Увод

Author(s): Snezhana Yoveva-Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 12/2016

The new "ONGAL" thematic volume - "BULGARIANS ABROAD - SO CLOSE SO FAR" allows for two approaches towards observing the ethno profile of our compatriots around the world: a scientific/academic one and an emotional/ethno psychological one. During the last few decades the number of people living in Bulgarian communities abroad has grown, and seems to have caught up with population numbers in Bulgaria itself. This dynamic growth of our communities is due to irreversible migration processes. New corporations, associations, schools, kindergartens, folk music ensembles, media, radio stations and TV channels are established by the Bulgarian communities. They develop their communities in their own way - so near, yet so far... As stated above, in this volume of "ONGAL" there are two approaches - academic and scientific studies in the fields of anthropology, ethnology and linguistics on one hand, which show the character of different Bulgarian communities around the world and different problems related to them, and on the other hand are texts which openly tell their stories in a very peculiar for the "Bulgarians there" manner. Their messages are emotionally loaded to the extent of lofty naivety and reveal desire to share and find empathy. The Bulgarians in Banat (in Svetlana Karadjova's text) as well as the Bulgarian communities in Izrael, Spain, Slovakia, Switzerland and Austria write their history through the eyes of emigrants who have found a new motherland. The study of topology of the Bulgarian presence by Ass. Prof. Dr. Vladimir Penchev offers an important and broad introduction to the topic of Bulgarian communities abroad. This study allows further understanding of the texts devoted to the Bulgarian communities in Chicago (in An immigrant's suitcase: the museum without walls by Diliana Ivanova) or in Washington (in The heritage and consolidation of migrant communities by Lina Gergova and Yana Gergova), in Hamburg (about the uses of Bulgarian cultural heritage by Tania Matanova) or about the peculiarities of the Bulgarian communities in Central Europe (in Hungary - by Adriana Petkova Papadopoulos and Kristina Menhart). Snezhana YovevaDimitrova's text addresses the adaptation models of the Bulgarians in Slovakia and Austria and the specifics of integration policies regarding the Bulgarians as a minority in those two countries. The linguistic studies (by Ana Kocheva, Lucia Antonova, Kiril Parvanov and Slavka Keremidchieva) contribute to create a thorough ethnocultural image of the Bulgarians abroad - language is of capital importance and reveals the ethnic characteristics of a group of people. Issues of bilingualism, dialect words and specific unlocking ethno linguistic markers, or sleep talking in regions inhabited with Bulgarian communities abroad, all correspond with the concept of Bulgarians abroad - so near yet so far. At first sight the eclecticism of different views and approaches, methodologies and scientific models that were collected in this issue of "ONGAL" might look unbalanced, but when read in its entirety the main message is revealed: there is a need to share the destiny, existence, anxieties and all other emotional and scientific specifics of Bulgarians abroad. All texts communicate and share space in the diaspora, while what is not so far but rather near - is the motherland.

Наблюдения върху войнушкото стопанство в казите Филибе и Татар Пазарджик през XVI – началото на XVII век

Author(s): Krastyo Yordanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2022

On the basis of several unpublished registers, the article examines the real practice of official Voynuk land ownership. The historical-legal analysis is applied in the research work. According to law, Voynuk farms were exempt from land taxes, but were part of the state land fund. However, the Voynuk baştina differed from the Rayet çiftlik and baştina not only in that it also included vineyards, gardens and even houses, but the sizes of the fields were often smaller than the legal norms for a pair of arable land. This can be explained by the fact that these areas were sufficient for the sustenance of a Voynuk household, since the considered category of population was exempt from land taxes and jizyah. However, as early as the 16th century, a property differentiation was gradually created between the Voynuks and a thin layer of wealthy owners of service lands stood out. They expanded their arable lands both by unregulated means, entering in the timar land, and through perhaps perfectly legal transactions for the transfer of shares of arable land between the Voynuks themselves.

Източнотракийският въпрос на Лозанската конференция

Author(s): Vanya Stoyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2022

The article examines Bulgaria's attempt at the Lausanne Conference (1922 – 1923) to remove the East Thracian problem from the sphere of Bulgarian-Turkish negotiations and to link its solution with the Great Powers through an international treaty. The refusal of the Turkish delegation to discuss the problem at the international forum diverted it to the field of bilateral Bulgarian-Turkish relations. The obligatory population exchange between Greece and Turkey, adopted by the Lausanne Conference, left no room for hopes for the Bulgarian refugees to return to Eastern Thrace. The Treaty of Lausanne Treaty became the defining document for the rights and freedoms of non-Muslim minorities on Turkish territory, including the Bulgarians remaining within the borders of the Turkish Republic.

Учителят по история – между педагога и историка

Author(s): Kostadin Paev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2022

As soon as the methodological thought of teaching history emerged, complex relationships arose between the special and pedagogical training of teachers in the subject. In the historical development of these relationships, one direction or another has prevailed. Between the two world wars, the so-called “didactic universalismˮ was imposed in our country, in which priority was given to pedagogical, at the expense of specializing training. In recent years, through the regulations issued by the Ministry of Education, there is a tendency to return to didactic universalism, which has a negative impact on the preparation of students– future teachers.

Повествование за изгряването на модерния българин

Author(s): Rositsa Stoyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2022

В НОВИТЕ БРОЕВЕ НА СПИСАНИЯТА НА ,,АЗ-БУКИ“ ЧЕТЕТЕ

Author(s): Albena Simova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2022

Книжовноезикови стилове на българския XVIII в.

Author(s): Valentin Geshev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2009

A new approach to the analysis of eighteenth century Bulgarian texts is proposed. They are classified into four types - a strongly classicized, an intermediate, a moderately classicized and a demotic one - which differ in the degree and the character of their classicization on the phonetic, morphological and syntactic level. With all the four written-language styles the vocabulary combines a good deal of the centuries-long tradition (abstract words, names for religious concepts, natural-science and philosophical terms) with innovative lexical items, as it is in present-day Bulgarian, and the spelling is traditional. The Greek moderate Katharevoussa (as a means of making a linguistically modern text look classical-like) is the typological model for the moderately classicized eighteenth century Bulgarian written style, as the Greek Dhimotiki is for the demotic one. Two varieties of the classical written language provide linguistic samples for the eighteenth century Bulgarian scribe: the South Slavic (Serbo-Bulgarian) bezjusov one (without letters for the Old Bulgarian nasal vowels) and the East Slavic Church Slavonic one. The language of Paisij Hilendarski is of the intermediate strongly-to-moderately classicized type with a mixed traditional Serbo-Bulgarian and East Slavic phonetics and orthography and does not contain dialectal-vernacular phonetic features as some specialists in the history of Written Bulgarian claim.

Особености на българо-немския смесен език в Австрия

Author(s): Ana Kocheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 12/2016

The language of the Bulgarians, spoken in different micro sociums, dispersed scatteredaround the Austrian capital Vienna, but united by a tangle of direct and indirect links betweenthe communicants, turns into intermediate (mixed) language. This is evident from very richempirical material: many German label expressions, proverbs, ready formulas wingedphrases, phrasal combinations, complete untranslated in Bulgarian sentences, exclamations,names of different concepts for specific Austrian realities in the field of administrative lifeand documentaries, education, business and trade relations, companies and services, thechurch and so on.

Начини за назоваване на явлението говорене на сън в Родопските говори

Author(s): Kiril Parvanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 12/2016

The article is dedicated on the words expressing the phenomena speaking during the dream in232 villages in the Rhodopian Dialects. The collected linguistic material is taken from thequestionnaire for the Rhodopian Dialect Atlas and the Archive for Bulgarian DialectDictionary. The article presents the words (борав’а, бълнувам, блазнем, сборувам, бърборя)and the idioms with the verbs (приказвам, гълча, лафа) expressing speaking during thedream – their origin and their distribution. It also analyzes the other meanings of the wordsexpressing speaking during the dream in the Bulgarian dialects in Bulgaria, Macedonia,Turkey, Greece, Serbia.

Реликти в българските диалекти от междуезиковите контакти на Балканския полуостров (с оглед на превода им на чужд език)

Author(s): Slavka Keremidchieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 12/2016

Some of the difficulties, that the translator of the ancient Bulgarian literature faces, where in the texts he finds already outdated terminological (production, socially-political, religious, etc.) lexis, had been analyzed. Part of this lexis is a relict prove of the time when the argotic dialects on the Balkan peninsula had been in their bloom and when the Balkan nations had accomplished intensive material, cultural and spiritual exchange, that brought to the interaction and the mutual penetration of their languages at different linguistic levels.

Der sichtbare Diskurs. Interdisziplinäre Aspekte der Visualisierung von sprachlichen Daten im Kontext des universitären DaF-Unterrichts

Author(s): Attila Mészáros / Language(s): German Issue: 6/2022

The article deals with the question of how linguistic data obtained through discourse linguistic analyses are communicated outside linguistics. The focus is on the didactics of German as a foreign language, with a special focus on university German teacher training in Slovakia. It will be examined how the more recent disciplines such as discourse linguistics can be effectively integrated into the curriculum beyond classical linguistics. This requires an interdisciplinary perspective, which is offered here through the visualizations. Based on this background, case studies from the German and Slovakian migration discourse of 2015 will be used to show how optimized knowledge can be conveyed using visualizations, even across complex subject areas.

Проф. д.изк. Анна Илиева (1933–2021)

Author(s): Evgenia Grancharova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2021

In memoriam

„BUCHENLANDDEUTSCHE“ VERGEMEINSCHAFTUNG NACH DER „UMSIEDLUNG“. DIE „LANDSMANNSCHAFT DER BUCHENLANDDEUTSCHEN“ ALS ETHNOPOLITISCHE UNTERNEHMERIN

Author(s): Alexander Weidle / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2022

The following article relies on sources from the archive of the only Association of the Bukovinian Germans – “Landsmannschaft der Buchenlanddeutschen” – which was active on (almost) the entire federal territory of Germany. This organization was founded in 1949 and was disbanded at the request of its last president, Ewald Zachman, in 2019.The author considers that members of the three to four Christian groups of German speaking population in Bukovina – among which there was no ethnic cohesion before the displacement, but rather a confessional, socio-economic or local one – were turned into“Bukovinian Germans” by the action of “entnopolitical entrepreneurs / performers”(as according to Roger Brubaker). In order to problematize the “becoming” of the Bukovinian Germans, Weidle formulates and presents four hypotheses: 1. The involvement(commitment) of people who enjoyed authority or notoriety in the “old homeland”, Bukovina, even if many of them collaborated with the National Socialist regime;2. The top-down legitimation, i. e. since the first years of its existence, the “Association of the Bukovinian Germans” has been conferred various competences, including that of deciding who should be compensated for the material losses suffered as a result of the displacement. The fact that many Jewish women and men from Bukovina were not recognized as belonging to a “German cultural community” and they did not benefit from compensation would be, according to the author of this hypothesis, one of the darkest aspects in the history of the organization of the “Bukovinian Germans” in Germany;3. Control of the dissemination of meaningful narratives for the social group of Christian Germanophones and of the way in which the “Bukovinian Germans” were perceived in the social environment. The newspaper of the “Bukovinians from all over the world”, i. e.“Der Südostdeutsche”, has always propagated the idea of the existence of an authentic community and has always urged its readers to attract other subscribers, thus managing to gain influence; 4. Nothing can be done without the “Landsmannschaft” (“Nichts ohne die Landsmannschaft”). All actions to socialize or strengthen the cohesion of the group were dependent on the “Landsmannschaft”, which organized and marked the most important events and decided, at least in the first years of the organizationʼs existence, who the speakers were and asked for speeches in order to consent to their content.

TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE CIVIC IDENTITY OF THE BUKOVINIANS: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE 20th – BEGINNING OF 21st CENTURIES

Author(s): Nataliya Nechaieva-Yuriichuk / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

In her research, the author examines the particular traits of the social and political processes from Bukovina (mostly from the northern part) from the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty first century through the terms of the reciprocal relations of these with the processes related to the formation of civic identity of the inhabitants of the region. The article draws attention on the role and significance of the First World War on the formation of the national identity of the Ukrainians in the region, the activation of the national liberation movement from the region. A special attention is given to the Soviet period, where the so-called "Soviet Man" (Homo Sovieticus) concept was formed, who was lacking national patriotism and has lost his national identity. The processes which formed the independent Ukrainian state are analyzed and also the relationship between the democratization of the social and political life and the increase in the level of civic identity. The author also highlights the importance of educational activities in order to develop civic identity.

CADRUL LEGISLATIV ŞI DESCRIEREA TIPOLOGIILOR DE CONSTRUCŢII TRADIŢIONALE DIN BUCOVINA ISTORICĂ (PARTEA DE SUD)

Author(s): Rodica Jugrin,Băta Ovidiu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2022

The first part of the article presents some of the legislative measures regarding the construction of buildings in Bukovina, issued during 1783–1863. These relate to: “fire regulation”, “regulation and widening of streets and markets and the use of construction materials only”, the construction of adjacent buildings, garbage dump and road construction distance, use of “solid construction materials”, use of bare bricks, construction of holes and use of zinc to cover private buildings, and so on. Two laws were drafted on “the offices called to exercise the construction policy and their operation”. In the second part are described the typologies of traditional construction in Bukovina, a region where the woodworking craftsmanship has taken shape since archaic times. Over the years, techniques have been developed for a comfortable living, the solutions found for joining beams or making roofs (with shingles of different sizes) with two or four sloping sides being some of the elements of authenticity of the traditional Bukovinian architecture. From a single-room dwelling with a porch house, the traditional wooden house evolved to a “room-passage-room” type of house, with a veranda, an arbour in front of the house and a pantry on the back. The shape, materials, dimensions and construction technique of the doors and windows, the use of natural building materials for the foundation of the house (cut and shaped stone blocks, without any mortar to bind them) complete the harmonious appearance of the traditional Bukovinian house. The decorations of the houses (often fretwork patterns like rosettes, squares, rhombuses, rectangles, moose, ropes, birds, “trees of life”) are characterized by sobriety and include symbols specific to the spirituality of the place. The roofs also have decorative elements like the so-called “beetles”, or fumigants and pins on the top. Some of the fences, made of beech or plank, have roofs with two slops, with decorative elements (carving or fretwork) on pillars and gates. Regarding the household annexes (stable with barn, cellar or pantry,summer kitchen) – these are positioned around the house and are built of the same materials as the house.

CĂRȚI. REVISTE

Author(s): Monica Dejan,Elena Pintilei,Cristian Alexandru Boghian,Bogdan-Petru Niculică,Rodica Jugrin,Elena Pascaniuc / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2022

Review of: Bogdan Petru Niculică, Ştefăniţa-Mihaela Ungureanu, Josef von Gutter, cel dintâi arheolog al Bucovinei şi scrisorile sale către istoricul Franz A. Wickenhauser, cuvânt înainte conf. univ. dr. Mircea Ignat, Suceava, Editura Karl A. Romstorfer, 2019, 242 p. Mihai Iacobescu, Însemnări despre oameni și cărți, Iași, Editura Junimea, 2020, 242 p. Marian Olaru (coord.), Ștefănița-Mihaela Ungureanu, Cristian Alexandru Boghian, Case tradiționale din Bucovina, Editura Universității „Ștefan cel Mare”, Suceava, 2020, 149 p. + 5 p. Mugur Andronic, Fortificațiile Bucovinei de-a lungul timpului. Bukovina fortifications over time, seria „Pagini din istoria și cultura Bucovinei”, XIX, Societatea Culturală Ștefan cel Mare – Bucovina), Suceava f.e., 2021, 184 p. + 44 planșe. «Glasul Bucovinei». Revistă trimestrială de istorie şi cultură”, Cernăuţi – Bucureşti, anul XXVI, nr. 1–2 (105–106), 2020, 223 p. „«Scriptum». Publicație trimestrială a Bibliotecii Bucovinei «I. G. Sbiera»”, Suceava, anul XXVII, nr. 1–2, 2021, 40 p.; nr. 3–4, 2021, 40 p.

PARTICULARITĂȚILE INCLUDERII BASARABIEI ȘI A NORDULUI BUCOVINEI ÎN COMPONENȚA UNIUNII SOVIETICE

Author(s): Serghei Hakman / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2022

The author considers a set of military propaganda measures taken by Soviet troops to seize the territories of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. Regular units of the USSR Armed Forces which were united in a specially created Southern Front, whose troops were concentrated on the border with Romania, were used to achieve this goal.On June 28, 1940, Soviet troops crossed the Dniester and entered Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. Romanian units were ordered to withdraw in an organized manner. The Red Army exceeded the agreed rate of evacuation of Romanian troops, violated the line of demarcation, which led to local incidents. There were cases of disarmament of Romanian soldiers. There were armed clashes, a result of which were loses of both sides, including killed. In turn, the Red Army also felt hostility, encountering minefields, anti-tank barriers, trenches, mined or dismantled railways and bridges. Both Soviet and Romanian military units took certain military-administrative measures against the civilian population, which had different motives and forms of manifestation. The low level of morale of the retreating Romanian army led to the disintegration of entire military units, whose soldiers dropped their weapons and fled home. At the same time, there were serious violations of military discipline among the Red Army, for which the soldiers were punished, including the death penalty.Immediately after the Red Army entered Bessarabia and the Northern part of Bukovina, a huge Soviet propaganda machine began to operate. A large number of newspapers and special literature were distributed among the population and soldiers; and posters and slogans were hung in the streets and houses. Politicians of the Red Army organized rallies and demonstrations to awaken in the souls of the Bessarabians and Bukovinians “love for the liberators and a sense of confidence in the Soviet authority”. The annexation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina by the Soviet Union in June – July, 1940 can be considered a well-thought-out and carefully prepared political-diplomatic and military-propaganda campaign. These territories were occupied by the Red Army according to all the rules of military art (all components of the military operation were used: military force, local military pressure, military intelligence, propaganda and propaganda service), thanks to which the USSR achieved its goal.

SPRE O INDEPENDENȚĂ ECONOMICĂ LEGEA VAMALĂ DIN MAI 1874

Author(s): Ioan-Gabriel Chiraş / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2022

The government of Lascăr Catargiu (1871–1876) remained in Romanian historiography as the first government to carry out its mandate to the end. The five years of government also meant a significant legislative program. The essence of the conservative vision of that time can be best captured by the projects that are being discussed and adopted during this period. Of these, this time we focused on the Customs Law of 1874. Its adoption by Parliament best describes the positioning of political groups in the two economic currents of the period: protectionism and free trade. Moreover, the new law also represents the pragmatism of the conservatives to increase the stateʼs revenues and to “force” again the “hand” of the European Powers to recognize the sovereignty of the Romanian state by concluding trade agreements directly with it.

CĂRȚI. REVISTE

Author(s): Cristian Alexandru Boghian,Marian Olaru,Elena Pascaniuc / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2022

Review of: Die Habsburgermonarchie 1848–1918. coord. Rudolf Gräf, Editura Polirom în 2020, 2021 și 2022. Mitropolitul Vladimir de Repta și lumea prin care a trecut,. pr. Dumitru Valenciuc, pr. dr. Ioan-Paul Valenciuc, (Suceava, Editura Arhiepiscopiei Sucevei și Rădăuților, 2018, 346 p + anexe) 2022. Familia Cuparencu din satul Călinești. ținutul Suceava, studiu genealogic, Preotul Cezar Onesim, anul 2020, la Editura Miseno din Șcheia, județul Suceava, lucrarea (Șcheia – Suceava, Editura Miseno, 2020, 395 p. + 1 p.). Cântece propriu-zise din Moldova. Silvia Ciubotaru și Ion H. Ciubotaru La Editura Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași, 2021, coord. prof. univ. dr. Ion H. Ciubotaru, (458 pag.) „Caiete de la Volovăț” (Revistă de teologie și cultură a Parohiei Volovăț, anul I, nr. 1, 2021 și nr. 2, 2021). Colegiul redacțional: pr. Dumitru Valenciuc, pr. prof. dr. Ioan Paul Valenciuc, protos. dr. Mihail Nagy, prof. Dorina Diaconescu, prof. Lucica Antonovici.

Българската преса в периода 1919-1944 г. и средиземноморският медиен модел

Author(s): Ivo Indzhov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 12/2022

The study establishes significant similarities between the Bulgarian print media in the period 1919-1944 and leading characteristics of the Mediterranean polarized-pluralistic media model formulated by Hallin and Mancini (2004). This observation is also confirmed at the regional level, following the example of the newspaper landscape in Plovdiv. Until 1934, despite the shortcomings of post-liberation democracy, the Bulgarian political system was polarized and pluralistic. There is also a high degree of parallelism between the parties and their newspapers, resp. there are politically biased ‘independent’ newspapers. Opinion journalism has strong positions. The mass press is also developing, but it is not becoming a real corrective to the authorities. The authoritarian sub-period and the years of censorship confirm the closeness of the Bulgarian media system to the Mediterranean media model