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Skandál metafory Umberta Eca

Author(s): Pavel Bluďovský / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2021

The article analyses Umberto Eco's philosophical view of metaphor in his essay The Scandal of Metaphor, based mainly on the interpretation of Porphyry's tree and the disharmony between encyclopaedic and dictionary entries with reference to Aristotle's theses, and tries to provide an analysis of Eco's background and ideas about the role of metaphor in the development of knowledge against the background of contemporary philosophical, linguistic and psychological approaches to metaphor. The focus is not on Eco's literary output, but on his actual linguistic reflection on metaphor.

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O POZORNEJ SYNONIMII NA PRZYKŁADZIE CZASOWNIKÓW FAŁSZU

Author(s): Joanna Zaucha / Language(s): Polish Issue: 08/2023

This are cle aims to identify the mechanisms determining a seeming synonymy. It is based on the observation of sentence contexts containing falsehood verbs. The first part of this article indicates the semantic differences occurring between four language units: wprowadzić [kogoś] w błąd (to mislead [someone]), oszukać [kogoś] (to deceive [someone]), zwieść [kogoś] (to delude [someone]), and okłamać [kogoś] (to lie [to someone]). It is followed by the discussion of the sentence contexts in the form of the conditional mood with various combinations of seeming synonyms. The conclusion coming from the analysis is that semantic oppositions are neutralised due to specifi c characteritics of the syntactic context and the mechanism of “silent denial” as described by A. Bogusławski (2003, 2021). The necessary condition for neutralisation on to occur is preserving the identity of the themes of the characteristics included in the contents of the verbs. Contextual synonymy will not arise if any of the predicates included in the conditional mood fails to characterise the theme in a given respect.

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RUINA, RUINY, RUJNOWAĆ. DELIMITACJA JEDNOSTEK I CHARAKTERYSTYKA POJĘĆ

Author(s): Dorota Kruk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 08/2023

The aim of this article is the delimitation and semantic analysis of language units represented in the contemporary Polish language by the forms ruina (a ruin), ruiny (ruins), rujnować (to ruin). The text is situated in the steam of structuralist linguistics, and more specifically in reduction semantics. The outcome of the conducted analysis is the identification of both verbal units in the form of [ktośi ] zrujnował [kogośj ], [ktośi ] zrujnował się na [cośj ], [ktośi ] zrujnował [cośj ], [ktośi ] obrócił [cośj ] w ruinę and nominal units in the form of ruiny [czegośi ], as well as three expressions associated with the form ruina, namely the specifi c noun ruina and the abstract nouns ruina [kogośj ] and ruina [czegośj ]. The author describes the semantic properties of the distinguished lexemes and formulates an explication of the notions assigned to them.

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GŁUPI / IDIOTYCZNY / NIESZCZĘSNY DŁUGOPIS, CZYLI O NIE TYLKO EKSPRESYWNYM ZNACZENIU PEWNEGO TYPU PRZYMIOTNIKÓW

Author(s): Katarzyna Doboszyńska-Markiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 08/2023

This article shows lexemes such as głupi (gwóźdź), debilne (zebranie), idiotyczny (ząb), nieszczęsne (dokumenty) (a stupid/foolish/ridiculous/wretched (nail/meeting/tooth/document)) as a subgroup of metapredicative adjectives with expressive and colloquial markedness. When they moved to the level of speaking about speaking, they lost some of the formal characteristics of typical adjectives (they are non-contrastive, non-negatable, nod-gradable among other features) and the meanings associated with mental impairment, illness, and other misfortunes have changed into the carrier of the evaluation ‘it’s not worth talking about’. This process falls into the research on grammaticalisation. This article provides an overview of dictionary entries of the analysed expressions and the author’s preliminary hypothesis on their capability to reinforce assertion.

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WIZUALIZACJA TREŚCI JAKO SPOSÓB UPRASZCZANIA TEKSTU PRAWNEGO. LEGAL DESIGN W PRAKTYCE

Author(s): Karolina Ruta-Korytowska,Łukasz Połomski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 08/2023

The aim of this article is to present the possibility of using the plain language standard for communication in the field of law. So far, legal design as a model of communicati on between lawyers and citi zens/clients has not been thoroughly developed in terms of both theory and practice. Therefore, the first part of the text presents the most important features of plain language in terms of legal design. It is one of the possible ways to apply the standard of plain polish developed over a decade ago. The high degree of difficulty of texts in the field of law results in their recipients being excluded in terms of communicati on. Legal design is the simplifi cation of the language of law in such a way that it is useful and understandable for every citizen. The second part of the article describes good practices of using this information design model in the field of law. The effectiveness and efficiency of activities aimed at visualising content has been tested among clients of one of Poznań law firms.

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Naratološki elementi proznog oblika basne

Author(s): Ermina Ribić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 91-92/2023

This paper analyses narrative features of fables. Starting from the etymology of this form and its connection to oral literature, the paper highlights the relationship between various cultural traditions and practices in which fables appear, and it examines the development of this genre in its written form. The paper is divided into three parts. The first introductory section discusses the etymology of the fable and its connection to simple forms. The second part explores the reasons for various approaches and definitions of the fable, and a new classification of this prose form is proposed. The central part of the paper, which is also the most crucial, identifies numerous narratological elements of the fable that are essential for it to function as narrative prose. The aim of this paper is to present the fable through a narratological approach and determine its narrative structure, while also pointing out the specific characteristics of this form, features that distinguish it from other prose forms, and its connection to the traditions in which it originates.

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Reafirmacija metode interpretacije lirske pjesme

Author(s): Ivan Šunjić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 91-92/2023

Review of: Tihomir Brajović, Tumačenje lirske pesme. Od teorije do interpretativne prakse (Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga, 2022).

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Grammatical Number from an Ecological Perspective, Focused on the “Here-Now-I-Real”

Author(s): Toshiyuki Sadanobu / Language(s): English Issue: 41/2023

This article shows, using the example of number agreement, that an ecological perspective with a focus on the situation of the utterance (i.e. here-now-I-real) is an effective way to understand differences in grammar among individual languages and to identify commonalities above and beyond such differences. On the surface, English and Chinese would appear to be exact opposites in terms of whether or not they conform to the rule of number agreement, while the position of Japanese would appear to be ambivalent on this question. But in fact this is not the case. Numerous languages around the world are consistent in the way number distinction is more likely to arise the higher the subject’s position on the animacy hierarchy. Chinese and Japanese are no exceptions. Leaving aside differences in individual circumstances, languages differ only in the boundary lines on the animacy hierarchy where number distinction becomes obligatory. In order to reach the above understanding, it is essential to see animacy from an ecological perspective. Furthermore, an ecological perspective is essential as a principle for explaining levels of not only animacy but also self-expressiveness, esteem, and transitivity. The prevailing view of language as separate from the situation of the utterance requires considerable revision on the subject of grammar.

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Пословицы в газетном тексте и медийном дискурсе

Author(s): Olga Abakumova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2009

The article deals with the problem of proverb’s meaning and its functioning in newspaper text and in media discourse. Special attention is paid to different communicative strategies, used by journalists in achieving the necessary effect. It is supposed that media text in most cases is a result of social strategic action. The aim is achieved through different means and use of proverbs as well. The actualisation of proverb in text is connected with the developing of the proverbial scenario as a result of superposition of three types of frames: imaginary, occasional and generalised. The use of proverb in speech is an indirect speech act (in most cases of directive type).

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K některým gramatickým jevům v prózách Ivana Klímy

Author(s): František Štícha / Language(s): Czech Issue: 28/2023

The fiction (novels and stories) of Ivan Klí􀆴ma, one of the most renowned Czechwriters since the 1960s, is not particularly rich in linguistic peculiarities: word order is strictlythe norm, there are not many neologisms, lexis and grammar are mostly as common as in otherrenowned Czech (and not only Czech) writers. Nevertheless, I found some grammatical phenomenathat are probably characteristic of Klí􀆴ma’s prose: 1. The pluperfect, though rarely used byKlí􀆴ma, occurs more frequently in Klí􀆴ma’s prose than in other contemporary well-known Czechwriters. 2. The iterative aspectual forms (chodívat) are probably more frequent in Klí􀆴ma thanin other well-known Czech writers. 3. The perfective uvidět is often used for the common vidět.4. A special class of deadjective verbs with the prefix z- and the root suffix -ě- is common.5. The third person plural of the verbal predicate is often used in the function of the so-calledgeneral personal subject (Říkali to v rádiu / They said it on radio). 6. A special type of complexsentence with attributive and other dependent clauses is used without conjunction (Jsou věci,nikdo se o nich nedozví / There are things, nobody will know they exist).

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Kontext – komunikace – dialog Suplementum časopisu Jazykovědného sdružení České republiky

Author(s): Martin Havlík / Language(s): Czech Issue: 28/2023

Summary of a journal article: Kontext – komunikace – dialog Suplementum časopisu Jazykovědného sdružení České republiky (K životnímu jubileu Jiřího Zemana) Roč. LX, 2023, 267 s.

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The Use of Sarcasm in ESP Classes

Author(s): Mirela Costeleanu / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2023

Sarcasm can be defined as the use of words that mean the opposite of what the speaker actually says, especially to insult the recipient, to show irritation or to amuse the others. Sarcastic remarks are funny and constructive when they are mutually understood within a genuine relationship. Sarcasm has the potential to catalyze creativity for those who produce and receive it. A positive message delivered in a friendly tone - „You did a great job” and a negative message delivered in a patronizing or deprecating tone - “Your answers are far beyond all expectations” - are congruent.

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МИНАТИТЕ ВРЕМИЊА ВО МАКЕДОНСКИОТ ПРЕВОД НА РОМАНОТ „ПРАЗНА МАПА“ ОД АЛЕНА МОРНШТАЈНОВА

Author(s): Igor Stanojoski / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 16/2023

It is known that the translator of literary works to Macedonian language does not dispose of Grammar markers of evidentiality, hence he/she needs to be cautious in the selection of the correct tense for translation. The novel “Blind map” is an exceptionally interesting example, since we faced a whole specter of influences when selecting past tenses in its translation, therefore, the choice of tense was not entirely dependent on the context and the chronology of events in the novel, but on the acts of narration of the well-known Czech writer as well.

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АННА ПЕТРИКОВА. ФЕНОМЕН ЯЗЫКОВОЙ ЛИЧНОСТИ В СВЕТЕ ХРИСТИАНСКОГО ДИСКУРСА (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ПРОПОВЕДЕЙ Д. СМИРНОВА).

Author(s): Ružica S. Levuškina / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2023

Review of: АННА ПЕТРИКОВА. ФЕНОМЕН ЯЗЫКОВОЙ ЛИЧНОСТИ В СВЕТЕ ХРИСТИАНСКОГО ДИСКУРСА (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ПРОПОВЕДЕЙ Д. СМИРНОВА). PREŠOV: PREŠOVSKÁ UNIVERZITA V PREŠOVE, FILOZOFI CKÁ FAKULTA, 2021, 150 СТР.

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FIGURE PONAVLJANJA U ROMANU PONORNICA SKENDERA KULENOVIĆA

Author(s): Edim Šator / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 21-22/2023

The paper analyzes the figures of repetition, more precisely anaphora, epiphora, simplocae and anadiplosis in Skender Kulenović’s novel Ponornica. The stylistic function of these repetitions is pointed out, as well as the fact that, along with many other different stylistic procedures, they contribute to the poeticization of the novel. The analysis of the novel revealed that anaphora is the most frequent of the mentioned figures and that all analyzed figures also have their connecting role in the text.

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RATOVI SU PRIVREMENO ZABORAVLJENI PROSTORI DUGOG PAMĆENJA U PJESNIČKOJ ZBIRCI MOJE RIJEKE FARUKA ŠEHIĆA

Author(s): Lejla Žujo-Marić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 18/2023

The aim of this paper is to show how the real spaces of history and war are transformed into symbolic ones by means of artistic media in the poetry collection My Rivers by Faruk Šehić. In spatial and temporal dynamics, Faruk Šehić questions the topic of wars of the 20th century - from the First and Second World War to the war in the period from 1992 to 1995 in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the poetic feeling of the world, woven into the songs of the narrative form, the lyrical subject speaks with the voice of an individual who is aware of the layers of historical experience, identifying with the figures of the lost generation and spatially fixating on three geographical points, the European rivers - Loire, Spree and Drina.

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STILUL RELIGIOS

Author(s): NICOLETA MENDREA / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 17/2010

Overall, this study review approaches on religious (or clerical) language and religious style in Romanian language and literature. Among researchers who sustain this one can mention: Marcu Mihail Deleanu, Gheorghe Chivu, D. Irimia, Adia Chermeleu and Maria Ivăniş-Frenţiu.

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CONSIDERAŢII ASUPRA POTENŢIALULUI EXPRESIV AL SUNETELOR

Author(s): Ramona Elena Chitu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 16/2009

Sounds expressivity is a less evident characteristic of the language. Yet, the sounds, just like face expressions, for example, are likely to convey various feelings, moods, reactions. But the sense of sounds is an aspect more difficult to be consciously felt and interpreted, because when we speak of this aspect we mean the things designated by the words, not their sound structure. At the same time, since sounds are differently used in various languages, they cannot be universally expressive. So, their expressivity is hardly considered an inherent, natural characteristic, but it appears to be an inner characteristic of the language. Sounds expressivity becomes thus an aspect that should not be overlooked, taking into consideration the fact that many writers have become aware of the stylistic possibilities of sounds.

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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL BUNDLES IN GRADUATE STUDENTS' RESEARCH PAPER ABSTRACTS

Author(s): Dragana M. Gak,Vesna Ž. Bogdanović,Vesna V. Bulatović / Language(s): English Issue: 46/2023

Lexical bundles, as a recurrent sequence of words, are an important component of both spoken and written academic corpora, used both by professional academics and student writers in order to contribute to better structural organization, efficient communication, and well-established credibility. These expressions are formulaic and highly frequent, with rather clear discourse function and communicative purpose. The most frequently used structures of lexical bundles include NP-based, VP-based, and clause-based bundles. The aim of the paper is to explore the lexical bundles on a learner corpus of 448 abstracts written by non-native English speakers in English during their Masters studies. Structural analysis is performed in order to observe which structures students prefer and utilize while writing abstracts. The corpus was subdivided into two sub-corpora, depending on whether graduate students received any formal instruction on academic writing before publishing their abstracts, to explore whether instructions influence the use of lexical bundles with novice writers. The results offer the most common structures of lexical bundles that graduate students use, as well as the analysis of the types and diversity of lexical bundles used based on whether or not students had academic writing instructions

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IPOSTAZE STILISTICE ALE MOTIVULUI APEI

Author(s): Ana Munteanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 15/2008

Water is a notion with a wide range of contradictory symbolic significations, aspects revealed by all analyses of the poetic reveries: origin of life, symbol of fertility and life, purification, regeneration, initiation, spiritual life, wisdom, but it may also be an instrument of death, dissolution, destruction. Our recorded aspects point out the complexity of the studied motif, drawing the image of its evolution, as well as its semantic-stylistic endowment. Within the Romanian literature, even though we meet the water motif in the works of many pre-Eminescian poets, Eminescu is – beyond any doubt – the first and the greatest poet who uses the full power of water, creating images of eternal beauty, uncovering his poetic intimate space. The rich semantic information and expressiveness of the water motif enriches the universe of the poetic expressiveness, increasing its thematic horizon, semantic dimensions and stylistic potential.

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