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On the basis of information in archives found in the Vatoped monastery from the Athos Mountain, the author tries to identify the patrons and founders of the churches discovered by the archaeological research in the precincts of the lost town of Oraşul de Floci.
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We are trying to draw attention in this study the personality of a 19th Century's economist, Costache Bălcescu, brother of Nicolae Balcescu. We describe here his preoccupation in the field of economical literature, and especially his Project for setting up a savings and loans house, and also the justification of the expenses made by the provisional government of Ţara Românească during the 1848 revolution. The Project is the first one that we have and it was inspired from the general ideas of century concerning the economical freedom and economical individualism promoted by Adolph Blanqui and others, which see in work the only source of accumulating goods. In his Project Costache Balcescu takes the French ideas about the savings and loans houses.
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We know a little about the différents social class of Oraşul de Floci in documentary sources. We try to show how two representative of clergy from this town obtained the high places at the princely office. At the time of prince Mihai Viteazul (1594-1601) thanks to goods inherited, the pope Ivan from Blagodeşti would come to in the middle of gentry. Also, we can't know if the archpriest Neagoslav from Oraşul de Floci, who accompanied the family of Mihai Viteazul at Braşov has family ties with pope Ivan or even with the prince's family.
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During his 1906 European tour, Colonel William Frederick Cody, the worldwide famous Buffalo Bill (1846-1917), reached the eastern parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire which were inhabited mainly by Romanians. His performance was hailed as the greatest event of that summer. Indeed, the public had never attended such an interesting show as Buffalo Bill's Wild West. As its founder and owner always stressed, this performance was't only a circus, but also an exhibition meant to educate and entertain. It was a re-enactment of the American West and its history as Buffalo Bill knew it. Actually, Colonel Cody staged only those aspects of western life and those events he himself witnessed or in which he claimed to have taken part such as: the Pony Express, a buffalo hunt, an Indian attack on Deadwood stagecoach, the burning of a pioneer settlement, the battle of Summit Springs, Custer's Last Stand at Little Big Horn and Cody's hand-to-hand fight with Yellow Hand (also known as Yellow Hair), a Cheyenne Indian chieftain. These main dramatic acts were intersperesed with entertainment such as: horsemanship, target shooting, roping steers and bucking mustangs. The Congress of Rough Riders of the World was another attraction. Buffalo Bill's Wild West stopped a day or two in most important cities of Transylvania and Bukovina: Timişoara (Temesvâr in Hungarian, July 9), Arad (July 10-11), Alba Iulia (Gyulafehérvâr in Hungarian, July 12), Sibiu (Hermannstadt in German, Nagyszeben in Hungarian, July 13), Braşov (Kronstadt in German, Brâsso in Hungarian July 14-15), Sighişoara (Schàssburg or Segesvâr, July 16), Târgu Mureş (Maros Vâsârhely, July 17), Cluj (Clausenburg or Kolozsvâr, July 18-19), Oradea (Grosswardein or Nagyvârad, July 20), Satu Mare (Szatmârnéméti, July 21) Sighetul Marmaţiei (Maramér Szigét, July 22) and Cernăuţi (Czemowitz, July 24-25). All the local newspapers advertised this event giving full details about the acts and the stars, about the huge tent and the animals. Major John M. Burke, the company press agent, preceeded the show by a few days in order to take care of the preliminary arrangements, the advertising and posters, the travel and show schedules, the plans for feeding people and animals. He also chose, with the help of the local officials, the place where the large tent and show's camp would be set. The journalists were eager to interview Major Burke. Their press releases were always full of interesting details about the show, its acts and its stars. But sometimes the press coverage was erroneous, due to inaccurate translation. Lacking any knowledge of American history, the editors mistook General Custer's name with one of a fortress. Consequently, they translated "Custer's Last Stand" with "the last siege of Custer", Custer being for them something similar to Plevna or Cars. The advertisments were always illustrated with Colonel Cody's portrait and sometimes with a revealing composition of Indians attacking the stagecoach, cowboys breaking broncs. Arabs or Cossacks on horseback. Transylvanians were most interested by the hugeness of the team. The three trains in which the show travelled and their arrivals on schedule were also matters of amazement. The cars were painted yellow and the company's name was inscribed on each of them: Buffalo Bill Wild West. Of the fifty cars thirteen were sleeping cars equipped with all the conveniences for stars and extras as well. All the cars belonged to the company and were specially equipped to mach the European railways. For eight hundred people and five hundred animals great quantities of food were necessary. Breakfast alone, served almost immediately after the team's arrival, required three hundred eggs. This meal was ample and in accordance with every taste. Besides eggs there were additional dishes such as soup, steak with potatoes, bread and butter, milk, tea, coffee and hot chocolate. Six hundred and sixty two pounds of meat per day were just enough to feed the showmen. For elk, buffalo, deer, cattle and horses there were provided six carloads of hay and an appropriate quantity of oats. The huge tent was set up rapidly. Everybody knew his job and worked hard to complete his task.
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Starting from five documents issued between December 26, 1366 and September 16, 1367, the author established the boundaries of the Zagaryan domain of the county of Caraş. In order to improve the accuracy of the topographical points, 1915, 1976 and 1987 charters were used. In accordance with the realization of the boundaries of the domain, Creasta Hlevnii (Tâlva Cerbului) continued westward on the northern hills of Radamlya Creek (Radimna) to Apa him Lisko (probably Pârâul cu Sălcii). From there it goes north to the confluence with Apa him Mikuz (Valea Micoş), after the boundary of the estate goes up on Valea Micoş towards its sources. The limit is lost concretely between the sources of the Valea Micoş and the village Dragadol of acate of the Nera stream. We only know that between the two lines it goes north. The village Dragadol was, we suppose, on the western limits of the present village Sasca Montană (German)
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The period between the years 1670 and 1750 in Walachia is characterised from an archaeological point of view by a low number of monetary treasures in comparison with other periods. This fact is to a great extent due to the excessive fiscality practiced by the Romanian State in order to cover the more and more high demands of the Ottoman Empire in money and raw materials. One should mention the crisis the Ottoman Empire faced during that period, especially after the disaster of Vienna (September 1683), the military social and policital repercussions of which were practically incalculable - loss of Hungary and Transilvania, afterwards even of Serbia, Banate and Oltenia - for a brief tine; a rise in prices for the main consumer goods and even of the foodstuffs, inflation and breakdown of the rate of exchange of the Ottoman currencies as against the currencies of the Western and Central - European States. One also should mention the sclerosis condition of the Ottoman Authorities, their incapability to intervene and resolve the difficult situations of the battle fronts, despite some local successes (victory of Zămeşti - 1690, that of Stănileşti - 1711).
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The four Russo-Turkish wars (some of them with Austrian participation) have led to the transformation of the territory of the Romanian Principalities into a theater of military operations, causing untold losses to the economy of Preventing normal demographic change and leading to the emergence of devastating epidemics. As a result, an objective analysis can link certain negative aspects to the negative consequences. In this sense, they produced the first periodical published on Romanian soil ("Courier of Moldova"), improved the circulation of foreign languages (especially French) among the political and social elites, and finally contributed to To integrate the Romanian countries into the European political circuit through the establishment of the first foreign consulates.
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The Zossima family, originally from the Epir, where it is known since the eighteenth century, has spread to Greece, Russia, Italy and Wallachia. Over time it has played an important role in cultural and social life. The Mexican branch, despite not knowing precisely all its ancestors, had by one of its representatives an active role during the Revolution of 1848. Today extinct, it remains in the memory of the posterity by its activity in the socio-cultural fields
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After the First World War Bucharest, like all Romania assembled, is experiencing a difficult period as much from the social and political point of view as from the economic plan. Trade, in Bucharest apart from the two traditional forms - stable and itinerant - is confronted with the black market full of risks but also great profits. Speculation became a scourge of Romanian society, but also a screen for those who were at the head of political and social anarchy, at the back of which are concluded ilicite affairs and are manipulated large sums of money . In spite of all these difficulties, the development of Romanian society could not be interrupted, and even it grew steadily until 1929, the year of the beginning of a great crisis.
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he author makes an original parallel between the activities deployed during the First World War on the one hand by Queen Mary and on the other by Colette Lahovary-Plagino. The parallel is not a hazard because the relations between the two heroines exceeded the official limits, they were friendship and collaboration. To prove this, once again, is presented a batch of photographs and documentary witnesses of the heritage of the National Museum of History of Romania which marks moments during which the paths and activity of the two persons mentioned more High have intersected and coupled. Both had the same goal - the care of sick or wounded soldiers, the safeguarding and recovery of human lives
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After the First World War, Romania expressed a keen interest in establishing sincere relations of friendship with the Allied Forces, especially with France and England, taking into consideration that they were interested in maintaining the Versailles system. The nonconcordances and contradictions between France and England at the beginning of 1924 caused great anxiety in the Romanian governmental circles. Being of opinion that the duty of Romania was to prevent, in spite of its modest means, a rupture of relations between France and England, King Ferdinand and Queen Mary took place between 6 April and 15 May 1924 A tour in France, Switzerland, Belgium and Great Britain. A special welcome to the royal family of Romania took place in England (12-15 May), an opportunity which allowed the King of England to evoke the courage of the Romanian army during the war. Some witnesses of this visit are kept at the National Museum of History of Romania
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This paper deals with the fate of the Romanian treasure evacuated to Moscow during the First World War. The passion of Romanian public opinion for the Romanian treasury dates back to the beginning of the First World War. Nowadays it is still alive because the goods transported to Moscow belong to the Romanian state, to the various public and private institutions, or to the many citizens. The odyssey of the Romanian treasury sent to Moscow is closely linked to the events in Russia in 1917. The Russian revolutionary state prevented the Romanian state from regaining its treasury in excess of one billion francs. Two boxes containing the jewels of His Majesty Queen Mary are part of the treasure. In 1956, part of the treasure - 39,320 pieces - was returned. There are 35,000 coins and medals, 1,350 paintings and drawings, and about 2,500 various objects of medieval goldsmiths and liturgical embroideries, icons and fabrics from the fourteenth century attesting to the founding of the first well-organized Romanian states - and arriving until the end Of the XVIII century. Pietroasa's famous treasure is one of the 39,320 pieces recovered. It is possible that another part of the treasure is still in Moscow. All the efforts of the Romanian authorities, from 1990 onwards, to recover it were without result
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The article highlights the importance of the German press to Romanian publications. After a brief review of the reviews published by the German community of the Kingdom of Romania, the article deals with the characteristics of the Saxon press (saşi) and the schwabens (şvabi) of Transylvania and Banat, as well as that of Bukovina , Which since 1919 has become an integral part of the heritage of Romanian culture. The article highlights its beginnings in the eighteenth, focusing on the moment of the Uniuon, supported by the ideas presented in the German-language newspapers (eg Kronstadter Zeitung, Braşov: 1918-1919). The characteristics of the German press, the continuity and the divisions of the documents which contributed to the emergence of periodical publications with a large number of pages, numerous editors and correspondents in different parts of the country and the world, Collaborators and supplements. Implicitly, we are making a parallel with the Romanian press. It should be recalled that the desire to satisfy the demands of German readers led to the appearance of certain newspapers, daily newspapers, published in many cities, as well as specialist magazines and weeklies with well-defined content
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The author proposes to present unpublished information from the Quai d'Orsay (The Collection of Microfilms of the National Archives) concerning the economic life of Romania, especially after the diktat of Bucharest (May 7, 1918). Emphasis has been placed on certain aspects of the dramatism of the daily the most important social force of the time - the peasantry - and the state of agriculture.
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In Bucharest, between 9 and 11 May 1925, the work of the Conference of the Little Alliance took place. But at the same time international relations were rather tense because of an accentuation of the old disputes of the time of the tratatives concerning the Locarno agreements. The Conference had in its program an exchange of views on the international situation, the reports of the countries of the Little Alliance with neighboring countries and special problems between the members of the alliance. At the end of the meeting, the Foreign Ministers of the Petite Alliance countries took part in a visit by Curtea de Argeş and the villa "Florica" by Ion I C. Brătianu
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The notices concerning Ion Inculet are made by Colonel Vladimir Sachelarie, former secretary, before 1922, of the great politician. In the Introduction, Colonel Sachelarie mentions the existence of two periods in the activity of Ion Inculet. The first concerns actions for the union of Bessarabia with Romania, the second the events of the summer of 1940 when Bessarabia was re-annexed to the cunning empire, which had become Soviet times. This last period of the activity of Ion Inculet is presented by the author as a dramatic negation of the first. The suffering inculcated by the author of the notices is related with great affection and, at the same time, of dramatism. It is evident that the spiritual collapse suffers from which, unfortunately, it has not returned. The last part of the notices makes references to the true odyssey of the inanimate bodies of the spouses Ion and Ruxandra Inculeţ. Despite the opposition of Ion Antonescu, who did not forgive Inculeţ's refusal to collaborate with him politically after the Bessarabia rape, in secret, the two bodies were transported and buried in Birnova-Iaşi. The divine burial service was held at the same time with the founding mass of the Inculeţ family church. The records were written after 1965
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n the eighteenth century, once with the dissemination of the ideas of liberty and equality spread by the philosophers of the lights, also began the emancipation movement of women. As everywhere and in Romania women begin to campaign for equality of women in front of the laws. In this sense we should mention the activity deployed by the "Association for the Civil and Political Emancipation of Romanian Women", created in Jassy in the summer of 1918. Among the most famous female personalities involved in this movement We should note: Calypso Botez, Alexandrina Cantacuzino, Maria Baiulescu, Maria Mişu Pop, Sanda Ghica etc. An active presence was Maria Mişu Pop from Craiova, who held important posts: President of the Commission for Peace of the National Council of Women (1921), Vice-Mayor of Craiova (1929), President of the Society for the Prophylaxis of Tuberculosis and the first female Senator of Romania (1939).
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The book proposes to review the main collection before a specific sanitary and belonging to contemporary history. The importance of such a patrimony for a global illustration of the contemporary historical phenomenon can be seen at the same time. The Colette Plagino - Lahovary collection, the Cantacuzino loan, contains the collections of George Magheru and Alexandru Slătineanu-Turcu, Gheorghe Marinescu and Constantin I. Parhon. In a final table we present the inventory numbers of the pieces of each collection
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The Battle of Stalingrad is regarded as a turning point in the history of World War II. Alongside different military units of the 3rd and 4th Armies of Romania - including 400,000 soldiers - also participated in the training of the Romanian aviation. The heroic actions of the Romanian aviation of hunting and bombing during the Stalingrad struggles resulted in great human losses and the technique of quarrying. Approximately 70% of the planes were ablated by the enemy
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The "elections" of 19 November 1946 resulted in bringing powerof the Communist Party of Romania that had proposed, "with the support of the UnionSoviet, exercising strict control over society, over allits economic-social, political manifestations, the exercise of this control is notthe cultural field is also exempt. A basic tool through which the state wanted toSubordinate cultural and artistic creation was the development of an adequate legislative frameworkWhich would limit and even abolish anything that could have hindered the introductionThe "popular democracy" regime in the cultural field. Most laws withCultural (education, theater, cinema and literature) aimed at the establishmentControl of the Communist Party over any independent cultural manifestationand was adopted during 1947.
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