat consumption is an attack on animals and an act of support to consumer culture, whereas the refusal of meat is an act of defiance to patriarchal power in the contex of ethics towards nature and its living beings.A conclusion is reached through argumentation that ecofeminism sees the practice ofanimal killing as justified only in special/extreme cases, that is, in situations when it is necessary to save human lives, or when the terrain does not offer other options for human diet. On the other hand, the exclusion of animals from laboratory practices is considered desirable for two reasons: firstly, because animals can feel pain due to their neural structures in the brain, and secondly, because there is no guarantee that a good effect of research on animals will give good results in humans. Following Ynestra King who claims that there is no hierarchy in nature, and that man is not imposed as a superior being over other species by any laws of nature, a conclusion is reached that man has no right as a rational and conscious being with a highly de- veloped system of communication to use that position as an argument or an excuse for demonstrating his agression towards animals which have an equal right to live and be free. The system of nature is declared a sacred space in the value system of ecofeminism in which the life of each individual being is invaluable. Man as a spe- cies has the greatest impact on nature, environment and diversity and, at the same time, he is the only one who can assist nature in the act of renewal, by limiting his appetites so as to sustain the world of nature, including animals as valuable species in it. Protection of animals is; therefore, needed in all segments – they should not be regarded as guinea pigs, meat or trophies, but looked upon as specific beings with their needs and instincts.

CORRELATION AND IMPLICATIONS RELATING TO PROVISIONS AND IDENTIFICATION OF RISKS WHICH DETERMINE THEIR CONSTITUTION

Author(s): NICORICI Rares Cosmin / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2019

In order to optimize costs and ensure the sustainability of businesses less affected by the COVID pandemic crisis 19, the restructuring of activities in accordance with the provisions of IAS 37 - Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets may be a viable solution. In this context, this article aims to provide the necessary clarifications in order to provide a basis for assessing the appropriate recognition criteria applied to provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets, to ensure full information support in the explanatory notes to the financial statements, necessary for users. accounting information in substantiating decisions. The results of the present study emphasize that, now more than ever, in a pandemic context, professional judgment is crucial in determining when the conditions for recognizing a provision in the financial statements are met and in accounting for amounts that can be recognized as part of this. provision, in accordance with IAS 37. We believe that this study can be particularly useful, in this pandemic context, to professional accountants engaged in financial reporting work, but also to regulatory bodies that can provide solutions to revise this standard.