За някои трудности, които срещат регионалните музеи при приложението на Закона за културното наследство

Author(s): Vanya Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Some of the individual aspects of the quoted problem have already been the topic of discussion in specialized publications after the adoption of the Cultural Heritage Act (CHA) and the ensuing secondary legislation (regulations, rules, classifier of basic museum occupations). They include articles, reviews or opinions (including online) along with a monograph devoted to the overall activity of regional historical museums in Bulgaria.The issues already outlined include the mechanisms of museums’ financing; a museum director’s nomination and possible dependences; in/adequate levels of competence of local authorities in the field of tangible and intangible cultural heritage; an absence of unified museum software and delaying digitalization of artefacts; an actually non-existent Register of artefacts that are national wealth.It is also possible to add: inadequate (or in fact missing) professional background of a large number of employees in the museums’ staff; absence of precise and more specific obligatory qualifications (theoretical education and practical skills) at the national level, in order to be appointed at the main positions in the museums; unjustifiably high or insufficiently clear criteria for inclusion in the various types of registers that should be established pursuant to the requirements of CHA, etc.

BERNARD GUI, UN INCHIZITOR DE GENIU?

Author(s): Mihai Floroaia / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Of the dozens of inquisitors that France had, the most illustrious image remained that of Bernard Gui (1261-1331), "a temperate, wise, modest, cultured man, a good speaker, deeply religious," according to the Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum. Born in 1261 in La Royère, he joined the monastic life and was converted to monasticism in 1275 at the Dominican Monastery of Limoges, where he found his resting place in 1331. Between 1280 and 1290 he studied in Provence. He took courses in logic and philosophy, after which he studied theology at the monastic schools of Montpellier and Toulouse. After completing his studies, he was appointed lecturer at the Limoges Monastery, then lecturer at Albi and Carcassonne. On August 4, 1302, Gui received the title of general preacher. At the age of 45 he was appointed inquisitor of Toulouse, a position he will hold for 17 years (1307-1323). As an inquisitor, he was very active. Historians who painted Bernard Gui's portrait insisted on his intellectual qualities. Sébastien Michaelis characterized him as "vir doctissimus", Jean-Jacques Percin emphasized his moral qualities as inquisitor „meritissimus” and bishop "dignissimus", and Jacques Echard saw him as "vir sua artate de republica litteraria ecclesiastica bene meritus". From the conclusions of his clergyman, Fr. Petrus Sicardi, it turns out that Bernard Gui had an exemplary life, fulfilling responsibly all the functions he held. He impressed with his oratorical and writing talent. In 1879, Léopold Deliste inventoried the works of Bernard Gui: The Practice of the Office Inquisitionis haereticae pravitatis (1324), A Brief History of Gaul, The Genealogy of the Kings of France and the Origin of This Kingdom, The Lives of some Bishops of the Holy Church of Toulouse, The Sentences of the Inquisition of Toulouse.

DMITRI ȘOSTAKOVICI ȘI CREAȚIA SA. PREZENTARE GENERALĂ

Author(s): Sebastian Vîrtosu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

According to the spirit of the age (zeitgeist) in the musical art of the twentieth century are shown the searches, the innovations brought and the constant struggle of the pioneers against the tradition of the old masters. Atonalism, for example, was promoted as a reaction to the tonal system considered obsolete, unable to satisfactorily reflect the new features of modern society. Serialism is, without a doubt, the most faithful expression or mirror of the industrialized, automated society, of the entry of machinery into people's lives, robotizing, and finally, dehumanizing the human being. Serialism, by the unchanging order of the string of notes in the musical composition, strongly suggests the inflexibility and automatism of the machines started with the industrial revolution. Dodecaphonism reflects the strong socialist and communist egalitarian movements. Just as all men were to be equal in rights, so the 12 notes in a range had an equal right to manifest themselves in full, and any of them could be the concluding center of a composition. There was no such thing as tonalism. If the center was, for example, the D major, the work could only be completed on the re note, not on any of the twelve notes. Slowly but surely, each new current will generate more and more ruptures, destroying the unity of tradition in smaller and smaller parts, thus reflecting the atomization of modern society, in hundreds and thousands of social groups, professional, cultural, or religious. From this perspective, we intend to present a brief summary of Dmitri Shostakovich's creation.

LITERATURA CA FORMĂ DE REZISTENȚĂ ÎN TIMPUL COMUNISMULUI – PROZA SCURTĂ A LUI ROMULUS RUSAN, CRITICĂ SOCIALĂ IRONICĂ ȘI PARODICĂ. STUDIUL DE CAZ – MODALITATE DE STIMULARE A INTERESULUI PENTRU LECTURĂ ȘI CONTEXTUALIZARE

Author(s): Rodica Ileana Stan (Olteanu Moldovan) / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The grade 12 study of the Romanian language and literature attempts the understanding of some literary and cultural periods through the succession and coexistence of twentieth century cultural currents. The post WWII period includes the study of literature during the communist period, opening the possibility of understanding both the pro-communism activist literature and the anti-totalitarian humanistic and cultural form of it as means of resistance. The option of studying the short prose of Romulus Rusan like "Time-Out" from "Provisory Causes" volume and "The Broom of Flowers" from "Dew and Frost" volume in parallel with other non-literary texts from 1980's official press using case studies method involves inter-disciplinary and trans-disciplinary activities that require the competences of contextualization of writings in their époque and the appropriate use of comprehensiveness and interpretation strategies. All these contribute to stimulating a creative and critical lecture.

BIBLIOGRAFIJA RADOVA AKADEMIKA BRANISLAVA ĐURĐEVA

Author(s): Vesna Mušeta-Aščerić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

1. Discussions, articles and contributions 2. Discussions at congresses, scientific meetings and conferences 3. Work on the publication of historical sources 4. Critiques and reviews

Cesty mimo mapu

Author(s): Daniela Kolenovská / Language(s): English,Czech Publication Year: 0

If at the end of the 20th century you wanted to know whether Moscow or the authentic extreme left had been more powerful in postwar Central Europe, you had to go to Russia. The promising partial opening of the Soviet archives began a trend and researchers let themselves be seduced by the vision of uncovering the secrets of Bolshevism’s success. The symbolic representation of this vision was an imaginary map of the blank spaces in Soviet history.

Aspecte din activitatea pastorală a mitropolitului Gurie Grosu al Basarabiei (1928-1936)

Author(s): Lucian Corduneanu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

This study covers the period of years 1928-1936, of the activity of Metropolitan Gurie of Bessarabia, under several aspects: pastoral, missionary, cultural, ecclesiastical, social and even political. Analysing the writings, speeches, sermons, documents signed by the great Bessarabian bishop within the church administration, we will see Gurie Grosu as a person deeply rooted in the realities of time, aware about the difficulties faced by his own believers, trying during his pastorate to respond and help them spiritually and materially in order to overcame the difficulties. As a pastor of souls, Bishop Gurie constantly emphasized in the holy services and speeches, the importance of living the authentic Christian life, keeping in touch with God and helping others. The church, in the opinion of the great metropolitan, provides support and blessing, confidence and strength in facing evil, despair and helplessness. By concrete social actions, Metropolitan Gurie permanently raised collections that he donated to needy people, important amounts of money to charities (it is known in detail the care he had for the Society of Disabled, Orphans and War Widows - I.O.V ) and many other deeds by which the Saviour’s command to do alms was materialized. During his pastorate, Bishop Gurie issued several circulars condemning societal vices (theft, alcoholism, deception), in which he demonstrated the harm these sins cause to Christians and society and the need to constantly fight against them. His pastoral activity included, also, visits to hospitals, orphanages, asylums, participation to conferences, meetings and discussions of several professional categories: physicians, psychologists, culture people etc. In the year 1928, the professional Congress of physicians held at Chisinau proposed as honorific president metropolitan Gurie, together with other personalities. But the metropolitan Gurie’s activity involved another important area, the cultural one. In his vision, raising the cultural level of the Bessarabian people involved a direct commitment on behalf of Bessarabian clergy and his own, personally. In this mean, he granted scholarships and amounts of money for the students and pupils with reduced material possibilities, he donated other important amounts for purchasing books to some educational institutions (especially those attached to churches) and for a better training of the clergy, he founded the Faculty of Theology from Chisinau in the year 1926, his merit in the establishment of this higher education institution, being indisputable.

Primul Arhieraticon românesc tipărit cu binecuvântarea Sfântului Sinod (1890)

Author(s): Iulian-Ciprian Rusu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Within the complex process of appearance, development and crystallization of the service book called Arhieraticon in Romanian, the role and importance of the 1890 edition is a fundamental one. In a period characterized by a great variety and diversity of liturgical practices determined by the influences coming, on the one hand from the Greeks, in Wallachia, and on the other hand from the Slavs, in Moldova, this edition is the expression of the unity and uniformity of service. At the same time, the lack of liturgical uniformity until1890 was also due to the subjective and discretionary character of the manuscripts of the Romanian Arhieraticon - the main form of existence of this service book in Romanian until then. First of all, the present study exposes the historical, religious and liturgical context of the 1890 edition of the Arhieraticon, dominated by events such as the Union of Romanian Principalities in 1859, the consecration of the Holy and Great Myrrh in 1882, and the autocephaly of the Romanian Orthodox Church in 1885. The process of writing and publishing the Arhieraticon of 1890 can be analysed in detail, thanks to the access to the Minutes of the Holy Synod, the spring session of 1890. These documents describe in great detail the discussions occasioned by the turmoil related to the conciliation of the two spheres of influence - Greek and Russian. The presentation of three models of the service for the bishop's ordination shows that the process of liturgical uniformity was at the beginning of the road. Also, the presence of a Typikon for the service of the hierarch at the end of the Arhieraticon, which contains the details related to the attire, attitude, place, and liturgical movements when concelebrating, shows the concern of the Holy Synod for achieving liturgical uniformity. Located at the intersection of two Orthodox worlds - Greek and Russian, the 1890edition of the Arhieraticon represents the expression of temperance, balance and moderation in the rigor of typiconal details. Subsequent editions continued and completed the process of crystallization and standardization of the liturgical practices of the bishop. This process is a living and dynamic one, the last printed edition of the Romanian Arhieraticon - Bucharest,2012, added new services of ordination and blessing: of the cantor (psaltes), of the church painter, of the acolyte (altar boy) etc.

Въздействие на данъците в условията на икономическа криза - макроикономически ефекти

Author(s): Svetlana Avrionova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

History has examples of problems in the functioning of the economy of various origins, which in the conditions of open economy in the modern world (and in the past by the trade routes), carry their negative consequences at regional and even global level. In these cases, government spendings in response to the crisisis are rising, and the state is fulfilling its function of stabilizing economic activity. At the beginning of 2022, in the conditions of the fading pandemic of COVID-19, a new situation of emergency arose (the war in Ukraine), whose negative effects on countries not only in the EU are already a fact. In the context of these realities, the aim of this report is to identify the regulatory function of taxation in the process of conducting tax policy in times of economic crisis through the study of world scientific knowledge. The study summarizes the view that the importance of taxes as an economic stimulant and stabilizer is ambiguous, but tax policy can be effectively implemented in the process of public finance management, and in particular in crisis situations.

Близкородствените бракове в творбите на Менандър

Author(s): Daniela Tosheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The subject of this paper is the close-kin marriages in Menander’s comedies. The normative preference for close-kin marriage was different in fourth-centry BC Athens from modern societies. However, incestuous relations between full-blood brother and sister pr parent and child were considered wrong, and were never comic material in Menander’s comedy, which was concerned with realities of everyday life. I examine the comic purpose of introducing close-kin marriages in New Comedy, and I try to give explination on the cultural attitude towards endogamy. In order to explain these issues, I classify the close-kin marriages in three groups: (1) Brother-sister marriage, (2) First cousins marriage, (3) Marriage of the epikleros.

За подредбата на релефите с арабската кампания на Тиглат-Паласар III. Проблеми и хипотези

Author(s): Kabalan Moukarzel / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The aim of the present paper is to review some problems of the arrangement of nine monuments – seven reliefs and two drawings, proposed in two previous studies on the issue. Most of the monuments were found by Layard in 1845 within remains of the Central Palace in Kalah (Nimrud), but not on their original position because the artifacts were dismantled in the Antiquity. The circumstances of the finding are described with contradictions in the primary documentation and later works of Layard, giving opportunity to different reconstructions of the whole composition with the Arab campaign. As result two hypotheses were proposed for resolving of the problem, the first one by Barnett and Falkner in 1962, and the second by Reade in 1968 and 1979. Both hypotheses are examined critically in relation to their main schemes and arguments used in favor of the positions expressed. The physical form and the scenes of the monuments allow a sure reconstruction for only a part of composition and the exact place of five artifacts (three reliefs and the both drawings) remains uncertain. Some general and particular observations on the problems and hypotheses on relief’s order are added in the conclusion. The discrepancies in the archaeological documentation, our insuffi-cient knowledge on the principles of arrangement of Assyrian historical relief, and the missing monuments put every hypothesis on the order of the artifacts under doubt. For the present, the best way supposed for ordering the reliefs remains the direct relation between their scenes and the written narrative of the royal inscriptions.

Триумфът на кръста над полумесеца, или Краят на арабското господство на Иберийския полуостров

Author(s): Ivona Karashtranova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The end of the Arab reign over the Iberian Peninsula also marks the end of one of the most colourful and beneficial periods during the Middle Ages, not only in Spain, but in the whole European continent. The powerful civilization center Al-Andalus, which was established by the Arabs, after a nearly eight-century long struggle finally kneels down before the Christian crown. The year is 1492, the place – Granada, the last Islamic fortress on the peninsula. The Christians, led by the Catholic Kings – a symbol of the unified royal power, managed to retrieve the lands that were enslaved by the Arab caliphate. What were the reasons and prerequisites for the successful Arab invasion and how did the Christians emerge triumphant are some of the questions that this article aims to answer.The end of the Arab reign over the Iberian Peninsula also marks the end of one of the most colourful and beneficial periods during the Middle Ages, not only in Spain, but in the whole European continent. The powerful civilization center Al-Andalus, which was established by the Arabs, after a nearly eight-century long struggle finally kneels down before the Christian crown. The year is 1492, the place – Granada, the last Islamic fortress on the peninsula. The Christians, led by the Catholic Kings – a symbol of the unified royal power, managed to retrieve the lands that were enslaved by the Arab caliphate. What were the reasons and prerequisites for the successful Arab invasion and how did the Christians emerge triumphant are some of the questions that this article aims to answer.

Дневникът на свещеноиконом Тодор Пенков (1878–1959) – един забравен разказ за „Св. Пантелеймон“ в старозагорското село Ягода

Author(s): Rumyana Lecheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The reason for the present study is a manuscript found by me in the Metropolis library of Stara Zagora – Diary of the priest Todor Penkov, a longtime eparchial adviser to the Metropolitan of Stara Zagora Pavel. The handwritten memories are titled “History of St. Panteleimon diocesan rest home in the village of Yagoda”. Father Todor is a contemporary of the Liberation, founder of the Union of the Priests (1903) and of the Union of Orthodox Brotherhood (1926), priest, teacher, journalist and Russian translator, as well as founder of the Bulgarian Red Cross in Stara Zagora. He became a widower very early and devoted himself to his service as an Orthodox priest to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. The manuscript contains direct observations, described perhaps with self-esteem, by the priest participating in the realization of this socially significant for its time project, but without any pretensions or pride. On the yellowed over the time pages we find accurate and precise documentary narrative that keeps the memory of the Orthodox clergy with pure thoughts and deeds, who were willing to give their personal funds for the work of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. He kept records of each campaign among the priests of the diocese, without missing anything, describing truthfully and objectively. The manuscript reveals to us a clergyman, a zealous and worthy servant of God, who is bearer of remarkable Christian morality and moral principles. The realization of the church project does not encounter any difficulties and the “Diocese Brotherhood Home“ opens its doors after only one year. Its construction is funded entirely by the donations gathered in the diocese. The main donors are the parish priests. The construction of the Orthodox Church “St. Panteleimon“ is result of a new donation campaign, in which all priests from the diocese participated and each of them donated 1000 leva. The diocesan brotherhood home became an important cultural and educational center in which dozens of priests and citizens of the diocese increased their education in courses. During the training, special attention is given to the work of priests for the foundation of the Orthodox fraternities in the parishes, as well as to the organization of public places for religious and economic events in rural parishes. Father Todor’s diary shows that the system of self-financing and mutual assistance of church initiatives, imposed for the first time by the Metropolitan of Stara Zagora Methodius, proves its great vitality and economic prosperity in the realization of the project for the creation of the Eparchial Brotherhood in the village of Yagoda. In just two decades the church premises became a place for education and training of priests, but also a home that created fraternal friendships and mutual help. This is a good and successful example that awaits its followers nowadays.The reason for the present study is a manuscript found by me in the Metropolis library of Stara Zagora – Diary of the priest Todor Penkov, a longtime eparchial adviser to the Metropolitan of Stara Zagora Pavel. The handwritten memories are titled “History of St. Panteleimon diocesan rest home in the village of Yagoda”. Father Todor is a contemporary of the Liberation, founder of the Union of the Priests (1903) and of the Union of Orthodox Brotherhood (1926), priest, teacher, journalist and Russian translator, as well as founder of the Bulgarian Red Cross in Stara Zagora. He became a widower very early and devoted himself to his service as an Orthodox priest to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. The manuscript contains direct observations, described perhaps with self-esteem, by the priest participating in the realization of this socially significant for its time project, but without any pretensions or pride. On the yellowed over the time pages we find accurate and precise documentary narrative that keeps the memory of the Orthodox clergy with pure thoughts and deeds, who were willing to give their personal funds for the work of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. He kept records of each campaign among the priests of the diocese, without missing anything, describing truthfully and objectively. The manuscript reveals to us a clergyman, a zealous and worthy servant of God, who is bearer of remarkable Christian morality and moral principles. The realization of the church project does not encounter any difficulties and the “Diocese Brotherhood Home“ opens its doors after only one year. Its construction is funded entirely by the donations gathered in the diocese. The main donors are the parish priests. The construction of the Orthodox Church “St. Panteleimon“ is result of a new donation campaign, in which all priests from the diocese participated and each of them donated 1000 leva. The diocesan brotherhood home became an important cultural and educational center in which dozens of priests and citizens of the diocese increased their education in courses. During the training, special attention is given to the work of priests for the foundation of the Orthodox fraternities in the parishes, as well as to the organization of public places for religious and economic events in rural parishes. Father Todor’s diary shows that the system of self-financing and mutual assistance of church initiatives, imposed for the first time by the Metropolitan of Stara Zagora Methodius, proves its great vitality and economic prosperity in the realization of the project for the creation of the Eparchial Brotherhood in the village of Yagoda. In just two decades the church premises became a place for education and training of priests, but also a home that created fraternal friendships and mutual help. This is a good and successful example that awaits its followers nowadays.

Сикофантите в Древна Атина – възникване и развитие на термина

Author(s): Stela Moneva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In this research work, attention is paid to the unattractive term „sycophant“. The root of the work „fig“ is taken as a starting point in the study. Initially, this noun connected the term with the primitive agricultural cults and the rites of fertilization. The solving of the set out task goes through the tracing of the fate of the words „fig“ and „sycophant“ in ancient literature. On the basis of the studied source data, generally two semantic circles could be outlined: the one – when the word „sycophant“ is used in its religious meaning, and the other – when it bears a „judicial“ meaning. In the 30s of the 5th century BC, the meaning of the word shifted and sycophant already meant an „informant”, a „spy“. Ancient Athens judiciary incorporated this practice and during the next 4th century BC snitching thrived but in the atmosphere of total contempt on the side of the citizens of Athens.

Проституцията в Древен Рим

Author(s): Ivanka Doncheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The practice of prostitution in ancient Rome reflected the ambivalent attitudes of Romans toward pleasure and sexuality. Prostitution was legal and licensed. Even Roman men of the highest social status were free to engage prostitutes of either sex without incurring moral disapproval, as long as they demonstrated self-control and moderation in the frequency and enjoyment of sex. At the same time, the prostitutes themselves were considered shameful: most were either slaves or former slaves, or if free by birth relegated to the infames, people utterly lacking in social standing and deprived of most protections accorded to citizens under Roman law, a status they shared with actors and gladiators, all of whom, however, exerted sexual allure. Latin literature makes frequent reference to prostitutes. Historians such as Livy and Tacitus mention prostitutes who had acquired some degree of respectability through patriotic, law-biding, or euergetic behavior. The highclass “call girl” (meretrix) is a stock character in Plautus’s comedies, which were influenced by Greek models. The poems of Catullus, Horace, Ovid, Martial, and Juvenal, as well the Satyricon of Petronius, offer fictional or satiric glimpses of prostitutes. Real-world practices are documented by provisions of Roman law that regulate prostitution, and by inscriptions, especially graffiti from Pompeii. Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum from sites presumed to be brothels has also contributed to scholarly views on prostitution.

От култа към езическите херои към култа към християнските светци в балканските земи - проблеми на историографията

Author(s): Milen Ivanov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The present paper deals with the current state of scientific research concerning the religious transformation from the cult of the pagan heroes to the cult of the Christian saints in the Balkan lands south of the Danube. The geographic frame of this study covers the area, which was inhabited in the age of Antiquity by the Thracians. A comparative review has been made of the research works of some western authors like P. Saintyves, H. Delehaye, P. Brown, J. Fredouille and others, who represent various research trends and paradigms. It seems that the more Christian viewpoint the author shares, the more is he inclined to reject the idea of dependency between the cult of the saints and the cult of the heroes; and vice versa – the more emancipated is he from the authority of the church, the more tending is he to affirm the idea of religious continuity. At this background, there is a number of major Bulgarian researchers, as well as foreign researchers, dealing with the Balkan lands, who have been presented in the paper – like I. Gueorguieva, G. Kazarow, Chr. Walter, E. Theodorov, I. Dujčev and some other. They have treated certain aspects of the transition. The study of the traditional popular culture, containing ancient pagan vestiges, is of primary importance in analyzing the subject matter. There are many other authors, who have treated the religious transition, but, in genera, the researchers, presented in this study, seem to form the overall notion concerning the scientific discourse on the problem. Of course, there remain numerous issues, which may be subject of further fruitful research.

Abstracts

Author(s): / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Rezumate

Author(s): / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Pourquoi et comment les portes parlent

Author(s): Pascal Dibie / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

The door is not an object like the others, its evocation is almost always symbolic and this is how the doors have become subjects. Where does this taste for doors come from? Are they really protecting us? No door has ever succeeded in closing a space permanently. Let us remember that the door, this pivoting wall has two sides: the one which is seen from inside the house corresponding to the interior with all the limits that this implies, and the one which is seen from the outside of the house, the "outside the door”, the always threatening exterior.

Историческая память о Первом болгарском царстве в правление первых Асеней

Author(s): Dmitry Igorevich Polyvyannyy / Language(s): English,Russian Publication Year: 0

The restoration of the Bulgarian Tzardom in the end of the 12th – the beginning of the 13th c. in the current historiography is often described in the terms of wide political and ideological program, which was continuously realized by three brothers – founders of the new Asenides dynasty – Peter, John and Kaloyan from 1186 to 1207. Another trend of research considers the activities of the first Asenides as situational but in this case the mobilization of the historical memory provided substantial ideological resources, too. The article contains five cases – of the brothers’ meeting with Isaac II Angel in Kipsela in 1185; using the term Zagora to designate their restored Tzardom; role of Preslav in the époque of the first Asens; the rite of Theodor-Peter’s coronation and transfer of St. John’s of Rila relics from Sredets to Turnovo by John Asen. Their consideration leads to the conclusion, that the strategic course of the first Asens to restore the Bulgarian Tzardom was combined with situational decisions, while the arguments to support them were taken from common historical memory of Bulgarians and received the appropriate connotations in their actions. Later these arguments received verbal interpretations in agiographical, hymnographical, canonical and historiographical works created in Turnovo and Athos.