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A “Communitarianist” Approach To The Issue Of Migrations

Author(s): Orazio Maria Gnerre / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Despite the urgency of talking about such a burning and current issue as the human migrations, unfortunately the divisiveness of this topic makes a lucid examination very difficult. On the work plane there are so many of those factors that it is necessary to order them according to logical hierarchical scales in order to organize a sensible discourse. By doing this, the risk is that it appears that some structural elements may be more or less important than others, so the challenge becomes precisely the ability to cover the problem in its entirety without neglecting apparently secondary aspects.

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A ROME PLAN FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN MIGRATION CRISIS. The case for take-back realism

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

The European Union urgently needs a credible policy on asylum and border management. It must combine effective control of external land and sea borders with respect for existing international and EU refugee law. || Such a policy must deter irregular migration of those who do not qualify for protection. It must treat asylum seekers respectfully. It must respect the fundamental norm of the rule of rescue - not to push individuals in need into danger - which is at the heart of the UN Refugee Convention (non-refoulement). Such a plan can replace the current Dublin procedures whose reform is currently being debated in the EU with no prospect for a successful outcome. What the EU needs instead is a Rome Plan for the Mediterranean: effective, humane, and politically viable. || This plan must also recognise a basic truth that holds for Italy and for other EU countries: EU countries are bad at returning third country nationals who do not qualify for protection. This is largely because most poor countries in the world have little interest in taking back their own citizens, who often send remittances. There is an urgent need for return realism.

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A SENDING COMMUNITY IN THE FACE OF A MIGRANT CRISIS. MOŃKI CASE STUDY

Author(s): Barbara Cieślińska / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2019

The article presents results of the study carried out in Mońki, which is a town characterized by high intensity of economic emigration. The study was conducted in 2016, during the so-called the migration crisis, i.e. the increased influx of immigrants and refugees to the countries of the European Union. Although the wave of this influx did not reach Poland, but the migration crisis has become an important social issue, especially in the mass media. Our survey shows how being a member of an emigrant sending community affects the attitude towards receiving immigrants and refugees.

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ABD’deki Çin Diasporasının Oluşumuna Giden Yol

Author(s): Neslihan Topcu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2021

Diaspora can be defined as the communities that have a homeland and leave from their homeland to various places for various reasons, but maintain their connections with their homeland. This paper is discussed how the formation process of the Chinese diaspora in the USA took place. The paper consists of three parts. In the first part, the history of the formation process of the Chinese diaspora in the USA is explained. The second part examines the nature of the Chinese diaspora in the USA and how this quality has changed over time. The third part focuses on what kind of organizations exist between the Chinese diaspora and mainland China. Finally, in the conclusion part, a general evaluation of what is explained under three headings is presented.

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Academic Brain Drain: The Case of North Macedonia

Author(s): Merita Zulfiu Alili,Memet Memeti,Blerta Ahmedi-Arifi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Skilled labour is an important asset for any country in the development process and the emigration of skilled individuals presents a threat of a ‘brain drain’ which can affect growth, development and the quality of education. Brain drain in this research represents the loss of academic staff and researchers from a source country to a recipient country. Using survey data this study investigates the factors affecting academic staff’s decision on migration. It critically examines brain drain in higher education institutions in North Macedonia and its implications. Most of the academic staff intends to migrate to more developed countries mainly because of low standards of living and wages, because they think that there is no future in this country, lack of promotion possibilities based on merit and political influence in universities. Based on the findings this paper proposes policy recommendations for institutions to explore strategies on how to best use the skills of academic and research staff for improving socioeconomic benefits, and most importantly commitment to implementing these strategies

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ACCULTURATION IN A HOSTILE LAND: THE PLIGHT OF IMMIGRANT CHILDREN IN JAPAN

Author(s): Niculina Nae / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The present paper discusses the concept of acculturation and the specific problems immigrant children encounter in Japan against the growing and diversifying of immigration population. The author analyzes two cases of immigrant students and their acculturation difficulties in a country whose educational system is equal and accessible for all Japanese children, but which offers little support for immigrants and their unique backgrounds and vulnerabilities.

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Acta Historica Tallinnensia (2011), 17: Vabatahtlik ja sunniviisiline ränne eesti migratsiooniloos

Author(s): Ulrike Plath / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2014

Review of: Vabatahtlik ja sunniviisiline ränne eesti migratsiooniloos. [Freiwillige und erzwungene Wanderbewegungen in der estnischen Migrationsgeschichte.] Hrsg. von Maie Pihlamägi . (Acta Historica Tallinnensia, Bd. 17.) Teaduste Akadeemia Kirjastus. Tallinn 2011. 168 S. ISSN 1406-2925. (€ 8,50.). Reviewed by Ulrike Plath.

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Actas de la Conferencia Migración 2020

Author(s): / Language(s): Spanish

La pandemia ocasionada por el COVID-19 causó mucho estrés y cambió nuestro trabajo y vida privada para siempre. Dado el volumen de casos infectados y el número de muertos desde marzo de 2020, la pandemia afectó prácticamente la vida de todos de una forma u otra. Hemos visto a amigos y familiares enfermarse y ser hospitalizados, así como a algunos que han visto lo peor. Las universidades y la profesión docente e investigadora en general cambiaron para siempre y ya está claro que no hay vuelta atrás. La “nueva normalidad” difícilmente se parecerá a lo que recordamos haber hecho hace un año. Las Conferencias sobre Migración comenzaron en el año 2011 y este año (2020), se suponía que íbamos a reunirnos en Tetovo, Macedonia para disfrutar de la investigación de los demás y celebrar con excelentes bebidas en las faldas de la montaña Šar y sobre el río Pena. Sin embargo, tuvimos que conformarnos con el árido espacio virtual ofrecido por MS Teams. Es probable que a partir de ahora utilicemos más de estos espacios virtuales pero la sensación generalizada es que lo virtual está lejos de reemplazar los encuentros e intercambios presenciales que solíamos disfrutar durante los últimos 9 años. Ojalá podamos encontrarnos en un lugar agradable para continuar con nuestra tradición de una “buena conferencia para gente agradable y por gente agradable”. Esperamos que los participantes del TMC2020 hayan disfrutado del evento a pesar de las deficiencias tecnológicas y las dificultades causadas por las diferencias horarias.

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Adapazarı'nda Yaşanan Asayiş Sorunları (1876-1908)

Author(s): Cengiz Keskin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2021

Adapazari, where many nations from different ethnic origins live, has become even more confused with the immigrants coming to the region. In this region, which resembles a ball of problems, the main security problem that stands out is theft. It is seen that especially immigrants usurped the wealth of the rich people living in Adapazari. Those who resisted and tried to resist were battered, even killed. It is clear that the miserable situation of the refugees laid the groundwork for these crimes. These people, who came to Adapazari leaving all their assets from distant geographies, have been involved in such crimes. This chaotic situation has further increased the unrest in Adapazari and its surroundings. The danger of encountering a bandit or gang group at any moment has worried the people of the region. The studies conducted by states such as England and America on Armenians also disturbed the public order in the region. It is seen that Armenians living in Adapazari were greatly influenced by these missionary activities. Armenians, who took action with the dream of independence, caused some problems in the region. One of the public order problems in Adapazari emerged with the drying of the marshes that were not suitable for housing. Various public order problems have arisen due to the claims on the dried lands. The measures taken by the Ottoman Empire alleviated the problems to a certain extent, but could not end. Kidnapping, threats, assault, extortion, injury and murder are among the most common and almost ordinary public order problems in the region.

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Adaptation and identity shifts after migration and return migration: Turkish qualified returnees from Germany and the US

Author(s): Meltem Yilmaz Sener / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This study looks at the adaptation experiences of Turkish qualified migrants who returned to Turkey after living in Germany and the US, discussing their identity shifts both during the period spent in the host country and after the return. I look at their i- pre-migration familiarity with the language and culture of the host country, ii- social groups in the host country, iii- association memberships in the host country, iv- frequency of their visits to Turkey, v- the extent to which they followed the developments in Turkey, vi- reasons behind the decision to return, vii- re-adaptation to the home country culture after return, and viii- relationships with other returnees and host country nationals after return. By focusing on these aspects of their experiences, I aim to demonstrate the kinds of orientations they have had to the host and home country cultures, and the identity shifts they had both after migration and return. I also discuss whether there are any differences between the returnees from Germany and the US in terms of these dimensions.

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Addressing the Root Causes of Migration through Development Aid as a Security-Development Nexus: A Case Study of Germany and Austria

Author(s): Anna Paterek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This paper examines Germany’s and Austria’s merging of migration, security and development in the context of the European migrant crisis 2015/2016 through content and discourse analyses of key German and Austrian development policy documents. It argues that development aid is expected to manage long-term risks to the national security of donors by addressing the structural causes of forced and irregular migration. The concluding section synthesizes the key findings of the research paper.

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Administracja polska wobec problemu migrantów po 2015 r. Kluczowe kwestie prawne i polityczne

Author(s): Andrzej Plasecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2019

Over the course of Polish history, successive waves of migrants strengthened the country’s potential (16th century). In the 19th and 20th centuries, the emigration of Poles (including those of Jewish origin) had a negative impact on Poland’s politics and economy. Yet the post-2015 migration issue is an entirely new experience indeed. As regards migrants, the Polish state administration operates on the basis of reasonable and coherent regulations which provide for the application of the EU standards in the Republic of Poland. The situation of migrants in Poland and the Poles’ attitude towards them is mostly defined by the politics of the ruling party (Law and Justice). It is characterised by xenophobia, which makes reasonable problem-solving impossible. In addition, the party’s politicians often exaggerate the migrant problem in order to ensure ad hoc gains (e.g. on the voting day).

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Affecting International Migration Trends through a Multi-Faceted Policy: Kazakhstan within Central Asia and the EAEU

Author(s): Baurzhan Bokayev,Rymkul ISMAILOVA,Zulfiya Torebekova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

This article assesses the implementation of migration policy in Kazakhstan over the past twenty years, focusing on the results attained through attempts to reverse Kazakhstan’s net negative migration trends. Our analysis traces the impact of socio-economic conditions on migration processes, using the example of the Central Asian and Eurasian Economic Union member states including Kazakhstan. Consideration of further factors, such as ethnic repatriation, also points to the uphill battle that Kazakhstan and other Central Asian countries face in maintaining their skilled workforce and encouraging high skilled migrants to come into the country. The results of the analysis reveal the causes of the low level of efficiency in the Republic of Kazakhstan’s migration policy. Undocumented workers continue to play a major role in industries outside of the highly skilled and household workers, yet they are often denied their labor and human rights. The authors propose new approaches in the regulation of migration activities aimed at improving the quality of life of prospective migrants, improving the socio-economic conditions of the native population, and mitigating the further outflow of highly qualified specialists from the country. These approaches recognize that solutions must not only address barriers to economic success in Kazakhstan, but also must inspire confidence in Kazakhstan’s improving economic situation even when per capita income remains relatively low.

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AFGAN GÖÇMEN PROFİLİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA: TRABZON ÖRNEĞİ

Author(s): Cengiz Özgün / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 12/2021

Having for about 42 years of clashes, violations and immigration movements, Afghanistan, following Syria, has the second largest refugee population in the world. According to UNHCR data, it is estimated that about 2.6 million people internally displaced at the end of 2019, while 2.7 million of others were exposed to be refugees. By being on the migration route to the Europe, Turkey is still on the road of Afghan migrants. Trabzon seems to host gradually increasing Afghan immigrant population for a few years. In accordance with data issued by the local immigration office (Trabzon İl Göç İdaresi), around 4000 Afghans have been resettled in Trabzon. However, the real figures are estimated to be higher than the official one. This survey has been conducted to collect data regarding a satisfactory knowledge of immigrants. The focus of the survey was placed upon the subjects such as educational background, family reunification, safety, health, asylum process, economic (dis)advantages, the financial backing during their journey to Turkey and governmental or local welfare system(s) assisting them. Furthermore, their Turkish language skills, and inclusionary and exclusionary issues with local people are focused. The factsheet illustrates the results of interviews with Afghans migrant population during 2019-2020 in Trabzon.

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Afganistan Barış Süreci, Küresel ve Bölgesel Aktörler

Author(s): Mehmet Seyfettin Erol,Emrah Kaya / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2021

Afghanistan has been the scene of a conflict that has been going on for nearly 40 years. The parties to the conflict for the last 20 years have been the United States (USA), the Kabul administration and the Taliban. However, as a result of their inability to gain superiority over each other, the parties started peace talks, which is an alternative way to the armed conflict. After the aforementioned meetings, it was expected that the USA would withdraw from Afghanistan and that the Kabul administration and the Taliban would sit at the negotiating table. The fate of peace processes is not only the conflicting parties; it also determines the activities of third parties. It is known that actors such as Europe, China, India, Iran, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Russia and Turkey were influential in the Afghan Peace Process. In the study, the Afghan Peace Process and the policies of various actors will be examined.

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AFGANİSTAN’DA GÖÇ HAREKETLİLİĞİNİN NEDEN VE SONUÇLARI

Author(s): Ahmad Jawid OBAYD,Abdullah KARATAŞ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 50/2021

The problem of migration, which is an issue that has never left the agenda of humanity in the historical process, has always been on the agenda in most countries of the world in the 2000s. Individuals leave the places they live collectively for many reasons, with the priority of economic concerns and fear of war. It can be said that migration has become an important problem in Afghanistan as in all countries of the world. Afghanistan is a country where weapons have never stopped because of the invasions, internal conflicts and foreign interventions that have not ceased for more than 40 years since the Soviet invasion in 1979. Afghanistan, besides being a battleground of superpowers, has become a country that is mentioned with terrorism along with social, economic and political instability. Afghanistan, through which the historical Silk Road passes, has become an uninhabitable country due to the increasing violence day by day. Afghanistan, which has been experiencing migration problems for years due to the uneasy and insecure environment in the country, started to send immigrants to all parts of the world, especially to neighboring countries in the 20th century. At first Pakistan and Iran have been preferable as immigration center while Turkey has come to the fore later. People are forced to leave their country due to the effects of economic, terrorism, security problems and internal conflicts. On the other hand, the prosperous living conditions, economic and security opportunities in developed countries make migration to these countries attractive. In this study, the migration problem in Afghanistan will be discussed with its causes and consequences.

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AFGHANISTAN UNDER TALIBAN: A NEW REGIME POSES A THREAT TO INTERNATIONAL STABILITY

Author(s): Valeri Modebadze / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The purpose of this study was to see whether the Taliban regime poses a threat to the international community. The research primarily examined the threats that the formation of a theocratic regime in Afghanistan poses to neighboring countries and the international community. With regards to research methods, a document analysis method was used to obtain valid information and to analyze and describe the complex situation in Afghanistan. A wide array of documents and scholarly articles were analyzed to obtain reliable and objective information. This research revealed that the Taliban has not changed at all and still rules Afghanistan with medieval methods and strategies. Since the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan, the economic situation has deteriorated considerably and people face severe hardship. Therefore, hundreds of thousands of Afghans want to leave their homeland and migrate to the West. The Taliban violates constantly human rights and discriminates against women, ethnic and religious minorities. The Taliban has transformed Afghanistan into a narco-state. Neighboring countries fear that Afghanistan might become a hotbed of terrorism and extremism again.

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AFRİKALI GÖÇMENLERİN HİKÂYESİNİ BELİRLEYEN ETKENLER VE İLETİŞİMİN ROLÜ

Author(s): Zeynep Genel / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 39/2022

Migration mobility is one of the most discussion issue in today’s World. Worldwide human mobility takes place as one of the sustainabel development goals that targeted on 10.7 reducing inequalities and fighting for regular migration. Providing data to public policy makers to understand the push and pull factors in the formation, journey of migration and the role of communication in formation of these factors is among the objectives of the 11th National Development Plan. In this scope, the aim of this study for building public communication strategies to contribute a perspective from Sub-Saharan Afrikan community for researcher and practiioners. Within this aim, a qualitative field study applied in 2022 with Sub-Saharan African Migrants who live in Turkey in Konya and in İstanbul. It is observed while conditions for a better life, climate and geographic challenges puss to immigrate from the origin country, information and the pioneers’ journeys that conveys by communication platforms contributes to shape pulling factors of destination country

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Agency and Immigration Policy

Author(s): / Language(s): English

Immigration policy is interesting because seemingly powerless immigrants bare much of the brunt of said policies. Cultural idioms of us/them are unashamedly politicized at the expense of immigrants. Issues such as citizenship, human rights, labor rights, needs for laborer, culture and identity, all are intertwined into immigration policy. Policy, thus, becomes a tool of control and power. Moreover, immigrants and refugees are essentialized in everyday discourse as either hard working labors, or as lazy or immoral groups. They are politicized as barbarous caravans, or simply hordes of otherness. Immigrants are voiceless and at the same time burdened with all the ills of the host society. Much of the time, voices of their contributions are drowned out by the voices of fear and invasion. And this is inadvertently embedded in policy and its interpretations. This book is a selection of work from different places around the globe. It examines immigration and policy from different perspectives. Contributors to this book explore the intention of policies, its causes, and the results of its enactment, to society’s transformation but also it explores the action and agency of the subjects of said policies.

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Agency and Structure Revisited with Youth Responses to Gendered (Spatial) Mobilities in the EU

Author(s): Sahizer Samuk,Tabea Schlimbach,Emilia Kmiotek-Meier,Celia Diaz,Laura Díaz-Chorne,Volha Vysotskaya,Birte Nienaber,Monica ROMAN,Laura-Mihaela Mureşan,Ioana Manafi,Markus Däubler / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Young people involved in geographical mobility face diverse gendered mobility settings and gender inequalities. How do the youth involved in diverse mobility types deal with adverse circumstances caused by gender beliefs and gender prejudices? To answer this question, problem-centred interviews with young people (18-29) are analysed using Grounded Theory. These young people are European citizens and they are involved in five mobility types: higher education, employment, voluntary work, vocational education and training, and entrepreneurship. We apply Emirbayer and Mische’s (1998) categories (iterational, projective and practical-evaluative) to the analysis of gendered mobility narratives as unequal gender perceptions reveal themselves in the context of different types of youth mobility. The analysis allows to see the ways young people reflect on their actions: refusal of gender beliefs, acceptance or rejection of gendered prejudices, individual vs. collective solutions, demand for equality in numbers, comparison of gendered workplaces and assumption of leadership in initiating mobility. At the same time, we observe how geographical mobilities can increase the critical sensibility of youth towards gender inequalities, contributing to new conceptualisation of agentic responses to structural constraints.

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