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Refugee And Asylum-Seeking Students’ Experiences And Perspectives Of Education In The United Kingdom

Author(s): Jáfia Naftali Câmara / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Refugee and asylum-seeking students (RAS) face various challenges in accessing and excelling in the British educational system. Refugee-background students are entitled to attend mainstream, formal education, but there are no clearly defined educational policies that address their specific needs. There are still notable gaps in the literature highlighting the distinctions between the specific needs of refugee-background students from the needs of other groups and of their experiences of schooling. This study has been designed to investigate RAS students’ experiences and perspectives of education in England. It has been necessary to find a theoretical framework that accounts for the impact of culture and integration policies on teaching and learning in diverse classrooms.

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A “Communitarianist” Approach To The Issue Of Migrations

Author(s): Orazio Maria Gnerre / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Despite the urgency of talking about such a burning and current issue as the human migrations, unfortunately the divisiveness of this topic makes a lucid examination very difficult. On the work plane there are so many of those factors that it is necessary to order them according to logical hierarchical scales in order to organize a sensible discourse. By doing this, the risk is that it appears that some structural elements may be more or less important than others, so the challenge becomes precisely the ability to cover the problem in its entirety without neglecting apparently secondary aspects.

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The Role Of Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora In Homeland Affairs

Author(s): Tulika Gaur / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora has increasingly become an important factor in national as well as international politics for a variety of reasons. Their activism has successfully established new power relations between Sri Lanka and the international community, particularly since the end of LTTE in the island. From continuously providing financial support to their families and people in their homeland to articulating their kin groups’ demands, the diaspora community has been a significant factor in shaping the narratives of Tamil nationalism in Sri Lanka. Being the most effective lobbying group, it has eventually succeeded in making the Tamil issue an international issue rather than a domestic one. Not only have they managed to bring the situations of the war zone in front of the international community, but also successfully exposed the status of Sri Lankan government’s attempts towards resolving the Tamil issue in the post-war era. Their activism has been a key factor in shaping the international community’s stand over the issue of Sri Lankan war and making their homeland government answerable to the entire international community for the injustice done to their kin groups. This indicates that the issue of justice for Tamils and policy making in the island will remain ineffective if the diaspora community is not made a part of it as the representative voice of the Tamils in Sri Lanka.

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Who Are The Immigrants In Norway?

Author(s): Minja Tea Dzamarija / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Migration related statistics and analyses are in high demand by government agencies, the media and the public at large. There are several reasons why it is important to have knowledge of the immigrants’ situation in Norway. Lack of knowledge can give rise to unfounded opinions and false presumptions in public debates on immigration issues, and grater knowledge of the immigrants’ background and living conditions can bring about a greater understanding between immigrants and other Norwegians. A solid base of knowledge is also important information for politicians when making important decisions that are of concern to immigrants and integration. The aim of the integration policy in Norway is to provide incentives and opportunities for participation in the workforce and in community life. The word ‘diversity’ pops up continually in public and social debates when issues such as immigration and immigrants are discussed. Based on the interest that society shows in immigrants and integration, it seems that issues related to diversity have become everyday topics of conversation in Norway. With 5.3 million inhabitants, Norway is a small country on a global scale, but we have one of the fastest growing populations in Europe, according to figures from Eurostat- the statistical office of the European Union. At the beginning of 1970, there were 59 000 immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents or 1.5 per cent of the Norwegian population. At the beginning of 2019, these groups had risen to 944 000 persons or 17.8 per cent of the population. Diversity is an appropriate word to describe the composition of the Norwegian population. As of 1 January 2019, Norway was home to immigrants with a background from a total of 220 countries and autonomous regions.

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Impacts Of The Venezuelan Migration On The Colombian Labor Market

Author(s): Alix Juliana Obando Arias / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This research estimates the effect on the Colombian labor market of the increasing migratory flow from Venezuela, focused on the salary variation of Colombian workers. It seeks to answer the following problematic question: Has the salary of Colombians been reduced as the result of the arrival of Venezuelan migrants? This study classifies migrants and natives by educational level and work experience. Venezuelan workers can act as close or complementary substitutes for Colombian workers. The data comes from the Great Integrated Household Survey (GIHS) carried out by the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE).

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Transnationalism And Ecuadorean (Trans)Migration To The United States And Spain

Author(s): María-José Rivera / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper offers a comparative study from the Transnational Approach by means of an analysis of migration of Ecuadoreans to the USA and Spain. The methodology is based on Descriptive Comparative Politics, whose indicators, for this study, were migration flows, GDP growth rates, and political landmarks. Ecuadorean migration to the USA is characterised by a consistent economic transnationalism and an inconsistent socio-political transnationalism. As regards Ecuador-Spain migration, there is an inconsistent economic transnationalism and a consistent transnationalism for the socio-political dimension. The overall results evince the relevance of economic dimensions and that migrants’ agency must deal with South-North asymmetries.

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Tampere And Legal Migration Channels: The Case Of Italy

Author(s): Sebastian Carlotti / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The creation of new legal migration channels has been a core pillar of the EU since the Tampere Council in 1999. The framework behind this approach aimed to implement the concept of circular migration and to establish an increasingly flexible European labour market. Since then, the EU encountered a strong opposition of its Member States who refused to cede their sovereignty on migration policy, and, eventually, decided to further restrict legal opportunities for immigration. Twenty years after Tampere, this paper examines the case of Italy’s securitised migration as it serves as a useful paradigm of EU migration policies since then.

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Major Aspects And Possible Impact Of The European Public Discourse On ‘Migration And Migrants’ Over The Past Decade (2009-2019)

Author(s): Olga Coptu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Demographic characteristics of European countries have varied dramatically over the past thirty years. Compared to the state of play at the end of the 1980’s the population of the European continent is at present more diverse in terms of ethnical, racial or linguistic background of its residents. In this article we will analyse the dynamics of the “migration and migrants” topic in the European mainstream media over the last decade (2009 – 2019). What is the place of this discourse in daily life? Does it have a measurable impact on the evolution of political forces and may it influence results of elections? How does this discourse “compete” with other important topics (economic development, social evolutions, liberties and human rights, international relations) in the public discourse? We will also address the question of migrants’ views upon the societies of host countries and of their relationships with the countries of origin.

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The Role Of Transnational Diaspora Communities In The External Relations Of Western Countries Toward The South East Europe

Author(s): Veton Latifi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper aims to address the influences on the discourse and nature of the lobbyism activities with the EU and USA. Most of the countries in the South East Europe have been introduced in the government cabinets a position of ministries for diaspora community. In this view, the paper will discuss to what extent the coordinated strategies and actions of the ministries of diaspora of countries of the region are specifically targeting in a systematic way the American and EU external policies for the process of the EU and Euro-Atlantic integration? Among others, the paper explores to what extent and if at all the transnational diaspora ethnic communities of nations of the South East European countries have been influencing any action or strategy of the foreign policy of the European Union and USA through the national governments of the hosting countries that are members of the EU and NATO toward the SEE region, especially during the conflicts and peaceful resolution processes in the end of the XX and beginning of the XXI century since the bloodshed that followed the dissolution of former Yugoslav Socialist Federation?! It is believed that some of the nations in the region through the activities of the their transnational diaspora community based in the Western Europe and USA have been able to produce some important changes in the favor of their nations’ positions through the activities to influence the approach of the international community toward the region in various times conflict resolutions processes of the 20th century and that now they are attempting to achieve some kind of impact in the processes of the EU and NATO integration in terms of the foreign policy of the EU and USA via the member states national foreign policies. The paper eventually attempts to find out whether the activities of transnational diaspora ethnic communities for influencing the European and American external actions have been contributed towards the growth of internationalism, and thinning of nationalism in favor of cosmopolitanism, or the patriotic discourse it has been stronger in the case of the South East Europe in the beginning of the 20th century? The paper aims to examine the nature and forms of possible organized lobbyism activities of transnational diaspora communities in attempts for influencing the USA foreign policy and EU’s external relations and as well as aspects of diaspora politics in terms of the political behavior of the transnational ethnic diasporas in western countries.

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Exploring The Experiences Of Mental Health Among Internal Migrants In Nigeria (A Pilot Study)

Author(s): Temitope .O. Labinjo / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: This study identified and explored factors that impact on the mental health of internal migrants in Nigeria. Design: A pilot qualitative phenomenological study with four participants from two states in Nigeria. Findings: Five themes emerged from the study; ‘purpose of migration’, ‘experience of migration’, ‘coping strategies’, ‘knowledge of mental health,’ and ‘impact of internal migration on mental health’. Practical implications: The pilot study concludes that the stress of internal migration combined with socio-economic challenges and lack of social support can result in a lack of ability to settle which may likely result in poor mental health.

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The Japanese Asylum Policies: The Informal Asylum of Syrians in Japan

Author(s): Yahya Almasri / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Syrian conflict has caused a massive death toll, destruction, and one of the largest displacement crises since World War II. Since the outbreak of the war, a decade ago, millions of Syrians have embarked on desperate journeys in the hope of restarting their lives in safety. Approximately 6.6million Syrians escaped the horrors of war fleeing to neighboring countries;6.1 million became internally displaced, which is more than half of Syria's population, estimated at 22 million in 2010 (UNHCR 2020). Hundreds of Syrians have settled in Japan, a country with a rigid refugee system that effectively deters both fake and genuine asylum seekers. The refugee recognition rate in Japan has not exceeded 1% since 2011 (Japan Lawyer Network for Refugees 2020). Whether or not it was an informed decision for Syrians to seek protection in the East Asian archipelago, most of them have not applied for refugee status.

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Immigration Agents in Bahrain: An Exploration of the Immigration Policy Nexus

Author(s): Simeon S. Magliveras / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter explores the complex policy nexus, as described in the introduction to this book, to explain how transnational agents and immigration policy coexist. The study examines the actions of these various actors by scrutinizing the motivations of such agents who on the surface may appear to be motivated simply out of hopelessness or greed. Their actions are not so straight forward. The chapter focuses on a Filipina guest worker and her employer as agents in Bahrain within a complex immigration policy nexus. This work more generally illustrates that subjects of immigration policy are not are not merely moveable pawns of powerful states or mere units of production at the will of their employers. This chapter suggests that in actuality, they are agents who effect and are affected but their environments who make active choices within the system to reach their objectives as transnationals. This chapter finally suggests that immigration policy nexus and actions of the actors affect how policy becomes an agent of its own consequence.

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A Record 65.3 Million People were Displaced Last Year: What Does That Number Actually Mean?

Author(s): Jeffrey H. Cohen,Ibrahim Sirkeci / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

We continue to witness violent attacks – bombings and murders in France, Germany, Turkey, Afghanistan and Iraq; fighting in South Sudan and the continued civil war in Syria. These conflicts have renewed interest in the global refugee crisis and the movements of displaced persons around the globe.

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Europe’s Migration Crisis: An American Perspective

Author(s): Philip L. Martin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The United States is a nation of immigrants unsure about the best migration policy for the future. With almost five percent of the world’s people but 20 percent of the world’s 244 million international migrants, the US is the major country of immigration. The UN reported 47 million international migrants in the US in 2015,four times more than Germany and Russia, which each had 12 million migrants(UN DESA, 2015). The US is alone among high-income countries in having a quarter of migrants who are unauthorized, some 11.3 million in 2014. What to do about these unauthorized foreigners has dominated policy debates over the past two decades.

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Turkey’s Refugees, Syrians and Refugees from Turkey: A Country of Insecurity

Author(s): Ibrahim Sirkeci / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

On 18 November 2016, NATO’s Secretary General, Jens Stoltenberg said“ some Turkish officers working in NATO command structure… have requested asylum in the countries where they are working” months after the failed coup attempt in Turkey and the purges that followed. This is simply adding fuel to the fire in Europe. The European Union (EU) has faced one of its biggest crises with the rise of population flows through its Eastern and Southern neighbours as well as movements within the EU. In 2016, the Brexit referendum and debates surrounding it in the UK were largely focused on restricting EU immigration to the UK whereas eastern and central European members were raising concerns about and reluctant to comply with the refugee quota proposals and the burden sharing they often included.

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Immigration and Civil Society: New ways of democratic transformation

Author(s): Oscar Garcia Agustín,Martin Bak Jorgensen / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Debates in the political field about “democratic transition” or “democratic transformation” have been related to the shift from authoritative regimes to incipient democracy, especially to account for changes in Eastern Europe, Latin America, and, to some extent, Africa and Asia. Both terms are used to designate the idea of democratization of countries.

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Immigration Policy in the European Union: Still bringing up the walls for fortress Europe?

Author(s): Petra Bendel / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In May 2004 the deadlines for the transitional five-year-period of the Amsterdam Treaty (in force since May 1999) ended for those European regulations which were supposed to create a common European asylum and immigration system. The European Council in Tampere, 1999, had agreed on quite an ambitious programme in order to create an “area of freedom, security and justice”. Underlining a strong EU commitment to the common values of freedom based on human rights, democratic institutions and the rule of law, the Presidency of the European Council stressed that the European Union’s common rights should be guaranteed to its own citizens but, at the same time, must “offer guarantees to those who seek protection in or access to the European Union”. An open and secure European Union, therefore, has to be “fully committed to the obligations of the Geneva Refugee Convention and other relevant human rights instruments, and able to respond to humanitarian needs on the basis of solidarity.” Also, the Tampere conclusions of the Presidency wanted to ensure the integration into the EU societies of those third country nationals who are lawfully resident in the Union.

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The Case for a Foreign Worker Advisory Commission

Author(s): Ray Marshall / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper outlines the case for an independent Foreign Worker Advisory Commission (FWAC) to assemble and develop data and research to assist the administration and Congress make better and more timely decisions on employment-based migration (EBM), a relatively small (14% in 2010) component of total immigration. The FWAC also would recommend the numbers and composition of temporary foreign workers (TFW) admitted each year, which constituted about 1.7 million (of 46.5 million) US foreign visitors in 2010.

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Migration and Integration: Austrian and California Experiences with Low-Skilled Migrants

Author(s): Gudrun Biffl,Philip L. Martin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Austria had a labor force of 4.4 million in 2015, almost 19 percent foreign born, including 60% who were from other EU countries. Many of the migrants from other EU member states in Austria are highly skilled, but they are not always employed according to their skills, particularly migrants from the new European Union Member States (EU-MS). The language barrier is one major reason for down-skilling, and another is the large difference in wages between Poland and other source countries and Austria, which attracts teachers and other professionals to jobs in Austrian tourism and care services, even if they lack training for these lower-than-average wage jobs. Austria has required non-EEA (European Economic Area) migrants since 1996 to have skills, so Austrian employers take advantage of free mobility of labor within the EU and recruit some EU-migrants from Central European countries for low-paid jobs with difficult working conditions.

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Citizenship and Naturalization Among Turkish Skilled Migrants

Author(s): Deniz Yetkin Aker / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

There have been many studies about the concept of citizenship; nevertheless, as Joppke argues, “one of the biggest lacunae in the literature” is what people associate with the concept (Joppke, 2007: 44). In addition, naturalization is the procedure of citizenship acquisition for several reasons, such as gaining political rights. Although some scholars posit that non-citizens have several rights just as citizens do (such as, Bloemraad, 2000; Soysal, 1996), as Wallace-Goodman points out, for immigrants “naturalization is still the key to full rights of citizenship”(Wallace- Goodman, 2010: 3). Despite all the rights and benefits associated with citizenship acquisition, not all immigrants (can or want to) obtain the host country’s citizenship. Especially since 1982, many studies (such as Bloemraad, 2002; DeVoretz & Pivnenko, 2005; Yang, 1994 and Vink & Dronkers, 2012) dwell on the naturalization processes and policies to understand reasons of such variance in citizenship acquisition rates and dissimilarities in citizenship regulations among nations (Bloemraad, 2000: 13).

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