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The multidisciplinary approach of health technology assessment (HTA) is growing exponentially worldwide for more than four decades. Objective: To trace and analyze the development and evolvement of HTA in USA and Canada. Materials and Methods: We used electronic databases of scientific publications, reports, books and dissertations. To limit the literature results a keyword search was performed. Results: The term “technology assessment” was heralded for the first time in 1965 during a debate in the US House of Representatives. In 1972 the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) was established. The concept of HTA achieved significant progress since its introduction more than 40 years not only in the US, but also in Canada. The impact of HTA in Canada has been most recognizable by means of organizations’ contribution into the policy process at provincial government levels, but more often is identifiable in developing hospital-based HTA competence and capacity. Conclusions: The ultimate goal of HTA is still vivid and is gaining momentum in the North America by the institutionalization of good practices.
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This paper delves into the influence of a patron with particular theological views and aesthetics over a group of artists who worked at the decorative programme of Ardenica Monastery in Myzeqe, central-southern Albania. I am arguing that, under the influence of Nektarios Terpos (Alb. Nektar Terpo), a fiery Moschopolitan (Alb. Voskopojar) preacher, the decorative programme of the monastery’s catholicon (frescoes, icons, ceramics and wood-carvings) promoted a ‘militant’ spirit of resistance against Islamization, predicating suffering and martyrdom as means of salvation and glorification. To argue about this, in the paper’s prelude I shall deal with a general overview of the ideological orientation of certain trends in post-Byzantine painting in a contemporary setting. In the second I shall outline the extent of Islamization in the wider region in focus up to the 18th century, i.e. the period of Ardenica Monastery’s decorative programme. Finally, in the third part I shall examine the related art historical evidence provided by the given artworks.
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In-print advertising at the turn of the twentieth century was sporadic, but following 1910, advertising went viral both in the press and the public domain. Meanwhile, the earliest critical reviews were published in the press dealing with the advertisement phenomenon, as well as guides instructing how to use ads. Bulgarian artists joined the process of designing business ads. Some of them were already well versed in designing books. Due to the widely formed low opinion and the specifics of this graphic printing product, the process of claiming authorship refers to the changed attitudes towards the artistic manner, which got new value after 1920. Art ads were preferred for securing success a priori. The advertising image had to be attractive, gripping and eye-catching owing to its visual form and style, but it had also to be recognisable, related to the everyday life of the Bulgarians or at least to represent an attainable ideal. Both Bulgarian decorators, graphic designers and cartoonists such as Charalampi Tatchev, Alexander Bozhinov, Ivan Penkov, raiko Alexiev, Ivan Enchev-Vidiu and artists known predominantly for their easel paintings such as Ivan Mrkvička (he designed the poster for the first Expo in Plovdiv), Konstantin Shturkelov, Ivan Nenov, Ari Kaluchev, etc., made every effort to cope with this task.The issue of the early twentieth-century advertising in this country, including the visual images of business ads, is almost unstudied by Bulgarian researchers in the areas of history, journalism, mass communications, social studies. The published art studies offer general views of the specific niches of performance of Bulgarian artists in the field of applied graphics. The issue of Bulgarian the early twentieth-century business advertising and of the contribution of Bulgarian artists is expecting its new readings.
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This paper deals with an artefact of late medieval repoussage, unearthed on the Shumen Plateau. It is an incomplete massive silver gilt ring with inlaid niello on the bezel cup, which supposes several things. Initially, the bezel setting in the middle was probably left empty. Later, an attempt was made to decorate it in tune with the already existing ornamental openwork around it. Defining these objects as sphragistic monuments still piques research interest. Some of the artefacts are signet rings in their own right, while quite a few have been used just as jewels. I believe that the ring in question was worn as a jewel and was not used to seal documents. The specs of the object––its form, ornamentation and technology of forging––as well as the abovementioned similar artefacts date it to the midor the late fourteenth century.
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The whole ethnicties diverse nationalistic mosaic of Middle-Eastern Europe, has been brutally destroyed in only just one-third part XX age roughly- in years between the end first World War and the halfway point of past century. Guilty of this destruction result nationalistic traditions of Republic Both Nations, was nationalism, which in this part of Europe appeared on decline XIX age, near with secular delay in relation to West European. Abandoning federational conception, Poland executed astounding act of partition long Republic Both Nations, crossing out in the same way work of common cultural heritage on economic fashion situation at ethnic states.
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The documents kept in the special collections of the Jewish Historical Institute Library contain an extract, purchased in 2010, from Warsaw municipal records, containing the depositions of Jews, noblemen and burghers suspected of taking part in a raid of nobleman Mroczek’a manor at Żebrak near Siedlce on the night of 1 November 1783. This document provides lots of insight into the social transformations taking place in Poland in the second half of the 18th century. It visualizes the internal differentiation of the Jewish population, struggling with increasing poverty. The suspects’ depositions portray Warsaw as a city attracting representatives of various social groups, which integrated irrespective of religious or ethnic differences, cooperated with each other or forming criminal gangs.
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Adolf Hitler’s rise to power was connected with unprecedented bestiality of German state authorities vis-a-vis the Jews. The Polish authorities eagerly jumped at the opportunity presented by this situation. The prosecuted Jews who happened to be Polish citizens turned out to be a perfect tool for exerting pressure on the new Chancellor. The Polish government forced Hitler to revise (at least verbally) his views of Poland. The effectiveness of this move unquestionable from the day-to-day policy perspective but in the long run this did not prevent Poland from an invasion by its western neighbour. Nonetheless, thanks to these cool calculations, Jews who were Polish citizens could have some sense of security that was firmly denied too Jews having German citizenship.
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The article generalizes the results of the metallographic investigations of ironware from the excavations and explorings at the Khmelevka I and Bagaevka settlements (second half of the 13th and 14th century), situated in the Saratov District of the Saratov Region. The archaeological studies of the settlements were carried out by the Kazan University archaeological expedition in 1995–2003 and 2006–2012. It was determined that the bulk of the objects (59.4%) were forged from ball iron and gummy unevenly carbonized steel; the second place is occupied by the objects forged from all-steel blanks (20%); forging from fagotted blanks is weakly presented (7.6%). The following techniques were also used: cementation (5.5%); forging with welding of iron and steel (2.1%); V-shaped build-up welding; three-layer fagotted iron and face build-up welding (1.4% each); welding of a steel blade into a base made of ball iron or unevenly carbonized steel and soldering by copper (0.6% each). The technological schemes of the wares are examined in the article against a broad comparative background of the synchronous monuments of the Eastern Europe.
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School exercise books constitute one of the most original sources for the historians of education who focus on the teaching of literacy skills. This article aims at analysing a sample of Russian school exercise books in order to study some new aspects of the history of Russian schooling, by focusing on the writing exercises of two of Tolstoy’s pupils (1861) and on some compositions by children from the Tsarist schools of Kiev, Černigov and Tula (1910–16).
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The article deals with the Soviet children’s cinematography of the 1920s, the first steps of its establishment as a “target” genre in Soviet film production, and the peculiarities of the first Soviet children’s films and their perception by children. The research is based on special cinematology journals as well as on educational periodicals of the period under examination. The analysis of children’s answers to questionnaires organized at that time made it possible to determine a Soviet child’s attitude to the cinema, the influence of cinematography on children’s audience, and its role as a specific instrument of new Soviet upbringing practices.
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The paper deals with the evolution of the Ancient Egyptian attitudes towards cult effigies as mediators in contacts with gods from the pre-Hellenistic time till the 2nd–1st centuries B.C. One can see that the Near Eastern idea about the possibility to deprive a vanquished people of contacts with its gods by confiscating its cultic utensils as well as by switching the contacts themselves to the victor gradually gained more importance for the Egyptians during that period. Presumably, the reminiscences belonging to the Islamic time seem to perceive the use of cult effigies in the Egyptian struggle with foreign enemies as a purely magical method void of its initial religious specificity.
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The article deals with the rivalry between the United States and the German Empire in Latin America in the late 19th and early 20th century. This conflict led to the modernized interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine as a key principle of the U.S. foreign policy. It is shown that the Venezuela crisis of 1902–1903 resulted in the adoption of the Roosevelt Corollary, thus securing the dominant position of the United States in the Western Hemisphere. It is concluded that the competition with Germany for economic and geopolitical influence in the Latin-American region became one of the factors transforming the U.S. diplomacy.
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In this article, we examine forgotten experiments in the field of art education in Russia and the USSR in the first half of the 20th century. The experiments were carried out independently by academic leaders V.P. Zubov, F.I. Schmitt and I.I. Ioffe in two centers: State Institute of Art History from 1912 to 1929 and Leningrad University from 1938 to 1947. We estimate the first experience in our country in training different art specialists (art historians, theatre historians, literary critics, musicologists, and film experts) under one roof. We analyze not only a theoretical platform for original educational projects, but also a set of reasons that prevented implementation of successful experiments in the Soviet system of higher education.
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The article deals with the concept of the Authorized Heritage Discourse proposed by the contemporary Australian researcher Laurajane Smith. She believes that “there is no such thing as heritage” and “all heritage is intangible”. Heritage is not a certain thing or place, but values and meanings, which we construct around it. Smith’s major works related to this issue are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the methodology of the critical discourse analysis. The concept is studied in the general cultural context of the turn of the 21st century.
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The article points to a relationship between Mikołaj Mieleszko’s Nabożne westchnienia and meditations, and shows the meditative character of the baroque emblematic works. It also presents the division of the work into three books introduced by Mieleszko, which can be referred to the model of a three-stage mystical way to God (via purgativa, via illuminativa, via unitiva), used by St. Ignatius of Loyola (but knowing by Pseudo-Dionysius The Areopagite and fully expressed by St. Bonaventure). Moreover, it discusses the participation of human faculties in the emblems: memory, intellect, will, imagination, and feelings, which are so important for the act of meditation. Above all, emphasis is put on the goal of the reflections presented by Mieleszko in the subscriptio; they were supposed to touch the soul and convince one to a spiritual transformation. They were, therefore, just like meditations, a way of achieving inner growth.
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The essay discusses Jakub Sobieski’s diaries and memories, which belong to the finest specimens of such writing in Polish Baroque. The diary and memoirs of the Moscow campaign of 1617-1618 have survived in only a few copies, with the most important ones in Biblioteka Czartoryskich in Cracow. Reconstruction of Prince Władysław’s struggle for the Russian crown is mostly based on a handwritten testimony called Diariusz ekspedycyjej moskiewskiej dwuletniej królewica Władysława A. D. 1617 [The Diary of the Two-Year Moscow Campaign by Royal Prince Władysław in 1617]. The events described in the diary span from April 5th, 1617 to December 28th, 1618. The author has arranged the material chronologically, focusing on the text as historical evidence. The conclusion of the text, where Sobieski quotes a fragment of Tacitus’s Annals, points out to the argumentative function of the work, which was supposed to explain to Poles (the king, the sejm and senate, the nobility) that commissaries were right in signing the Truce of Deulino, regarding the safety of the homeland threatened by Turks and Tatars, and the budgetary difficulties of the Crown and Lithuania. The second work by Sobieski is more of a Baroque memoir, composed as a temporal sequence (some fragments have the structure of diary). The author reconstructs the events of the Moscow campaign, beginning with the death of tsar Ivan the Terrible (1584), and leads the narrative to the end of 1618, when the Truce of Deulino. The work is characterized by greater coherence in presentation of facts, their selection, and a more general point of view, pointing out to the failure of Polish dynastic policy. Sobieski seems to be critical of the Polish intervention and the Polish raison d’état in this respect. He is also critical of the young prince’s campaign of 1617-1618; he was a commissioner for treaties with Moscow during the campaign.
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The article analyses the unique copy of the old Polish catholic hymn book Pieśni nabożne na święta uroczyste według porządku Kościoła ś. katolickiego na cały rok z wielką pilnością zebrane [Songs of piety and devotion...] published in Cracow in 1627 and found at the library at Escorial in Spain. The book, apparently the first known printed Polish catholic extensive hymn book, contained over 140 songs, in Polish and Latin, including works written by Jan Kochanowski and Mikołaj Rej. The article also describes later editions of the hymn book. This is a particularly important book in the history of Polish culture because it was repeatedly republished in different printing offices, not only Catholic, under the same or slightly changed title as late as until the nineteenth century. Numerous editions of the hymn book constitute a valuable source for the study of Polish Catholic hymns as they make it possible to follow and trace the chronology of works, their textual variations and the popularity of particular songs or hymns within a particular time frame, as well as their range of influence and regional occurrence.
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