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Fleeing ISIS: Aramaic-speaking Christians in the Niniveh Plains after ISIS

Author(s): Archimandrite Emanuel Youkhana / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Excluding the Armenians and some small groups of converts , the Iraqi Christians are the indigenous people of Iraq. Their roots go back thousands of years before Christianity in the lands of Mesopotamia. In other words, I believe the Iraqi Christians are the true native people of Iraq, being descendants of the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians. The Aramaic-speaking Christians (Assyrians, Chaldeans, Chaldo-Assyrians) are not a new Christian community ‘evangelised’ by western missionaries, as is the case in many African and East Asian Christian communities.

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The Role of Religious Groups on the Daily Religious Lives of European Turks

Author(s): Yakup Çoştu,Feyza Ceyhan Çoştu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

European Turks have experienced a tough adaptation process in their host countries because of the coming back to their homeland possibility has considerably decreased. Although acquiring citizenship in the host countries has several achievements legally, they came across problems such as a crisis of religious and national identity, conflicts of generations and cultures, and alienation. Turkish immigrants have established a number of community organizations and solidarity networks within the framework of the legal rights granted to them by the host country, primarily to provide services in various areas. One of the organizations that has been founded by European Turks are mostly mosque based organizations. The most important part of these organizations founded especially by Turkish immigrants who are close or sympathisers to religious groups and movements in Turkey or connected with them. These organizations were very similar to religious groups and movement in Turkey and in time they have become institutive for fulfilling differentiated demands of immigrant communities. Because of their active role in the everyday religious life of European Turks analysing those civil religious organizations and the religious and cultural life around it is so valuable.

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Importing a Labor Force for Catalonian Agriculture. A Case of Human Rights Deprivation in Spain. Sustainability and Successes

Author(s): Olga Achón Rodríguez / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper aims to disclose the consequences that the system designed by the Catalonian agricultural union “Unió de Pagesos” to recruit, import and distribute foreign labor produces, a subject deprived of its liberties and fundamental rights. Once the model of family farming was substituted by an industrial agricultural system of production, the agricultural union, with the consent of the State, reinvented itself as a provider of services related with the acquisition of manpower through this system - as we designate the set of practices that materialize the recruitment of foreign workers abroad and their concentration is lodgments controlled by the Union. The State’s migration polity is responsible of the emergence of such a system, and we can trace its origin in the symbiotic relation between the State and the union, whose intereststhe social control of the foreign worker and the just in time delivery of labor- are harmonized in it.

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HUMANITARIAN SECURITIZATION OF THE 2015 “MIGRATION CRISIS”: INVESTIGATING HUMANITARIANISM AND SECURITY IN THE EU POLICY FRAMES ON OPERATIONAL INVOLVEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN

Author(s): Maciej Stępka / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The 2015 “migration crisis” has stimulated the European political imagination with an image of migration and border control as based on a mixture of humanitarianism and security. Indeed, the European borders and migratory routes have been increasingly framed in the media and political debates as the sites of a humanitarian and security emergency (see Dekker & Scholten, 2017; Greussing & Boomgaarden, 2017; Ibrahim & Howarth, 2017). The accounts of children dying in the Mediterranean have been reproduced together with images of uncontrollable crowds gathering at the borders, and again with overburdened reception centres with deplorable humanitarian conditions (see BBC, 2018; The Guardian, 2018; Reuters, 2018). All these framings have been (re)merging in the public debate, building a sense of humanitarian crisis, but also insecurity and uncertainty regarding the most suitable course of action at the European level. Regardless the European Union’s (EU) attempts to respond to the increased migratory flows, the humanitarian situation has been getting more severe, generating a political momentum for mobilization of more decisive, security-oriented and even militarized measures in dealing with the crisis. Consequently, the EU has decided to increase its operational and military presence in the Mediterranean with Frontexled Joint Operations (JO) (i.e. Triton, Poseidon and Themis) and Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) naval mission (i.e. EUNAVFOR MED Sophia), explicitly framing the mobilization of security capabilities as search and rescue and “live saving” operations.

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RESTRICTION, PRAGMATIC LIBERALISATION, MODERNISATION: GERMANY’S MULTIFACETED RESPONSE TO THE “REFUGEE CRISIS”

Author(s): Axel Kreienbrink / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In 2015 and 2016, Germany faced an influx of asylum seekers on an unprecedented scale. How did the country react to this so-called “refugee crisis”? The response was a major effort at all levels of the federal state: the federal level, the Länder, the local authorities, but also civil society, welfare associations and NGOs. There have been countless measures in the most diverse fields of action (Grote, 2018). This article will specifically deal with the question of how and which legislative and administrative changes were put in place at the federal level in order to better manage the changing influx.

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Retrotopía: un anhelo del conservadurismo nativista estadounidense

Author(s): Laura Natalia Rodríguez Ariano / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

La política migratoria que surgió a partir de la culminación de manera unilateral del Programa Bracero, propició nuevas ideologías antiinmigrante y con ello, nuevas reformas políticas por las que se vieron respaldadas; dicha política se agudizó con la construcción del muro fronterizo, el poder que se otorgó a la Patrulla Fronteriza y las interminables leyes estatales en contra de la población inmigrante. Estas leyes abarcaban temas respecto al trabajo, educación y seguridad social, que contribuyen al crecimiento del conservadurismo blanco estadounidense. Como consecuencia del flujo constante de inmigrantes mexicanos en Estados Unidos, en especial los irregulares, los lineamientos migratorios se tornan hacia el nacionalismo xenofóbico.

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BARIŞ ÇALIŞMALARI BAĞLAMINDA KOLOMBİYA İÇ SAVAŞI

Author(s): Sevil Şahin,Mustafa Ozan Şahin / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Çatışan taraflar için, hiç şüphe yok ki barışa karar vermek ya da çatışmayı sonlandırıp gerçek bir barış sağlamak son derece zorlu bir süreci de beraberinde getirecektir. Özellikle de yaşanan çatışma sürecinde şiddet dolu uzun yıllar varsa, yüz binlerce kayıp verilmişse ve bunlar toplumun hafızasına kazınmışsa. Böylesi bir çatışmada barışa varmak adına çok güçlü bir motivasyon şarttır çünkü barış ancak ve ancak tarafların bu yönde samimi bir niyet taşımaları sonucu mümkün olabilir. Diplomasi seçeneğine yönelmek, özel olarak müzakere seçeneğini kullanmak tarafların süreç üzerinde kontrol sahibi olduğu bir yöntemdir ve sonuç tarafların niyeti, sahip oldukları güç, mücadele verdikleri amaçlar ve uluslararası toplumun çatışmaya yönelik bakış açısı ile yakından ilgilidir. Barışı sağlamak adına çatışan tarafların basitçe al ver mantığına odaklandığı bir çözüm sürecinin işlemesi yeterli olmayacaktır.

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Continuity or Change in Turkey’s Mass Migration Policy: From 1989 émigrés to Syrian “guests”

Author(s): Deniz Genç,N. Aslı Şirin Öner / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

As a country being a stage for a variety of migratory movements for many years, Turkey, until recently, did not have a comprehensive migration and asylum policy which takes into account of the realities of those movements and responds accordingly. The need for such policy has brought with it the efforts to develop a migration regime of which the new Law on Foreigners and International Protection (LFIP) is an essential element. The factors which played a role in the growing need for a migration and asylum policy are the increasing number of irregular migrants in the country and the deterioration of the Syrian refugee crisis. The lack of a comprehensive migration and asylum policy has loomed large when the country is a stage for mass migration movements.

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The Fundamental Parameters of Turkey’s New Migration Policy and Management Within the Terms of New Legislation

Author(s): Ali Zafer Sağıroğlu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Turkey has developed into the sending, transiting and receiving position in regard of migration throughout the republic’s history. These characteristics have differed from time to time depending on the global migration trends. In the early period of the republic, ethnic concerns became the main influence of the policies. Like the other contemporary nation states, Turkey used migration as an instrument of “homogenization” and building the nation-state (Kirişçi, 2007; Erder, 2007, p:6). İskan Kanunu (settlement law), issued in 1934, is important to show a typical policy of the early period. Turkey maintained the iskân kanunu and was in force until recently. The iskan kanunu deteremined that only the Turks or people of Turkic origins including the Muslims coming from the ex-territories of the Ottoman Empire were accepted as an “immigrant” (İçduygu, 2007, p: 206).

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EU-Turkey Readmission Agreement: Not a "Carrot" but More a ‘?’

Author(s): Ülkü Sezgi Sözen / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

First of all, it is essential to point out the importance of the cooperation with the neighboring countries. Solely the protection of European Union's (hereinafter EU) borders cannot be successful unless neighboring countries cooperate in the fields of irregular migration and the fight against cross-border criminality and terrorism. In order to do this, the EU should offer a certain level of compensatory measures that incentivize such cooperation, such as economic privileges or visa facilitation. As an incentivizing measure, the EU recently signed readmission agreements with its neighboring countries and offered economic advantages, such as access to the single market, free trade agreements or the possibility of easier visa acquisition, which can be considered a "realistic option".

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Migration Policy and Migration Management of Syrians in Turkey

Author(s): Michelle Dromgold / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Since the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War in the spring of 2011, the number of Syrian nationals seeking refuge within the borders of Turkey has surged, and the recent intensified threat of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) has only caused the number of Syrians fleeing to Turkey for safety to rise further. Today, Turkey hosts more Syrians than any other country in the world; according to official United Nations Refugee Association (UNHCR) registration statistics as of April 10, 2015, there are 1,758,092 registered Syrians in Turkey (UNHCR 2015) although estimates among academics, representatives from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and others predict the actual number of Syrians in the country as closer to 2.5 million. However, the legal status of Syrians in Turkey is unique. Not legally recognized as refugees due to Turkey’s historic and current migration policies, Syrians in Turkey are considered as ‘guests’ in the country and remain here under the legal status of temporary protection. Although this status provides for many basic rights - including shelter, food, education, medical support and the possibility of employment - Syrians often remain uninformed of and unable to access their rights-based provisions. Additionally, as the governmental and societal discourse of ‘guests’ suggests, Syrians are expected to be ‘hosted’ by the Turkish government and society and subsequently return home. Although governmental policy and many Turkish humanitarian aid-based NGOs continue to convey this discourse of Syrians as ‘guests’ under temporary protection, Turkish society is becoming tense - the Syrian ‘guests’ have overstayed their welcome.

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A Research on Psycho-social Support and Future Expectations of the Syrian Female Asylum-Seekers Living in Turkey

Author(s): Ezgi Arslan,Elif Gökçearslan Çifci,Veli Duyan,Fulya Akgül Gök / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Migration is the phenomenon of people’s leaving their areas of residence definitely or temporarily due to a number of reasons (IOM, 2009). Even though the term migration primarily connotes the movement of a particular population from one location to another, migration has a structure that is much more extensive and deep-rooted than mere geographic replacement (Aksu & Sevil, 2010). Today, rapidly changing environmental, economic, political, and social structures lead individuals and groups to migrating to settle in different regions. Based on classifications using different criteria, we may talk of types such as voluntary migration, forced migration, permanent or temporary migration, transit migration, illegal migration, and chain migration (Mutluer, 2003; Gündüz 1996 cited in Ilgaz & Tuzcu 2005). In the literature, internal migration is identified as the population movement between areas within the borders of the country and external migration is identified as movements of geographic replacement occurring towards neighbouring countries or even beyond (Şahin, 2001).

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Analyzing Turkish Labour Migration to Europe via SWOT and STEEPLE

Author(s): Hasan Akca / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Turkish community living abroad amounts to more than 5 million people, around 4 million of which live in Western European countries, 300 thousand in North America, 200 thousand in the Middle East and 150 thousand in Australia (MFA, 2015). The common goal of first wave of Turkish “guest workers” was to collect capital to start a small business in Turkey. Most of the guest workers left their families behind in Turkey.

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The Integration of Immigrants in Rural Communities: An Example of City Council’s Approach Towards Turks in France

Author(s): Markéta Seidlová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

France has among the European countries one of the longest tradition of receiving immigrants (Freeman, 1994) and was considered for long time as one of the model countries of incorporation of immigrants. France has represented the model called “assimilation”, i.e. the attitude that gives to immigrants all the civic rights very quickly, but in exchange it’s expected that they will give up their cultural particularities and that they will in some sort “forget” from where they come (Seidlová, 2008).

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The Kurdish Community in the Czech Republic and Its Transnational Practices

Author(s): Michael Murad / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The fairly sizable Kurdish community in Western Europe, particularly in Germany, has been a focus of scholarly interest for some time now. But Kurds are also present in other parts of Europe, where they have received much less attention. One such community has settled in the Czech Republic. Small in size, it has nevertheless taken an organized approach to promoting its interests in the public sphere and is connected, to some extent, with the broader diaspora of Kurdish nationals in other countries, and with the homeland(s). Particularly in recent decades, globalization and its attendant phenomena have made it easier to pursue domestic politics while abroad. Before the 1989 revolution, the former Czechoslovakia (CSSR) supported various Middle Eastern associations - some terrorist in nature - whose members often resided in Czechoslovakia. Many Middle Eastern communities became established, as well, including the Kurdish community

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Spatial Segregation and Politics of Equilibrium in Mersin: Unintended Consequences of Forced Migration

Author(s): Bediz Yılmaz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

More than twenty years after the peak of forced migration process, we have an important bulk of knowledge related to this phenomenon thanks to many academic works conducted on its political as well as social aspects. We know that, being an involuntary form of migration, it differs considerably from the economic (i.e. voluntary) waves of migration both quantitatively and qualitatively: it is massive, unprepared neither in material nor immaterial terms, it leaves the migrants deprived of supporting resources from the village, the hostile environment in the urban setting marked by a stigmatising discourse. Thus, the consequences related to the integration-adaptation-survival of the forced migrants in the cities are also different.

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Construction of Ethnic Identity Among Young Kurdish Voluntary Migrants in Istanbul

Author(s): Karol Kaczorowski / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to present partial results of ongoing research project devoted to examining social construction of ethnic identity of young Kurdish voluntary migrants in Istanbul. In the first part of the paper theoretical context of the study is shortly explained, with emphasis on: importance of Istanbul for Kurdish culture, conceptualization of identity and migration. The second part depicts preliminary results of interviews with migrants. It presents respondents' attitudes towards Istanbul, perceived qualities and flaws of conditions that it provides, and potential relation of metropolis to Kurdish culture.

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“Zorunluluk mu?”, “Gönüllü mü?” Türkiye’den Britanya’ya Yeni Göç Dalgası: Ankara Anlaşması

Author(s): Tuncay Bilecen / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Bu makale, Ankara Anlaşması olarak bilinen Avrupa Topluluğu Ortaklık Anlaşması’dan (European Community Association Agreement - ECAA) Britanya’da yararlanan kişilerle yapılan görüşmeler neticesinde şekillendirilmiştir. Ankara Anlaşması yoluyla oturum almanın, göçün değişen karakteri ve göç etmeyi zorlaştıran düzenlemeler bağlamında “yeni bir göç yolu” olduğu makalenin iddialarından birisidir. Makalede üzerinde durulacak bir başka husus ise, göçe sebep olan çatışmaların göçten sonra da başka şekillerde devam ettiği ve bunun da insan hareketliliğini artırdığı görüşüdür.

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Suriye’den Türkiye’ye Göç ve Açığa Çıkan Temel Sorun Alanları

Author(s): Ahmet Şahin,Fikret Elma / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Türkiye kuruluşundan bugüne önemli ölçüde iç ve dış göç deneyimi yaşayan bir ülkedir. Geçmişte Türkiye açısından en büyük dış göç dalgaları olarak, özellikle Balkanlardan (Yunanistan, Bulgaristan ve Bosna gibi) Türkiye’ye gelen göçmenler ve Türkiye’den Avrupa ülkelerine yönelen işçi göçü ifade edilebilir. Dolayısıyla, dış göç çerçevesinde ülke farklı dönemlerde hem dış göç alan, hem de dış göç veren bir konumundadır. Ancak özellikle 1990’lı yıllardan itibaren küresel ve bölgesel gelişmeler bağlamında Türkiye’nin daha çok dış göç alan bir ülke haline geldiği dikkati çekmektedir. Bu süreçte ayrıca göçmenler ve mülteciler için Türkiye’nin güney-kuzey ve doğu-batı ekseninde transit geçiş ülkesi olma konumunun da giderek belirginleştiği görülmektedir.

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Göç yollarında ulaşım araçları (1968 öncesinde)

Author(s): Yılmaz Büktel / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

1968 yılı, bu bildiri için iki farklı önemli noktaya işaret eder. İlki Mercedes – Benz lisansıyla Türkiye’de ilk defa fabrikasyon olarak şehirlerarası ve şehiriçi otobüs imalatının başladığını gösteren bir kuruluşun faaliyete geçmesidir. İkincisi ise Yaşar Kemal’in eserinden uyarlanan 1968 yılı yapımı Urfa – İstanbul filmidir. Bu filmde günün şartlarında ve günün ulaşım araçlarıyla yaşanan bir kaçmakovalama öyküsü perdeye aktarılmıştır. Konumuz itibarı ile bizi filmde kullanılan ulaşım araçları ilgilendirir.

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