Around the Bloc: Around the Bloc - Minister’s Resignation Casts Light on Albania’s Politics/Crime Connection
Fatmir Xhafaj becomes the second interior minister to lose his job this year amid allegations of ties to organized crime.
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Fatmir Xhafaj becomes the second interior minister to lose his job this year amid allegations of ties to organized crime.
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Nowadays football hooliganism is a mass phenomenon which attracts attention of the society, and its aggressiveness especially in public assaults poses a challenge to the society. According to the law a football-related offence is an act in which the offender behaves intentionally in order to disturb public security and safety or to steal or destroy somebody’s property, also it is an action with no reason or insignificant reason, with no respect for basic legal principles. Football banning order both with personal and obligatory appearance at a proper police station during the football game is one of many measures taken to stop hooligans from public disorder acts. One of the measures is an entry ban to mass events combined with the need to appear in person at a police station suitable for the place of living of the punished person. Individualization rule is to choose events for which the above is relevant.
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Le droit pénal présente un des moyens de l'éloignement des procédés qu'on considère nuisibles et c'est aussi le moyen de la réalisation de certains changements dans l'économie. Mais puisque la libéralisation dams l'économie exige une initiative persomnalle, il peut arriver que le droit pénal, par ses suppressions entrave l'initiative. C'est pourquoi -dans la législation pénale il faut transcrire les changements correspondants qui commenceront déjà chez la détermination du sujet de la fonction protectrice de la législation pénale yougoslave. Le fractionnement présente de la législation pénale dams notre pays ne favorise pas l'économie libéralisée ni la liaison économique. On ne peut pas exposer dans cet article tous les accomodiements de la législation pénale qui seraient nécessaires pour l'économie libéralisée et on ne parlera que des actes pénaux qui sont dans la liaison la plus proche avec le procès de la libéralisation de l'économie. En général ce sont les acts pénaux: économiques politiques, actes des biens et actes officiels pénaux. Les actes pénaux économiques sont ces actes dont l'objet d'attaque est le système économique et ils sont commis dans l'administration économique. Les réparation des incriminations économiques existantes doivent être exécutées de telle meulière de répondre au nouveau système de l'activité du marché et à légalité de droits de la forme de la propriété. Dans cet article on fait l'analyse des actes pénaux économiques du chapitre XVIII de la Loi pénale de la RSF de Yougoslavie et du chapitre XV de la Loi pénal de la République Serbie. On a conclue que certains de ces actes doivent rester actes pénaux mais au lieu de se trouver parmi les actes pénaux contre l'éoonomie il faut leur trouver une autre place dans le système (par example: vol de forêt). Les autres actes des chapitres cités restent comme économiques mais contre les corrections correspondantes. Il faut examiner aussi le besoin de nouvelles incriminations (par ex. dans le domain de le criminalité d'ordinateur, des cartes de crédit et électroniques, lavage d'argent, etc.).
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No access to mass events is one way of penalty, which was introduced into the Penal Code on 20 March 2009 The addition of this provision was a response to the legislature on the developing phenomenon of crime perpetrated mass events, including the football matches. The addition of this agent to a directory of criminal matters Article. 39 k.k. is subject to a large extent, the determinants of the social system. Mass events, by their very nature, are characterized by a cluster of large numbers of people in a particular place. These events are usually available to a wider group of people, including for those who treat these clusters as an opportunity to commit crimes. To prevent a situation in which the process of committing offenses during mass events, the legislature introduced by allowing the courts bans entrance to mass events, thereby reducing the risk of such events in the course of events which may affect their safety. This measure was subject to criminal public discussion, mainly because of the effectiveness of its use in practice. The provisions concerning the prohibition of admission to public events because of the inadequacy of legislation introduced and existing loopholes (such as inability to enforce the ban on use of the predicate) has been revised in 2010 in the run-up in our country, a large mass event, which will be the European Championships in football in 2012, will be the subject of an analysis of de lege lata and de lege ferenda.
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Dans son expension, la droque naturelle et synthétique prend une marque de plus en plus épidémique et s'étend sur l'humanité tout entière.La drogue est suivie d'une nouvelle philosophie qui gagne un nombre de plus en plus considérable d'adhérents parmi les personnes d'un caractère émotionnel et social complément indéveloppé, personnes que la drogue aide à contenter leurs besoins infantiles ou à calmer leurs anxiétés et leurs incertitudes.La narcomanie, étant un phénomène socio-pathologique, a également des effets négatifs sur le plan social, en tant qu'elle viole les normes du comportement social, et favorise le comportement criminel.L'activité criminelle des narcomans. montre des caractéristiques déterminées et des spécificités propres à la population des narcomanes, ce qui permet de parler de la criminalité narcomanique. En réalité, cette criminalité narcomanique est la conséquence de la dépendance toujours présente de la drogue et celle du besoin d'en prendre et de la posséder.Etant donné que la drogue agit comme chaque matière intoxicante sur le système nerveux et que, lors de cette action, il arrive des troubles psycho-patholo¬giques, il en résulte le besoin d'examiner la responsabilité et la capacité de travail du narcomane.La responsabilité et la capacité de travail, ainsi que la capacité professionnelle du narcomane dépendent non seulement de la structure même de la personne en question, et de la drogue que cette personne consomme, mais aussi de la phase dans laquelle se trouve le malade, au moment où il a commis l'acte criminel ou qu'il a entrepris son acte juridique.
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The causes of juvenile delinquency as well as the insufficient effectiveness of punishment against them require serious efforts to rethink and overcome as far as possible these problems. The right approach to adolescent perpetrators is the application of alternative methods to punishment and means of action aimed at correcting their behavior and re-education.
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In order to achieve greater efficiency in the re-education and re-socialization of juvenile offenders who have been convicted of crimes committed, it is necessary to improve the model of execution of the punishment. In this respect, the experience of other countries which have long introduced such mechanisms in their legislation is particularly useful.
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The article is examining the conception “freedom of contract”. On the base of the development of the legal theory and court practice are analyzed legal nature of the freedom of contract as a civil and trade law principle. Also are examined the limitations of that freedom, which are provided in current litigation, as well as some peculiarities of these limitations.
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The study deals with the issue of the admissibility of production, distribution and use of sex robots equipped with artificial intelligence, capable of expressing personality. The greatest controversy concerns the possibility of simulating a rape on a woman-robot and undertaking sexual activities with dolls that look like children. The author cited the thesis indicating legitimacy of both the limitation and full admission of said objects for sale and use. The analysis concerned not only ethical but also psychological, social and legal arguments. // Opracowanie dotyczy problematyki dopuszczalności produkcji, dystrybucji i używania seksrobotów wyposażonych w sztuczną inteligencję, zdolnych do ekspresji osobowości. Największe kontrowersje dotyczą możliwości symulacji gwałtu na kobiecie-robocie oraz podejmowania czynności seksualnych z lalkami wyglądającymi jak dzieci. Autorka przytacza tezy wskazujące zarówno na słuszność ograniczenia, jak i pełnego dopuszczenia rzeczonych przedmiotów do sprzedaży i używania. Analiza dotyczy nie tylko argumentów etycznych, ale również psychologicznych, społecznych i prawniczych.
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This text is about the child’s right to determine its genetic origin in the field of establishing motherhood, also in relation to the problem of medically assisted procreation techniques and the so-called ‘surrogate motherhood’. Undertaking this subject is an answer to faster-growing science and medicine. It is also an attempt to compare legal provisions with the views of representatives of the doctrine as well as everyday life in relation to the right to determine origins. // W tekście zajęto się problematyką dotyczącą prawa dziecka do określenia jego pochodzenia genetycznego w zakresie ustalenia macierzyństwa, również w odniesieniu do problemu technik medycznie wspomaganej prokreacji oraz tzw. macierzyństwa zastępczego. Podjęcie niniejszej tematyki stanowi odpowiedź na pytania stawiane wobec coraz szybciej rozwijającej się nauki i medycyny. Artykuł jest także próbą zestawienia przepisów prawa z poglądami przedstawicieli doktryny oraz z codzienną praktyką w odniesieniu do prawa do ustalenia pochodzenia.
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Abstract. Kazimierz Dąbrowski’s theory of positive disintegration is a quite complex theoretical concept which can be characterized as a scientific model. Its analysis can provide us with an interesting look into extremely diverse topics, for example into a question of resocialisation of criminals committing sexual crimes. The aim of this article was the description of the presented theory and its potential usage in the practical issue of penalisation and resocialisation of criminals committing sexual crimes. Conclusions were drawn on both legal and political surfaces. // Teoria dezintegracji pozytywnej Kazimierza Dąbrowskiego jest dość złożoną koncepcją teoretyczną o charakterze modelu naukowego. Jej analiza może dać ciekawy wgląd w różnoraką problematykę, na przykład w kwestię resocjalizacji sprawców przestępstw seksualnych. Celem artykułu jest opisanie samej teorii oraz zastosowanie jej zasad do praktycznego zagadnienia penalizacji i resocjalizacji sprawców. Wnioski obejmują zarówno sferę zagadnień prawnych, jak i politycznych.
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The subject of this article was issuing ‘empty’ invoices, including first and foremost explanation what should be understood under this concept in the jurisprudence of Polish Courts as well as the Tribunal of Justice. Moreover, the subject of consideration covered tax effects concerning the possibility of deducting the sum indicated on the invoice by the recipient of the invoice as well as those for the invoice issuer resulting from article 108 of the act of tax on goods and services. Due to the fact that the legal qualification of these events is not uniformly recognized in jurisprudence and in the doctrine, it has become indispensable to present views in this respect. // Tematem artykułu jest proceder wystawiania tzw. pustych faktur, a przede wszystkim wyjaśnienie, co należy rozumieć pod tym pojęciem w orzecznictwie sądów polskich oraz Trybunału Sprawiedliwości. Ponadto przedmiotem rozważań objęte zostały skutki podatkowe dotyczące możliwości odliczenia kwoty wskazanej na fakturze przez otrzymującego fakturę oraz wynikające z art. 108 ustawy o podatku od towarów i usług dla wystawiającego fakturę. Ponieważ kwalifikacja prawna tych zdarzeń nie jest jednolicie ujmowana w orzecznictwie sądowym oraz w doktrynie, niezbędne stało się także przedstawienie poglądów w tym zakresie.
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1. Introduction. 2. Main features of the Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana and Emperor Joseph II’s Code of Criminal Procedure. 3. Significant modifications of the inquisition process in the Code. 3.1. Processing the proofs. 3.2. Position of the defendant. 3.3. The sentence and appellation procedure. 4. Closing remarks.
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This article concisely presents the question of cultural evidence and the way it is conducted on the basis of judicial proceedings. It also highlights the distinction in the manner cultural evidence is considered on the basis of common and continental law. The author assumes that modern society is a multicultural society. It is a society in which role models and patterns of conduct are only created within the contact and conflict of different cultures. Solutions proposed in the article refer to the cases based on the cultural defense, where the culture is treated as a factor determining the actions of individuals. Cultural evidence has to be – in the authors’ opinion – a mean to demonstrate the clearance of the individual to take action subjected to the proceeding. Hence, the author outlines the procedure in case of the necessity of conducting such evidence.
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1. Introduction. 2. Decree on the protection of the State. 3. Decree of 16th of November 1945 on crimes especially dangerous in the period of rebuilding the State. 4. Decree of 13th June 1946 on crimes especially dangerous in the period of rebuilding the State (Small Criminal Code). 5. The crime of gossip in the Small Criminal Code. 6. The verdicts of the Regional Court in Kraków, concerning the crime described in Art. 22 of the Small Criminal Code. 7. Conclusion
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Detection of bribery cases is very hard in practice, as all parties suspected to be involved in the process are not incentivized to cooperate with law enforcement authorities. Most legal systems treat bribe-giving and bribe-taking as symmetric and interdependent criminal actions, thus making whistle-blowing on corrupt officials much harder. This paper investigates the effects of different punishment systems on deterring bribery. The overall aim is two-fold: the first is to outline the differences between the symmetric and asymmetric punishment systems and to explore the impact of legal liability of parties engaging in collusive bribery; the second is to propose a theoretical approach to deterring collusive bribery labeled as “facilitated asymmetric liability model”.
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