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The Impact of Irregular Migration on Security in The Framework of Changing Security Context

Author(s): Hüsmen Akdeniz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

One of the biggest effects of globalization, which gained momentum with the end of the Cold War and the disappearance of the bipolar world order, has shown itself in the field of security. In this context, while the classical defense and security mindset is based on military issues, threats, dangers, risks and problems with a wider framework other than military issues (economic, political, environmental, social, etc.) have started to be included in the scope of security. In other words, security, which is considered to be a high politics issue in traditional international relations theories, began to be considered together with low political issues. Today, this stance of dealing with security issues in an extended way continues.

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THE IMPACT OF ISIS ON IRAQ’S NATIONAL SECURITY: REVIEW OF THE PERIOD FROM 2014 TO 2017

Author(s): Araz Ramazan Ahmad,Gardwn Tahir Othman / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

In the post-Ba’athist era, stability and national security remain the two key goals. Iraq has suffered from many extremist terrorist groups on several separate stages from 2003 to 2017. The most threatening terrorist group was ISIS (the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant), which has enormous impacts on Iraqi society, given the vast geographical areas that it controlled, and the dangers, crimes and violations suffered by the Iraqi people with all its components. The main aim of this study is to determine the impacts of ISIS on Iraqi national security. The study relied on Content Analysis Method to analyze the collected data and achieve its aims. Also, the primary research question is about the impact of ISIS on Iraq’s national security from 2014 to 2017. Correspondingly, an international coalition of more than a hundred countries was formed to stop the rapid expansion of ISIS. The number of victims who lost their lives and were affected at the psychological and humanitarian levels was explained in this study. According to the research results, ISIS was seeking long-term goals. The most important was the preparation for disseminating this new extremist ideology. The intelligence and the exploitation of poverty, ignorance, and political conflicts that ISIS used aimed to implant the extremist mentality in the most significant number of attention.

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THE IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON THE COUNTRY OF ORIGIN

Author(s): Brînduşa-Mihaela Radu,Mariana Bălan,Carmen Uzlau / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

The analysis of the problems related to the migration of Romanians presupposes the detailed knowledge of the motivations and characteristics of the migrants, of their circulation, but also of some related data, whose influence on the migration phenomenon can be direct or indirect. Knowing the motivations of Romanians to emigrate, but also the strategies used to leave Romania, can give us an overview of the migration phenomenon, with all the variety it covers. These strategies were adapted according to the period in which they migrated, but also according to the possibilities of each individual. Until 2014, the strategies used were: permanent (stable) migration, circular migration, internal migration, return migration and double migration (remigration). After 2015, a new orientation emerged (multiple migration), determined in particular by the fact that these migrants could not adapt to the places where they resettled. These areas represented either Romania or other places in the countries belonging to the European Union1. The migratory itinerary and social networks argue the existence of the social capital necessary to obtain the migration project. The migration phenomenon can largely be considered positive for the country of origin, but this phenomenon can also have negative consequences: due to the migration of women of childbearing age; due to the fact that migrants are not only those with an average level of education, but also an important part of intellectual capital; due to the accentuation of depopulation in rural Romania (visible consequence of migration), which has intensified especially in the last two decades (Aceleanu, 2011).

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The Impact Of Moral Values On The Meaning Of The Borders And The Membership Status Of Migrant Workers

Author(s): Süreyya Sönmez Efe / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

International migration is one of the most debated phenomenon in the contemporary world which has an impact on the persons who migrate and the societies who host these migrants. The current migration flows into the European Union (EU) region from the Mediterranean area and central Europe is described with the term ‘migration crisis’ and the terms ‘security’, ‘criminality’ and ‘economic burden’ impute derogatory meanings to the act of migration. These meanings are shaped by the values which are created collectively by a group individuals who usually have shared sense of belonging to a territorially bound community.

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THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT POLICY ON SYRIAN REFUGEES

Author(s): Hussein Salem Al-Srehan / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

This study aims to investigate the impact of social adjustment policy on Syrian refugees, whereas the study population is composed of all Syrian refugees in Jordan. The sample of refugees in different regions of Jordan was surveyed (1675 in total). In order to achieve the objective of the study, the social adjustment scale was constructed in the final form of 20 items. After confirming its validity and stability, it was applied to the sample. The results show that the impact of the social adjustment policy on Syrian refugees in Jordan depends on gender factors, duration of asylum, and the place of residence, but does not depend significantly on the education level. Social adaptation more characterizes men, and there are significant differences between the level of social adaptation in Badia, as well as between urban residences and in rural ones.

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The impact of the brain drain process on Romania - possible solutions in order to increase resilience

Author(s): George-Cristian GAVRILOAIA / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

The paper presents the implications of the brain drain phenomenon in Romania, focusing on possible solutions at European, national and local level. The consequences of the brain drain phenomenon as well as the magnitude of the problem in Romania were analysed based on a quality methodology, namely the secondary analysis of statistical data, all in correlation with other concepts such as trust, vulnerability and resilience. Although there are still no analytical indicators to accurately measure them, the conclusions and recommendations that have been made showed that a bottom-up approach to highlighting the solutions already implemented can be seen as a future model for brain drain analysis.

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The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Greek Policy

Author(s): Maciej Pawłowski / Language(s): English

The number of people infected by the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Greece is relatively small because of early and tough actions taken by the government, but the situation may change with increased migration from Turkey, a country with high incidence of COVID-19. At the same time, the government’s ability to fight the economic crisis stemming from the pandemic is limited due to Greece’s huge public debt. However, the current situation is a chance to implement its demands for eurozone reform, changes in EU migration policy, and relations between the EU and Turkey.

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The Importance of Skin Colour in Central Eastern Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Racist Attitudes in Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic

Author(s): David Andreas Bell,Zan Strabac,Marko Valenta / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The importance of skin colour is often neglected in empirical studies of negative attitudes towards minorities. In this study we use data from the 2014/2015 wave of the European Social Survey to analyse explicitly racist attitudes in Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic. The data was collected before the refugee crisis of 2015–2016, which gives the study a unique opportunity to analyse these attitudes in three of the countries that were among the most hostile to migrants in the EU. The study demonstrates how theoretical perspectives commonly used in explorations of negative attitudes based on ethnicity may be effectively used to analyse racist attitudes. The results show high levels of racist attitudes in both Hungary and the Czech Republic, despite there being very few non-white immigrants in these countries, while, in Poland, the racist attitudes are less widespread. Realistic threats seem to be of little importance for understanding racist attitudes – in contrast, symbolic threats appear to be very important for understanding them. There is also the surprising result that voters for more moderate political parties are no less racist than voters for the more radical political parties in any of the three countries.

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The Influence of Populistic and Protectionist Policy of the Trump Administration on the Treatment of Foreign Nationals Applying for Immigration Benefits

Author(s): Anna M. Ludwikowski / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2020

The article focuses on the obstacles to legal immigration imposed by the Trump administration against those who are already in the US pursuant to their valid non-immigrant classification and those who are abroad and trying to reunite with family members in the US or seeking entry having a legitimate job offer from a US employer. Recent changes in US immigration policy have been achieved through restrictive interpretation and enforcement of existing law by the USCIS which is part of the Department of Homeland Security, and by the State Department (DOS) rather than by substantive legislative changes done in Congress. The article provides an overview of the most recent governmental restrictions affecting so called “business immigration” and family-based immigrant processing, and also restrictions on suspension of entry to the US due to Covid-19, introduced through presidential proclamations. Although the federal courts blocked several of these administrative initiatives, the anti-immigrant atmosphere is having a big negative impact on many groups of foreign nationals. Nationalistic notions of “making America great again” that should be accomplished through “buy American and hire American” principle, and legal uncertainty causing ongoing federal lawsuits will undoubtedly lead to America’s further isolationism if President Trump wins the November 2020 election.

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The Issue of Immigration in The United States Elections: A Look at Trump-Era

Author(s): Akın Sağıroğlu,İlhan Aras / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the 1870-1880s, the main targets of the American people were Chinese immigrants who were a threat to Americans' jobs, wages, and lifestyle. Therefore, the first law enacted to prevent a certain ethnic group in America was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. In the following century, there were different migrant targets. In 1942, in the aftermath of the Pearl Harber bombing, Executive Order 9066 was signed by President Roosevelt which led to the displacement and detention of more than 110.000 Japanese Americans from 1942 to 1946. Towards the end of the 20th century, Latin Americans and Muslims were more on the agenda. After the September 11 attacks, Muslims were seen as a potential threat to America's security.1 Nearly 150 years later, the same issue has been heavily debated in American politics.

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The Japanese Asylum Policies: The Informal Asylum of Syrians in Japan

Author(s): Yahya Almasri / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Syrian conflict has caused a massive death toll, destruction, and one of the largest displacement crises since World War II. Since the outbreak of the war, a decade ago, millions of Syrians have embarked on desperate journeys in the hope of restarting their lives in safety. Approximately 6.6million Syrians escaped the horrors of war fleeing to neighboring countries;6.1 million became internally displaced, which is more than half of Syria's population, estimated at 22 million in 2010 (UNHCR 2020). Hundreds of Syrians have settled in Japan, a country with a rigid refugee system that effectively deters both fake and genuine asylum seekers. The refugee recognition rate in Japan has not exceeded 1% since 2011 (Japan Lawyer Network for Refugees 2020). Whether or not it was an informed decision for Syrians to seek protection in the East Asian archipelago, most of them have not applied for refugee status.

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The Kinship Commodification of Local Ethnic in Lampung in Multicultural Relations

Author(s): Risma Margaretha Sinaga / Language(s): English Issue: 108/2021

One of the common problems in a society that originates from multiculturalism is the emergence of a dichotomy in the community resulting in differences between ethnic groups. This distinction is often measured by domination, marginalization, majority or minority, and even stereotypes attached to each group or ethnicity. Not infrequently also formed a pattern that labels a local community and migrants. The complexity of inter-ethnic relations in multicultural societies requires controlling models for the relations with conflict potential. Actually, the concept of ethnic identity still leaves debate that is not over, especially among experts in the social sciences. However, at least we need to get an overview of this construct. One of the strongest elements in the cultural structure of a society that can support multicultural relationships that are equilibrium and harmony is kinship because there is a mechanism in maintaining wholeness. This study aims to reveal the meaning of kinship commodification in local ethnic groups in Lampung and reveal the implicit meaning of the commodification of kinship. As a qualitative study, interviews were the main instrument for obtaining a native perspective (the giver and recipient of a title) and observing the custom ritual of awarding the title holistically and supported by several relevant documents. Collected data by rolling out information on some (original) informants to get their perspective on the culture of lifting titles for migrants who used a kinship perspective. This study also used participatory observation to get a complete picture of the commodification of kinship in multicultural relationships. The research location included the Lampung society dominated by Papadun and Saibatin communities. The results showed that the positioning of Lampung ethnicity at the minority level in a multicultural society increased their ability to cultivate a title culture in their community structure as a tool of resistance by adopting kinship. Cultural actions with kinship patterns and symbols make other people like relatives or family. Even the title becomes an instrument of cultural harmony in multicultural relations. The title of Lampung’s local ethnic kinship becomes the identity at stake because the title found a compromise of identity that is always modified.

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The Legal Fiction of a Genuine Link as a Requirement for the Grant of Nationality to Ships and Humans – the Triumph of Formality over Substance?

Author(s): Gotthard Mark Gauci,Kevin Aquilina / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

This paper discusses nationality of a person, whether physical or legal, and compares and contrasts the international legal regime which regulates the nationality of both persons. Whilst humans are granted nationality because they are citizens of a state to which they owe allegiance, in the case of a res which enjoy nationality – such as a ship – the relationship between such a res and its national state is based on a functional dimension. A ship oftentimes navigates in areas beyond state jurisdiction (such as on the high seas) ending up in a legal vacuum if she enjoys no nationality to regulate its behaviour and whatever happens on board that ship during its extra-territorial voyages. The authors thus discuss the juridical nature of nationality, nationality of a res and of humans, and reflect upon the recent sale by states of their nationality to noncitizens thereby shifting human nationality closer to the commodification of nationality of which ships are a traditional instance. It concludes that nationality of ships and of humans has in some legal systems moved away from the classical International Court of Justice’s Nottebohm case requirement of a pre-existing genuine link to one where nationality is reduced to a commodity.

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The Legal Status of Jewish Properties after the Second World War

Author(s): Camelia Moldoveanu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The author examines the legislative means by which the Jewish minority in Romania was dispossessed of its assets prior to World War II by the fascist regime and in the wake of this war by the communist regime. The study examines how the post-World War II government wilfully hindered the restitution of unlawfully taken Jewish assets and how it not only allowed the perpetuation of the dispossession which took place during the Holocaust but also added measures for the nationalization of Jewish assets. The post-1989 restitution process is also examined briefly to outline the successive failure of the Romanian Government to enact proper restitution.

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The Mental Health and Wellbeing of EU Citizens in the UK: A Systematic Review of the Qualitative Literature

Author(s): Piotr Teodorowski,Ruth Woods,Catriona Kennedy / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Moving to a new country impacts on migrants’ mental health and well-being. There are over 3.6 million European Union citizens living in the United Kingdom. We conducted a systematic review of the qualitative literature to explore what is known about their mental health and well-being at the post-migration stage in pre-Brexit period. We searched five databases from 1st January 2009 to 19th February 2019; Web of Science, MEDLINE, CINAHL, SocIndex and Scopus for studies. Ten papers reporting nine studies were included in this review. Two themes were constructed; a narrative of adjustment and of employment realities. The former focuses on the process of settling in and the role of social connectedness. The latter concerns employment realities with included studies exploring the financial position and employment experiences of migrants. Findings indicate that we still know relatively little about the range of post-migration experiences among EU citizens and their implications for mental health.

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THE MERKEL PLAN. Restoring control; retaining compassion. A proposal for the Syrian refugee crisis

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

This paper outlines how an agreement between Germany and Turkey could have an immediate and dramatic impact on the Syrian refugee crisis. It would restore control over Europe’s south-eastern border without sacrificing compassion for the refugees. But with the far right resurgent across Europe, the window of opportunity for decisive action is closing fast. || The paper explains how the various practical and legal aspects of this agreement could be resolved. It explains why, in the face of escalating anti-migrant and anti-Muslim rhetoric from far right parties across Europe, an early solution is in the vital interests of both Germany and Turkey.

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The Migration Conference 2020 Proceedings: Migration and Politics

Author(s): / Language(s): English

his is the second volume of the Proceedings of The Migration Conference 2020. The Migration Conference 2020 was held online due to COVID-19 Pandemic and yet, in over 80 parallel sessions and plenaries key migration debates saw nearly 500 experts from around the world engaging. This collection contains contributions mainly dealing with migration and integration debates. These are only a subset of all presentations from authors who chose to submit full short papers for publication after the conference. Most of the contributions are work in progress and unedited versions. The next migration conference is going to be hosted by Ming-Ai Institute in London, UK. Looking forward to continuing the debates on human mobility after the Pandemic.

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The Migration Conference 2021 Selected Papers

Author(s): / Language(s): Turkish,English,French,Spanish

This is a collection of self-selected papers presented at The Migration Conference 2021 London. COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing restrictions and difficulties in international travel forced us to run the TMC online for a second time. It is a new and improving experience for most of us and there is strong hints that the conference will continue in hybrid form in the near future. As usual, we have invited participants to submit 2000 words papers for the proceedings book and this volume brings you these papers. Topics covered in the volume include gender, education, mass movements, refugees, religion, identity, migration policy, culture, diplomacy, remittances, climate, water, environment and pretty much everything about migration. Most of the papers are in English, but there are some in French, Spanish and Turkish too. This is a great book for those who want short accounts on all aspects of migration and refugees. TMC 2021 was hosted by Ming-Ai (London) Institute and The International British Business School, UK. Looking forward to continuing the debates on human mobility after the Pandemic at the next TMC in Morocco. | www.migrationconference.net | @migrationevent | fb.me/MigrationConference | Email: migrationscholar@gmail.com

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THE MIGRATION PHENOMENON IN THE E.U., REFLECTED BY HUMAN RIGHTS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. CASE STUDY ON THE INTERVENTION OF THE PEOPLE’S ADVOCATE THROUGH THE CHILDREN’S ADVOCATE TO PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF MIGRANT CHILDREN IN ROMANIA

Author(s): Mădălina Botină / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

This paper presents the evidence and experience that underpin the legislative initiatives proposed for migration and asylum. It points to the key challenges in relation to migration faced by the European Union. Since the migration crisis of 2015, the number of arrivals and composition of flows have changed significantly, both between and along the different migratory routes. Additionally, there is significant variation of migratory pressure across countries and in terms of the tools applied to address it. Romania is exposed to migration routes in the present and we identified a number of challenges that prevent the EU’s current system from being fit to address the realities of migration, able to ensure international protection for those in need and effective and humane return of irregular migrants, fair in terms of solidarity and sharing of responsibility between Member States as well as ready for use in times of crisis and situations of force majeure. This article provides an overview of the legislative and non-legislative proposals that seek to address the gaps and inefficiencies identified.

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THE MIGRATION STRATEGIES AND POSITIONS ON THE EU MIGRATION AND ASYLUM AGENDA: EVIDENCE FROM THE VISEGRAD GROUP COUNTRIES

Author(s): Tomáš Kajánek / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

At the time of the outbreak of the migration crisis in Europe, the Visegrad Group gained the status of the EU troublemaker due to its opposition to the solidarity and cohesion mechanisms adopted on the European level. The migration strategies (not only) of the individual states of the grouping proved insufficient and unfeasible in times of crisis. However, in the case of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and the Slovak Republic, the absence of national mechanisms and solutions was partially replaced after 2015 by joint declarations and statements rejecting active cooperation in resolving migration and asylum pressures within the EU Single Market. Despite failing to manage migratory pressures since 2015, four Central European countries have not learned their lessons and will face unprecedented crises in 2022 again. This time, however, Visegrad countries became the first-line countries affected by the refugee crisis. The migration and asylum agenda is thus becoming an extremely complex problem within the Visegrad Group region due to the initially intense politicization of the topic by the government elites in individual states. The paper analyses the migration strategies of individual states and the migration and asylum management-related positions after the migration crisis in 2015 and the sequence of events associated with the outbreak of armed conflict in Ukraine in early 2022.

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