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The aim of article is to present the influence of “Dziennik Bydgoski” on the process of educating young inhabitants of Bydgoszcz in 1939. “Dziennik Bydgoski” was the official newspaper of the Polish Christian-Democratic Party and for this reasons the education problems was presented in accordance with its ideology. The article shows changes in the perception of social function of the young people that have occurred in the year preceding the outbreak of the Second World War. Christian Democratic ideology was subordinated to the state education and unification of young people irrespective of their religion or political views. The newspaper effectively shaped patriotic attitudes. During the war the young Bydgoszcz people demonstrated sacrifice and patriotism.
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Two pharmacists sat in the autonomous Silesian Parliament. They were Bonifacy Bałdyk and Emil Gajdas. They both represented Silesian sanitation in the regional body. Bałdyk and Gajdas were involved during the three Silesian uprisings and a plebiscite in the battle for the return of Upper Silesia to the reborn Polish state. They both were also local governement activists at the place where they lived. In addition, Bałdyk held the dignity of the parliamentarian in the national parliament of the second term in the years 1928 - 1930 in the district 4 in Cieszyn.
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The terms Bukovina, “bukovinism” and “homo bucovinensis” have spread virally in historical narratives and historiographical writings. They generate controversy in current historiography. Interpretive tendencies vary between idealization and stigmatization. The concept of “homo bucovinensis” has been and is being used by many writers as a categorical notion. The idea that “homo bucovinensis” is a regional species of the “homo habsburgensis” genus or an ideology used to implement denationalization policies is simplistic, outdated, and does not take into account the dynamics of the evolution of this identity model after World War I. To attenuate the effects of the generative factors of subjectivity – which we have called “bukovinology” and “bukovinalergy” – whose imprint is present in almost everything that has been written about “homo bucovinensis” – it is necessary to disambiguate the concept. The study also contains a very probable hypothesis regarding the creator of the Latin name “homo bucovinensis”. Ion Nistor is the one who first used the name “homo bucovinensis” in a printed publication. He created this name by analogy with names in biological anthropology and used it in a pejorative sense. Hans Prelitsch transferred this name to philosophical anthropology, giving it a very prestigious and well (although not universally) disseminated reputation. Both in Nistor and Prelitsch, “homo bucovinensis” is nothing but a metaphor. However, “homo bucovinensis” did exist in reality.
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The craft box recovered from a 13thcentury hillfort at Lõhavere, Estonia, contained a wellpreservedselection of copperalloy objects. The limited corrosion on these objects allowed amore accurate estimation of their compositions through nondestructive surface measurements.Using the resulting pXRF database, this study explored a possible correlation between the typesof objects and their material composition. By comparing the most common contaminants withthe alloying metals, a qualitative estimation of the material quality was conducted. The resultsshowed that despite a considerable overlap between object types, the material composition dif feredbased on the items’ appearance and function. A shift from brass to bronze and tinnedobjects coincided with a greater availability of tin at the hillfort, as well as a rise in silver smith ing.Moreover, objects with a silver appearance seemed to be more desirable in this period, apartfrom some highstatus personal ornaments and traditional spiral tube decorations. The resultspossibly reflect different metalworking practices compared to earlier periods and contempo rarysites. Some evidence of recycling is present among the spiral tubes, suggesting that theyoriginated from different raw material sources, possibly removed from obsolete clothing.Alternatively, this could indicate a varying quality of imported copperalloy, including wire,along the Hansa trade routes.
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Review of: Historical Dictionary of Belarus. Hrsg. von Grigory Ioffe und Vitali Silitski. (Historical Dictionaries of Europe.) Rowman & Littlefield. 3. Aufl., Lanham u. a. 2018. XL, 435 S., Kt. ISBN 978-1-5381-1705-7. (€ 116,95.)
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The first part of this paper presents the political situation in the Habsburg Empire amidst the outbreak of the Hungarian rebellion against the Court of Vienna in 1848 from Karl Klein’s point of view. Afterwards, some of the events of the first battalion of the border guard regiment in Năsăud, present in Hungary at the time, are recounted. Finally, the personality of Count Franz Lamberg is recalled, and the tragic events connected with his assassination are mentioned.
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This article explores the intersection of 19th century philosophy with historical events, spotlighting Nietzsche, Bentham, Kierkegaard, and Schopenhauer and their distinct perspectives on suffering as a positive element, reflective of the era's cultural and historical nuances. The first part of the paper is a summary of the 19th century and its noteworthy events. The second part argues that suffering is a constant element of human existence by highlighting conceptual similarities between all four philosophers when they describe the challenges that humans must f ace. The third part of the paper analyzes the relationship between suffering and self knowledge. The fourth and last part of the paper explores the mechanism of suffering as an epiphenomenon.
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This paper constitutes an encompassing account of the Madonna of Orsanmichele in all its historical instances. As source of the first miracle ever recorded in the city state of Florence, in 1292, the Orsanmichele Madonna generated a cult that lasted centuries. Considering the extravagant artistic commissions on the site of the granary turned church, Orsanmichele became a place of religious worship, and, more importantly, grown into being equated with the political and spiritual identity of Florence. The panel b y Bernando Daddi and the tabernacle designed by Andrea Orcagna have generated, I argue, a parallel cult one revering the exquisite artistic draughtsman ship of the painting and that of its monumental shrine. In this paper I aim to present the dialogue be tween the Marian cult located at Orsanmichele, starting in the thirteenth century, and the artistic patronage prompted by the popularity of the miracle making image of the Virgin. My study represents a critical re visitation of the prominent book by Megan Holmes, The Miraculous Image in Renaissance Florence, published in 2013.
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One of Iuliu Maniu’s nephews, Professor Leonida Pop from The Romanian Border Guards Highschool of Nasaud, originated in Poiana Ilvei, played an important role together with his brothers and brothers‑in‑law in the organization and the activities of National Peasants’ Party from Bistriţa‑Năsăud County. Between 1926–1933 and 1944–1946, he was elected president of the party, and he won two parliamentary mandates in this position. The Pop brothers’ entire political activity represents just a part of the Romanians’ fight against Bolshevism and the Soviet occupation. Unfortunately, these daydreamers of a Romania of Romanians with the ancestral God paid for it and ended up behind bars. Their only fault was that they loved their country and their people. It was about the flash of destiny, a moment of consciousness and all notable feelings before the onset of a seemingly endless night.
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The purpose of the article is to explain the mechanism of forced migration and its impact on the security of the invaded state, using contemporary Poland as an example. In order to introduce the phenomenon of coercive engineered migration, the author cites historical examples of its use by the authorities of totalitarian states, especially the Soviet Union. The main part of the article is devoted to the analysis of various forms of threats to Poland's security generated by Russia and Belarus, and the possibility of escalation of these threats. The analysis of the geopolitical situation shows that the biggest threat to Poland is the migratory pressure caused by the wars in the Middle East, and on the other hand by the creation of a new migration route through the territory of Ukraine. The author was critical of the level of threat recognition, also pointing out the limited possibilities of counteracting both migratory pressure and unfavorable processes on the territory of Ukraine, which will be a consequence of the reduction of aid from the West to this country, as well as the escalation of conflicts in the Islamic region.
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The study of nationalism pays too little attention to the issue of territoriality,although it is a fundamental concept accompanying nationalism. Nor has nationalismbeen the subject of geographical studies, although as a vital ideology it influences thepolitics of states and, by extension, the functioning of societies, people's daily lives andthe landscape. This article offers an insight into the study of nationalism through theexample of the development of spatial concepts of Lithuanian nationalism, which allowsus to understand the research potential that geography has in the study of nationalism.Inspired by the work of Anthony D. Smith and Thongchai Winichakul's concept of thegeo-body, the author offers a deeper insight into Lithuanian nationalism and relatedspatial concepts.
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The purpose of this article is to reconstruct the propaganda image of GermanGeopolitik and its most prominent representative Karl Haushofer in the 1943 Americandocumentary "Plan for Destruction." There were several main propaganda narratives:first, the propaganda representation of Geopolitik and Haushofer was a deliberatemixture of facts and falsifications to shape its negative image. Second, geopolitics wasdemonized by portraying it as the basis of the Nazi secret plan for world conquest,permanently linking geopolitics with National Socialism to discredit it. Third, it falselyattributed to K. Haushofer the authorship of this plan and the dominant influence onthe Third Reich's foreign policy. The film was intended for domestic audiences, while itspurpose was to heighten fear among viewers and to arouse anger and hatred, serving tomobilize them to fight.
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Since the final decades of the last century, structural realism (neorealism) hasbecome the dominant paradigm in the sciences of international relations as well as ingeopolitics. Its assumptions have further gained popularity under the circumstances ofChina's growing power and the worsening conflict between Russia and the West. Themain weakness of structural realism is that it is a static concept that does not show thephenomenon of "change" to understand the evolution of the wider internationalsystem. A critical look at structural realism is the source of a new concept - hegemonicneorealism, in which the author creatively develops the assumptions of the realists in away that makes it possible to account for hegemonic change in the internationalsystem. The leading goal of the article is to present the author's theoretical proposalwith the aim of providing the neorealist research perspective with adequateexplanatory capabilities in the face of the challenges of the 21st century - such as theongoing Sino-American hegemonic rivalry.
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The accessibility of Ukrainian "KGB archives" to the public is for nearly nine years. The demand for their opening since the late 1980s and their significance in addressing societal and political issues, particularly in relation to the rehabilitation of political repression victims. It details the transfer of archives to the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) post-independence, the incomplete realization of intentions to fully open the archives, and the limited access provided to specialists and relatives of affected individuals. The new wave of opening "KGB archives" began after the Orange Revolution in 2004, with significant personnel changes in the SBU archives leading to intensified declassification, digitization, and accessibility efforts. The article also covers the challenges faced during the process, such as financial constraints, the importance of digitalization for preservation against Russian military threats, and the need for educational programs to guide researchers in handling these archives. It emphasizes the ongoing struggle with undisclosed materials and the impact of political changes on the archives' accessibility. The cooperation with Czech partners is highlighted as crucial in advancing the opening of archives, digitalization, and commemorating victims of political repressions.
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The article provides a detailed account of the life of Czech politician Jan Dostálek, highlighting his early life, education, and political career. It discusses his strict Catholic upbringing, his education in Prague, and his rise in the political ranks, eventually leading to his service as a minister during the First Czechoslovak Republic. The article also touches on his activities during World War II, his withdrawal from public life, and his unsuccessful attempt to return to politics after the war. It sheds light on the challenges he faced, including his investigation by the communist government and his death before a planned trial by the State Security.
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In memoriam: Izyaslav Elikovich Levit (1922-2021)
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Directed in 1982 and primarily screened to Western audiences, the film Return to Haifa is one of the first visual productions to show to the West a major episode of the Palestinian modern history, namely the expulsion of most of the Palestinian population from their homes by Zionist forces in 1948. This article examines the film of Kassem Hawal, an Iraqi filmmaker engaged in the Popular Front of the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), as a medium that writes the history of the Palestinian Nakba. Reproducing on the screen Ghassan Kanafani’s eponymous novella (published in 1969), the film borrows major features of the Palestinian author’s visual style, specifically in the use of the narrators’ points of view and in its depiction of the individual experiences lived by the novella’s characters. Yet, far from being a mere adaptation, the film stands out in its representation of the collective experience of the Nakba by Palestinians. The predilection of Hawal for archival images is central to understand the film as a tentative to use the novella in a visual writing of the Palestinian history of 1948. The analysis of interactions between archival and fictional shots demonstrates that Hawal’s film reflects on the types of images that are necessary to write this history. The analysis finally shows the cinematic suggestion of the need of impossible images to visualize the collective experience of Palestinians in 1948.
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