We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Professors Krystyna Pietrych and Jacek Brzozowski talk to Professor Helena Karwacka about the Polish and library studies in Krakow, her cooperation with prominent figures of Polish history of literature, and the cultural life in the post-war Łódź.
More...
The study presents the analysis of the financial costs of commuting by car to Warsaw and the voivodeship cities in2012. The elements which were analysed: the costs of fuel, the cost of the time equivalent and the motorway tolls. In the caseof estimation of time and construction of isochrones, the model of velocity of motion was used. The range of commuting interms of economic costs was differentiated by the level of remuneration in each city. The results of economic diversificationwere reported using isodapane method (a line of equal costs) in several variants. The studies showed a large differentiation inthe economic accessibility and a negative impact of motorway tolls, estimated at 70% of the costs incurred on the road and onan annual basis of 122 million PLN (at the same speed conditions). The article also calls for an increase in the interest of researchin economic accessibility, argued for the need to optimize transport services in the light of the progressive deconcentration ofsettlements and the depopulation challenges
More...
The aim of the study was to analyse the operation of passenger railway stations and station buildings in Poland, aswell as the changes that occurred in connection with investments in infrastructure. The studies covered active passenger andrailway stations as listed in the train timetable 2016/2017 and included comparison to the timetable 2009/2010. Two researchquestions were asked: about the layout of passenger stations and active railway stations in Poland and about the impactof investments in railway infrastructure carried out in the years 2010-2016 on the number of passenger stations and on thecondition of railway stations.In 2017 there were 2497 active passenger stations, located in 2063 localities. An average density of passenger stations inPoland was 0.80 station per 100 km2 and 0.65 station per 10,000 residents. At 622 passenger stations there were active stationbuildings, i.e. open for travellers. On many station buildings the scope of service for travellers was limited to a waiting room.As a result of investments carried out in the years 2010-2016, about 100 railway stations were modernised and several morewere renovated. Moreover, about 50 new passenger stations were built. During that time, several processes were taking placesimultaneously: closing passenger stations, reducing their operation to weekend or seasonal traffic, and opening new andpreviously closed passenger stations.
More...
The article covers the problem of the accessibility of temporary services to the public on foot and using publictransport in Gdynia. The publication emphasizes the indication vary in accessibility of different services in a medium-sizedcity that has a specific layout of streets and population distribution. The specific placement of residents corresponds to thedistribution of selected services (will train, primary schools, secondary schools - gymnasium, high schools, hospitals, officesNFZ, pharmacies). All of these services according to the theory of location always are located near large urban populationcentres. Location decisions are taken in relation to a specific, existing system, economic and spatial. This results in consequencesfor efforts to optimize the deployment of services. In a review of English literature there are many publications on the impactof public transport change accessibility. Article thus aims to enrich the literature of another development related to the publictransport accessibility in Poland. The study used data from the location selected services and original model of public transportin Gdynia. Key findings from the study suggest that: (1) reduction of travel time where most people reside are between 10 and15 min ride public transport services, (2) within 30 minutes isochrones services in Gdynia live 211 thousand people, it is 85percent of the inhabitants of Gdynia.
More...
Multi-airport systems work as the competition for aerotropolis concept as the solution for organizing aviation nodesfor great cities. As a part of the paper Author identified multi-airport systems in the world. Features of their location andthe results of development paths analysis are presented. Author took under consideration primary functions of objects thatbuild such system with their further transition. This approach gave the possibility to outline multi-airport systems genesisand differentiation. Paper is finished with the attempt to evaluate the advantages of multi-airport systems compared to theaerotropolis concept.
More...
The analysis was concerning the number of trains per day on particular sections of railway lines, timing availabilityof regional trains departing from Szczecin and the quantity of passengers, whitch had been transported in the year of 2014.Transport accessibility by the regional trains during the period of study has significantly improved in terms of travel time,number of connections and quality of rolling stock. The analysis of passengers stream shows that regional rail traffic isconcentrated around the city of Szczecin and in the minor amount around the city of Koszalin. Changes in regional railwaytransport in the voivodeship were consistent, that is: rolling stock and modernization of routes had influenced on the positivechange in the functioning of public transport in the region. In the year of 2015, West Pomeranian regional rail transport wasone of the best performing in Poland.
More...
Czech-polish borderland is characterised by high railway transport development. But there are significant differences,which affect on disproportions between two regions. Border regions show similar demographic and economic potential.In paper will be made analysis of railway transport services between municpilaties headquaters; researches are based onpotential model, efficiency indicator and analysis of railway transport offer. Also will be made attempt to compare level ofdevelopment in local and regional scale. Transformation in Poland cause significant decrease of regional railway importance. InCzech Repubic local railways are essential component of transit system. In paper will be show biggest disproportions in transitdevelopment.
More...
Introduction. The article presents the results of research devoted to the study of the spatial interaction of small mammals and red wood ants as species with overlapping ecological niches. The aim of the research is to study the influence of ants Formica aquilonia Yarr. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) on the spatial structure of Micromammalia populations in mixed forest. Materials and Methods. The research involved trapping of mammals, which was carried out by means of Gero traps. Geobotanical descriptions were made according to standard methods using areas 20 × 20 m; the package Statistica 6.0 was used for processing of results. Results. It is revealed that mouselike rodents follow anttrails despite the disturbance factor caused by ants. It is presumably due to vegetation in the immediate vicinity of anthills, and the conditions created by the plants. The obtained results enable the authors to conclude that there are two groups of small mammals with different ecological strategies: mammals inhabiting areas near ant-trails and anthills, and socalled "careful" ones, which settle over a distance. The "core" of the both groups probably includes dominant species, such as the bank vole Cletrionomys glareolus and the Pygmy field mouse Apodemus uralensis. The results of the study did not show that mammals, inhabiting areas near ant-trails and anthills, were attracted by species Formica aquilonia on trophic level. The study did not find the evidence of using ants as a food resource. Conclusions. The interaction of small mammals and ants in the mixed forests of the Volga Upland is, apparently, mediated by the influence of vegetation.
More...
Considering the fact that butterflies are exceptionally diverse and significant swarm of insects, very little research is done in Tuzla and surrounding areas. So, the main aim of this research is to establish diversity, abundance as well as population dynamics of species of the family Nymphalidae. During the research which include period from May to October, 2012 we have obtained results that the family Nymphalidae is the most represented with 17 recorded species in Tuzla and surrounding areas. Maniola Jurtina isthe most represented species, whereas the other species like: Melitaea didyma, Apaturairis, Pararge aegeria, Lasiommata maera, Aphantopus hyperantus i Brintesia Circe are the least represented. So far as population dynamics of species of the family Nymphalidae is concerned, we have examined the density of population where are noticed remarkable fluctuations in different periods of spring and summer in 2012. So, taking into consideration the methods that have been used during the research, we can ascertain that they are the most important indicators of ecological state of an area and at the same time they represent the most interesting swarm of insects that can be examined in a certain area.
More...
Introduction. Permanent increase of toxic substances in water in sublethal concentrations for hydrobionts for a long time can remain undetected by the nature protection services. It neg-atively affects the condition of aquatic biological resources. Despite the fact, that lead is a typi-cal thiol poison, pathogenetic mechanisms of the toxic effect of this metal had been described in a fragmentary manner only and require the molecular genetic, cellular and tissue levels study. The aim of the research is to study the peculiarities of organisation of the Siberian sturgeon’s stomach and spiral intestine during the experimental modeling of chronic intoxication by lead acetate. Materials and Methods. The object of research was the stomach and spiral intestine of the Siberian sturgeon. All samples were fixed in a 10 per cent formalin solution and carried out ac-cording to a standard procedure. The preparations were stained by Böhmer's hematoxylin and eosin. The total acidic glycosaminoglycans were detected by the Stidman method. Collagen dis-tribution in tissues of the stomach and spiral intestine was determined by the Mallory method. Histological specimens were examined in transmitted light using the microscope Axio Im-ager.M2 (CARL ZEISS, Germany). Results. The Results of the study showed that during the experimental modeling of chronic intoxication by lead acetate, the stomach and spiral intestine are characterized by a differential level of disruption of their structural and functional organization. Conclusions. From the point of view of fundamental biology the authors note, that study-ing the peculiarities of organisation of the Siberian sturgeon digestive organs using experi-mental modeling during the process of chronic intoxication by lead acetate allows to clarify the ideas about pathogenetic mechanisms of poisoning and diseases of chemical etiology. This pro-vides a special view on the problem of controlling the detoxification processes in fish.
More...
According to the 2011 Census, Vojvodina has the population of 1,931,809 which is by 100,183 less than in 2002. Vojvodina has fewer inhabitants today than in 1971. This decrease in number of inhabitants, according to the latest census, occurred in all municipalities except in the City of Novi Sad, where the population annually increased by 4,703.The main objective of this paper was to analyze the movement of population between two censuses, focusing on the specifics of population movements in certain areas of Vojvodina. First of all, the area of the North Banat should be pointed out because there the population has been steadily declining since 1961. On the other hand, the South Bačka area records a steady increase in population in the period from the World War Two to the present, mainly due to the mechanical movement or immigration to the center of this area – the City of Novi Sad.In addition to the population decline, the population of Vojvodina is characterized by higher average age. The last census showed that the population of all municipalities was, on average, older than 40, except in the municipality of Žabalj (39.7) and the City of Novi Sad (40.0).Analysis of the data has shown that the trend of the population decline in Vojvodina, caused by very high mortality rates and low birth rates, continues and that the age structure of population is becoming less favorable.
More...
This paper analyses the differential mortality in Vojvodina according to the economic activity and occupations of the population. The analysis covers the period from 1971 to 2011. The aim of the research is to determine the influence of socio-economic factors on differences in the level of mortality among different population groups. In particular, the aim is to detect the impact of working conditions and manner of performing the job to the differences in the mortality of the population with different occupations. Also, the goal is to detect changes in differential mortality according to economic activity and occupations of the population during the analysed period.
More...
The efects of natural and socio-economical factors (political, demographic, cultural, social, etc) on the genesis and overal development of the Krupanj were significant in all historic eras, from the Antic times to the present day. During many centuries of Krupanj’s evolution, which had several stages of development: initial, early polifunctional, middle polifunctional, and contemporarry polifunctional, Krupanj changed his spatial, morpho-phisionomic, demographic, ethno-cultural, and functional features. In this paper, we analized some spatial structure changes of this town and tendences of development.
More...
The main feature of Croatian islands, in addition to their beautiful nature, is the fact that they are demographically and sociologically one of the most threatened areas affected by ageing. The ageing of the island population is the result of a long-term depopulation caused by the continuous emigration of the younger working-active population over the past hundred years, but also by the retirement return migration in the last thirty years. The most critical situation is on small islands where the majority of population is aged over 60 and this has a significant impact on all aspects of island life.The research conducted on small islands in the Šibenik archipelago in 2011 has shown that older people live alone, with no significant health problems limiting their daily activities, in their own households (homes), on modest pensions, and many of them supplement their income through agriculture. They very often financially help their children, who live mostly in nearby mainland cities. The necessity of self-reliance, due to the lack of younger generations, forces the inhabitants of Croatian island to lead an active life until their old age. Although they are no longer actively employed, they still continue to contribute significantly to the family and society through their involvement in various community activities.
More...
At the beginning of the observed period, the population dynamics in Eastern Herzegovina was characterized by stagnation, followed by the decrease of the total population, primarily due to traditionally present emigration, but also due to negative natural population growth. Birth rates decreasing processes, population ageing, and some other predominantly negative demographic processes have been reported for decades. This area has a low population density, while spatial distribution of the population is characterized by concentration in settlements which have the function of a municipal centre. Contemporary demographic indicators (of natural increase of population and migration) indicate further decrease in population of this region, especially of its rural parts. This is also shown by the previous 2013 Census data. Keeping in mind the current demographic indicators and characteristics of the population, side by side with weak economic development of this region, it may be expected that negative trends in population development will continue.
More...
In suburban zones of the largest urban agglomerations in Poland there are transport problems mainly trafficcongestion. These problems occurs due to uncontrolled forms of suburbanization observed in Poland in recent years. Chaos inspatial planning and dispersion of development means inefficiency public transport and dependence on individual transport.Counteracting these processes should be focused on limiting car movements needs and high level of public transportavailability. Railway transport play an important role in the context of daily commutings from suburban zone to city centre,because it is independent of congestion, environment friendly and has a high transport capacity. The purpose of this paperis to assess the integration between the development of residential housing and the railway infrastructure system on theexample of rural areas in the Wrocław suburban area. The research was based on three elements: comparison of the location ofthe railway station and mean centre of buildings, analyze the symmetry of the village based on share buildings on both sidesof the railway line and analyze share of buildings in the two zones of equal distance (buffers).
More...
The lengthy timespan of thirty years shall be a playground of many changes and variations in all spheres of social lifeand technical world. Public transportation is an integral part of both mentioned fields and co-operates with their changes. Theurban region of Brno, the second largest city in the Czech Republic, is the region with a strong core (city of Brno) and thus it isa rail hub as well. Since 1980, the whole urban region underwent several changes in an industrial structure (from industrializationand preference of heavy industries to de-industrialization and dominance of services), a social organization (transition fromindustrial to post-industrial patterns of life, from urbanization to suburbanization and subruralization), an arrangement of thesettlement system (from densely-populated estates on the edges of the city to suburbanization) and transportation patterns(moving from public transportation to individual road transportation). The aim of this paper is to provide an overview ofchanges in train public transportation in Brno urban region between 1980 and 2010. As a basis of the analysis, timetables of1980, 1990, 2000 and 2010 were taken. There have been analysed all stations with commuting time of passenger trains duringthe day less or equal 60 minutes. Results of timetable analysis are put into the context of other socio-economic terms. Themain outcomes show little changes in the length of transport time, in the distribution of trains during the day, in differencesbetween weekday (in this paper Wednesday) and weekend, in the usage of express trains and in train lines. The paper alsocompares conditions before and after establishing the Integrated Transport System in South Moravia Region in 2004.
More...
Contemporary airports transformed from branch points and transport nodes into multifunctional buesiness objects.They are the leading force behind the socio-economic potential of space management structures. Aviation has become thefocus of diffusion of trends in global technological, spatial and demographic development and the formation of new socioeconomicrelationships. As a place of intensified concentration of population flows and investment locations, they strengthenthe competitiveness of modern urbanized areas. Around modern airports are created “perimeter areas” of new usabilityof space. They are carriers of modern, focused development of modern urban and regional structures. The airport’s zones, onthe basis of feedback, reinforce the importance and development of airports. Airports are characterized by synergistic interdependenceof development and benefits. The aim of the study is to present the determinants, scope and effects of the influenceof the metropolitan function and the region-forming airports on the development of the airport-related area on theexample of the Gdansk airport.
More...
Transport systems occupy a significant place in every urban setting. Transport generates numerous negative impactsincluding air pollution, elevated temperatures, noise, decreased attractiveness, reduced safety, etc., which often extend beyondtransit corridors to affect residential areas. These negative impacts are particularly concentrated in cities, where they must bemitigated for the sake of improving residents’ quality of life. It is possible to counteract these negative impacts by using greeninfrastructure such as natural elements. For example, green space in transit corridors, green rail lines, and even green rooves onvehicles can serve a technical function and additionally have a positive impact on urban environments. This article focuses onthe possibilities for improving green infrastructure in order to minimize negative impacts which result from transport systemsin urban environments.
More...
This article discusses the modernization of Poland’s rail network in 2004-2016. The length of the railway network in the country is decreasing. There is a process of liquidation of lines and suspension of rail transport. Main railway lines are modernized in the country. Modernization consists of replacement of tracks, reconstruction of electrical traction and introduction of modern traffic control and signaling systems (ECTS). Reconstruction of railways of transit importance is included in the European rail system for passenger traffic (AGC) and goods (AGTC). Railway modernization projects are financed by European and national funds. The main sources of funding for transport investments are European funds such as Connecting Europe Facility (CEF), Operational Program Infrastructure and Environment (POIiŚ), Operational Program Eastern Poland (PO PW) and Regional Operational Programs (RPO).
More...
