Strategii discursive în presa umoristică românească. Prezentarea războiului de independență (1877-1878)

Author(s): Mihaela-Viorica Constantinescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 67/2018

The article focuses on recurrent mechanisms used both in articles and cartoons to frame the Independence War (1877-1878) in Romanian humoristic press. Our discursive approach uses stylistics, conversational humour and cognitive theories insights in order to grasp the humorous patterns developed by a collective source and construed by the rather homogenous Romanian public. Humour in war time appears as a tool of reinforcing the ingroup’s feelings, diverting attention from concrete war issues and offering a coping mechanism.

Sviluppi nello studio della sinestesia letteraria in ambito linguistico italiano e romeno

Author(s): Danilo De Salazar / Language(s): Italian Issue: 66/2017

Stephen Ullmann’s theory about synaesthesia represents a milestone in the analysis of the intersensory rhetorical configuration in literature, offering some interesting criteria to identify and to record the synaesthetic occurrences into a specific schedule that was used by several researchers during the second half of the 19th century. We investigate the advances of Ullmann’s analytic model in the Romanian and the Italian linguistic field of research, initially focusing our attention on Mihaela Mancaş and Luigi Rosiello’s studies and subsequently trying to show the limits of this scientific approach. In terms of syntax, we go beyond the adjectival structure, taking into account the complexity of other syntactic possibilities. We also look at the semantic incompatibility factor (Dombi), in order to recognize the literary creative synaesthesia. Thirdly, we consider the metonymic and the metaphoric processes as interpretative solutions for literary synaesthesia (Paissa), suggesting our three-factorial analytic model, including the process (the intersensorial combination), the interpretative proceeding (metaphoric or metonymic solutions) and the complexity of syntactic structure.

Pour une « approche de la parole ». La métaphore dans la poésie de Lorand Gaspar

Author(s): Annafrancesca Naccarato / Language(s): French Issue: 64/2015

The aim of this paper is to examine the vast range of metaphors disseminated in the first section of the collection Égée Judée by Lorand Gaspar. Starting from a theoretical approach which sees the speech figure as a linguistic device of a complex and contradictory nature and which, at the same time, takes into consideration its power to develop the iconic potential of language, we propose to show how this opens the way to profound and original meanings, relating to a specific conception of the world and of things. In the corpus which is the object of our analysis, the metaphor contributes to the employment of themes which structure Gaspar’s poetry, by realising this « approche de la parole » which transforms the writing into an unending journey through time and space.

Mihaela Mancaş, Lexicul afectivității și poezia românească din secolul XX, București, Editura Universității din București, 2014

Author(s): Claudia Ene / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 64/2015

قَصيدةٌ غَيْرُ مَنْشَورَةٍ مِن جبلِ نَفوسَه في مكتبةِ سُرماني ميلانو

Author(s): Ali Faraj / Language(s): Arabic Issue: 20/2020

Italian libraries and museums house a large number of Arab and Islamic manuscripts, but only a few of them have Ibāḍī collections. The central municipal library Biblioteca Sormani, located in Milan, retains a group of Ibāḍī Islam manuscripts, known as Griffini. I have selected, among the others, a poem written by ‘Alī b. al-Ḥāǧǧ Ibrāhīm Muḥammad al-Nalūtī, whose script I have studied, focusing on the vocalization. I have analyzed each verse, deciphering as much as possible and providing a commentary. This poem is composed of thirty-eight verses, mostly about ḥamāsah (war poetry) and madīḥ (praise) and is written in semi-classical Arabic. The introductory verse is composed in al-raǧaz metre: mustafʿilun mustafʿilun mustafʿilun.

واقعُ اللُّغَةِ العربيَّةِ فِي الشعْرِ الْفُكَاهِيِ المُعَاصِر

Author(s): Essam Eid Abu Gharbiah / Language(s): Arabic Issue: 20/2020

The present paper seeks to provide an insight into the usage of the Arabic language in contemporary humorous poetry, by assessing the extent to which the terms, structures and expressions occurring therein are close to or far from formal Arabic, and by studying the interaction of such a variation with the levels of poetic speech that can be identified within this genre, which is known for blending, in fluctuating proportions and different circumstances, elements of colloquial Arabic or borrowings from other languages in texts that can otherwise be written in accordance with the norms of classical Arabic. These phenomena and their impact on the language of contemporary poetry have been investigated in connection with the works of a number of prominent authors of humorous poetry from several Arab countries, such as: Abd al-Hamid al-Deeb, Hassan Jad, Hussein Shafiq, Hafez Ibrahim, Mahmoud Ghanim, Bayram al-Tunisi, Muhammad al-Asmar, and Ali al-Jundi, Ahmed Matar, Ahmed Rafiq, Ibrahim Tuqan, Yasser Qatamesh, Mustafa Rajab, and others. The type of poetic discourse known as “dreaming poetry”, which expresses people’s pains and grievances in a funny and sarcastic manner, criticizing some social and political situations in a special, distinctive language, is yet another aspect that was not lost in this research.

IS MSA DEVELOPING A WRITTEN COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH? EXAMPLES OF VOCABULARY, STYLISTIC AND SYNTACTIC SIMPLIFICATIONS IN ON-LINE JIHADISTS’ POSTS

Author(s): Letizia Lombezzi / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2020

Discussion and research about the communicative approach have mostly concerned the spoken dimension. It is true that communication itself aims at both informing and persuading, where persuasion –underpinned by ideologies – equals propaganda, and propaganda persuasive campaigns may also take place in writings like the ones of jihadist groups. Such propaganda assigns the utmost care to effectiveness, and precise styles are adopted in short posts or messages too. In the past (Labov 1972, Weinreich 1953) discourse studies and stylistic variations were mostly related to the spoken dimension of languages, compared to the standard one, and recently both written hybrid manifestations and media Arabic have been investigated (Eid 2007). I now suggest to consider jihadist posts, where an over-simplified written style is showed and communication is mediated by computers (CMC). Linguistics motivates stylistic variations by the speaker’s attitude (and not the writer’s one!). However, the recent proliferation of easy-to-access media outlets calls for some remarks in the field of MSA writing practices, which affect the stylistic level and trigger discourse variations. May the jihadist propaganda style contribute to the elaboration of a new written code, at least in media Arabic, distinguished by a general simplification of grammar categories, linguistic structures, and lexical oppositions? The selection of posts I provide exemplifies the generalization of easy-to-apply rules, syntactic-semantic functions, and repetitive word order or chunks. In conclusion, hypotheses for typification, enregisterment and the birth of anew genre are suggested for final discussion.

BREAKING THE HOOK OF METAPHOR: TOOLS OF PRODUCING INDICATIONS IN MAḤMŪD DARWĪŠ’S POETRY

Author(s): Rawiya Burbara / Language(s): English,Arabic Issue: 20/2020

This study deals with the absent-relationships between the words of the poem, which create a meaning from the symbol that they carry and the indications that hide behind the words. The study also tries to prove that the language is the most important elements of the poem and that the sounds of the words and their formation create the rhythm of the poem. Besides, it shows that the rhythm of the poem is different from its meter. Rhythm gives the poem its musical tone, and that is achieved by the words. ‘Language’ here does not mean ‘rhetoric’ and ‘figures of speech’, but simple words that constitute deviations in their indications through the relationships that grow between them, which require an alert reader who, by his analysis and exploration of those relationships, becomes a partner in producing the text. The study chooses samples of Maḥmūd Darwīš’s poetry to illustrate these relationships that include his attitude about the Arabic prose-poem and how he expressed his opinions by the meta-poetry and the absent-relationships between the words.

THE ENIGMATIC LANGUAGE AND THE OXYMORONIC ABSENTRELATIONSHIPS IN THE POETRY OF SAMĪḤ AL-QĀSIM AND MAḤMŪD DARWĪŠ

Author(s): Rima Abu Jaber Baransi / Language(s): English,Arabic Issue: 20/2020

This study deals with one of the most important elements in the structure of poetic language, which is the element of ‘language’ and all its rhetorical forms, figures of speech, magnificent classical resounding words that are transformed into a language of ambiguity, and the absent relationships between the words. Among the abundant styles that modernist poets resort to is the ‘oxymoron’ which plays a significant role in creating dual meanings, irony, and unusual relations between words. This study aims to find out how this lexical category serves the metaphorical style and how it lends the modern poem a new poetic feature, and how it contributes to the immortalization of the text by turning it into an infinite text. The study introduces demonstrations of oxymoronic intertextualities in sections and passages from the poems of Samīḥ al-Qāsim in his collection ‘Ağā’ibu Qānā l-Ğadῑda/ “Miracles of New Qana”, and a group of poems from Maḥmd Darwīš’s collects of poetry, mainly ᾿Aṯaru l-farāša/ “Butterfly effect”, Ka-zahri l-lawzi’aw ’ab‘ad/ “Like almond blossom or more far” and Lā ᾿urῑdu li-hāḏihi l-qaṣῑda ᾿an tantahī/ “I Don’t Want This Poem to End”.I n general, the study aims to answer the questions: Can we consider the absence-relationships and the employment of the oxymoron a foundation on which modern poetics is established? Is this kind of relationship the hook on which modern poets hang their poetic creativity, excellence and genius? Can we consider it a tool of compensation in the modernist poem, which gave up the employment of the poetic meter and rhyme?

اللغة وجمالياتها في الرواية العربية الرائجة

Author(s): Sherief Heteta Elsafy / Language(s): Arabic Issue: 20/2020

This article aims mainly to analyze four models of the Arabic novel that can be described as “Bestseller”. These novels have been selected according to two specific criteria, achieving the popularity and representing the linguistic state in the Arab world. The article does not discuss the theoretical problematics related to the Bestseller novel, but it only deals with two axes; the first focuses on the critical problematic which is about the concept of “Bestseller Novel” and the relationship between language and popular text. The second traces the aesthetics of the four studied novels. The article treats with four novels belongs to the big domains of the Arab world: the Maghreb, Al-Sham, Gulf , Egypt. It analyzes Ahlam Mostaghanmi’s novel Ḏākiratu lǧasad 1993, the Syrian writer Moustafa Khalifa’s al-Qawqa‘a 2008, the Saudi writer Athear Al-Nashmy’s ’Aḥbabtuka ’akṯar mimmā yanbaġī 2009, and the last novel is Mawsimu ṣaydi l-ġizlān 2017 by the Egyptian writer Ahmed Morad.

Re-thinking the Metaphor of Shadow: From Plato to Shakespeare and Zeffirrelli

Author(s): Carmen Dominte / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

In any work of art, from literary to visual, theatrical and cinematographic, the presence of shadow, most of times associated with the presence of light, emerges as a particularly motivated sign. The very act of placing a shadow in a specific context makes the shadow subject to the same area of interpretation as the rest of the artwork. Within each artistic field, there are lots of meanings associated to shadow: from philosophical, theological and psychological to symbolic and metaphorical. According to the artistic medium it belongs to, the metaphor of shadow is usually engaged in creating and modifying the atmosphere, in visualising images, in diminishing or increasing the dramatic intensity and mainly in accumulating meaning. The present study intends to explore the transposition of the metaphor of shadow from its allegorical roots, as in Plato’s allegory of the cave, into new artistic environments such as literary and cinematographic. Be it employed in the service of an idea, as in Shakespeare’s Hamlet or used for creating a visual and cinematic effect as in Zeffirelli’s homonymous film, the metaphor of shadow adapted its means of expression in order to extend the area of significances.

Metafory pojęciowe dotyczące zdrowia psychicznego w trakcie pandemii COVID‑19 w Polsce

Author(s): Katarzyna Stadnik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2021

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the paper is to analyse linguistic data from a public discourse on mental health during the COVID 19 pandemic. The data come from interviews concluded with psychologists/psychiatrists, published in newspapers/magazines or online. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The article fills a gap in public discourse research on mental health during the SARS CoV 2 virus epidemic by adopting the theoretical and methodological assumptions of cognitive linguistics that the metaphor manifested in language is essentially conceptual in nature. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The subject of the research are conceptual metaphors used by psychologists and psychiatrists in communicating expert knowledge in the public discourse. The article examines this issue in the context of developing the health competences of the society in order to counteract mental disorders caused by the pandemic. RESEARCH RESULTS: The results of the analysis indicate that correctly selected metaphors facilitates the process of drawing inference about the cause-effect relations between the occurrence of an epidemic situation and the occurrence of mental disorders in various age groups of Polish society. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The results of the current analysis can form the basis for further research on the cognitive foundations of effective ways of disseminating the expert knowledge about mental health, with particular consideration placed on those areas of epidemic daily life that can be easily disinformed.

L’ARABE DE SICILE ET L’ARABE ANDALOU DANS LE CONTEXTE MAGHRÉBIN : UNE APPROCHE PHONOLOGIQUE

Author(s): Cristina La Rosa / Language(s): French Issue: 16/2016

Sicilian Arabic and Andalusi Arabic are two Maghribi non-Hilālian varieties which share some dialectal features, still attested in Neo-Arabic Occidental varieties (Grand’Henry 2007), though having maintained their own linguistic peculiarities (Lentin 2007, Ferrando 2003). In this paper, some Maghribi Phonological features, found in some Siculo-Arabic works of the Islamic and Norman periods, such as the Cambridge Chronicle, the Opus Geographicum, the Kitāb al-ǧāmiʿ li-ṣifāt aštāt al-nabāt wa-ḍurūb anwāʿ almufradāt and the Uns al-muhaǧ of al-Idrīsī, will be analyzed in comparison with the Andalusi ones attested in some coeval works (Corriente 1977, 2011, 2013 ; Ferrando 1998, 2002, 2004). The attestation of Maghribi linguistic features, such as vowel harmony, imāla, loss of short vowels in open syllables, ressaut and fluctuation between the interdental and dental consonants, in Sicilian and Andalusi works is relevant for the studies of Historical Arabic linguistics as it permits to observe the evolution of these phenomena in a diachronic perspective.

ОКСЮМОРОН ЯК КОГНІТИВНО-ПРАГМАТИЧНИЙ ФЕНОМЕН У ХУДОЖНЬОМУ ДИСКУРСІ ОЛЬГИ КОБИЛЯНСЬКОЇ

Author(s): Yulia Rusnak / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2022

Oxymoron as a linguistic phenomenon is characteristic primarily of artistic speech. There are different interpretations of this concept in the linguistic literature. Oxymoron is interpreted as a stylistic figure, a rhetorical form, a means of artistic expression (trope). The purpose of the article is to analyze the oxymoron as a cognitive-pragmatic phenomenon in the artistic discourse of Olga Kobylyanska. The relevance of the article is determined by the need of further in-depth study of Olga Kobylyanskaya idiostyle in order to form a cognitive-pragmatic conception of the writer's artistic discourse. The novelty of scientific research is due to the fact that the oxymoron as a cognitive-pragmatic phenomenon in the artistic discourse of Olga Kobylyanska has not yet been the subject of thorough research. Research methods. In the article as the main general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis are used, as well as linguistic – descriptive, structural and comparative and historical methods. Conclusions. So, an oxymoron as a cognitive phenomenon consists in the implementation of opposite, mutually exclusive relations of linguistic units due to the so-called cognitive dissonance, which determines its pragmatic value for the reader. In the artistic discourse of O. Kobylyanska oxymoronic units of different nature function; oxymoronic relations function at the level of a word combination, a sentence structure on a linguistic unit (composite).

РОЗМОВНІСТЬ ЯК ПОНЯТТЯ ІСТОРІЇ МОВИ

Author(s): Maria TSURKAN / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2022

Speech phenomena have long been the object of consideration in the history of literary language. They were interpreted as phenomena of vernacular speech, since the subject of this branch of linguistics is the study of the ways of formation of literary language against the background of interaction with spoken language, which has areal and social differentiation. The need to use the terms vernacular language, vernacular element, vernacular style disappeared due to two factors: 1) the researchers linked these concepts with a certain abstract model in the general picture of the history of the literary language, the formation of the Ukrainian literary language based on written sources and the influence of the language of folklore; 2) in stylistics, a colloquial (colloquial and everyday) style of literary language was distinguished, which is based on oral colloquial everyday language with territorial and social variants. The purpose of the article is to describe the relationship between the functional and stylistic category "vernacular" and the historical-linguistic concept "vernacular". Materials and methods. The use of the term "eloquence" in modern linguistic stylistics is interpreted through the use of methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization of scientific theories. Conclusions. Colloquiality is a category that unites units of literary and non-literary oral conversational and everyday sphere of use in their stylistic function (nominative, emotional-expressive, socio-cultural and communicative-pragmatic). The appearance of language units with a colloquial register in this or that micro-context is motivated by the writer's artistic intention, the chosen theme of the work, stylized communicative situations in which it unfolds.

ПАРЕМІЇ ЗІ СЛОВОМ НА ПОЗНАЧЕННЯ ПРИРОДНИХ ЯВИЩ У СВІТЛІ НАЇВНОЇ КАРТИНИ СВІТУ УКРАЇНЦІВ

Author(s): Ivanna Struk,Natalia Rusnak / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2023

The national spiritual treasures of the people include the language, which reflects its outlook, psychics, lifestyle, traditions, culture, rituals and beliefs - all that reproduces the soul of the people and determines the national mentality. The language finds verbal means of characterizing the most diverse phenomena of life, bright in content and form in paremias. Proverbs and sayings are the generalized memory of the people and the result of their observations of life and natural phenomena, which enables the younger generation to formulate views on ethics, morality, history and politics. The topicality of scientific research is determined by the need to study the linguistic specificity of paremiological units in the aspect of the textual organization of this genre as part of the spiritual culture of the Ukrainian nation, which preserves the memory of the people and observations of life and natural phenomena. The purpose of our article is to analyze the linguistic features of paremias with the reference word for nature, in particular, their semantic organization and thematic groups. The following methods and techniques of linguistic analysis are used in the article: system-functional analysis, component method, contextual-interpretive method, method of stylistic analysis. The scientific novelty of the research consists in deepening the knowledge about paremias, in the analysis of the semantic nature of proverbs and sayings, taking into account the means of artistic expression. Conclusions. The analyzed material proves that in the minds of our ancestors, each primary element corresponded to a certain element: water was associated with space, fire with soul, earth with time, air with wisdom. According to the semantics, we distinguished three groups of paremias with a reference word for the designation of nature: observation of nature; paremias with generalizing meaning; didactic paremias. However, paremias with a reference word for nature have different degrees of generalization. It has been studied that proverbs about the seasons are often used in their literal meaning, without subtext or excessive artistic imagery, but there are some that have several meanings. We see the perspective of further research in the analysis of communicative and pragmatic features of Ukrainian paremias.

WYKŁADNIKI STYLIZACJI GWAROWEJ W MŁODOŚCI JASIA KUNEFAŁA STANISŁAWA PIĘTAKA

Author(s): Marzena Miśkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 71/2023

Dialect stylization has become a device typical of Polish prose on life in the country. The turnof the 19th and 20th centuries saw the development of the peasant trend represented by StanislawPiętak, a poet and prose writer from Wielowieś, located in between Sandomierz and Tarnobrzeg. It isan area where the Sandomierz dialect is adjacent to the Lasowiacy dialect. His novel titled MłodośćJasia Kunefała published in 1938 is the first part of a literary trilogy about the life of Jan Kunefał’sfamily. The text is saturated with dialectal elements, especially in the dialogue layer. The article discusses the most important exponents of dialect stylization in the novel. Piętak ren-dered phonetic features typical of the dialect, such as the occurrence of vowels different from thosein the Polish language in justified positions, different realization of nasal vowels, mazuration, depal-atalization of consonants m and w under the influence of Mazovian dialects. The characters’ speechis distinguished by dialect word formation, inflection and syntactic phenomena, vocabulary typicalof rural culture, including rich dialectal onomastics.Although the basis for the stylization is the dialect known to the writer from autopsy (the dialectof Wielowieś, many of the features transferred to the novel are typical of the general dialect of cen-tral and northern Lesser Poland. The intention of the author was to reflect the rural colour manifest-ed in the language.

СТИЛІСТИЧНІ РИСИ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ КИТАЙСЬКОЇ ВОКАЛЬНО-ПІСЕННОЇ ТВОРЧОСТІ

Author(s): Zongrui Zhang / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2023

The article is devoted to the consideration of Chinese song culture from the standpoint of its development based on folklore. The purpose of the article is to identify national stylistic features of Chinese vocal and song culture in accordance with regional characteristics, as well as in the process of socio-cultural changes in the country. Among the main tasks of the study was to highlight the significance of the musical folklore of China in accordance with its place in the composer's creativity, as well as in the context of socio-cultural changes. The research methodology: the dialectical method as a way to distinguish the stylistic components of Chinese composers’ work as a unity of traditions and innovations; the deductive method due to the research orientation from the general (socio-historical context) to the specific (reference to the genre); the historical and cultural method to identify general stylistic regularities of the aesthetic, ideological, and socio-cultural levels in the context of historical changes; elements of genre and style analysis to identify the genre component of chamber vocal music. The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the fact that for the first time in the Ukrainian scientific space, the influence of national traditions as a permanent quality of vocal and song creativity is considered; the study of the regional component in accordance with the development of Chinese vocal and song culture is in-depth. Conclusions. The result of the study was the highlighting of Chinese vocal and song creativity as a synthesis of folklore and academic influences, where folklore, associated with the peculiarities of phonetics and vocabulary, intonations of the national language are of central importance. In its development and formation, the Chinese vocal and song composing school has created a powerful base that determined the further vector of Chinese song culture in general, namely vocal arrangements of folk melodies, which logically entered the genre of chamber music, where national and stylistic origins later intersected with models of the Western song-romance style.

Gwara policyjna w powieściach kryminalnych Katarzyny Bondy – na podstawie serii z profilerem Hubertem Meyerem

Author(s): Izabela Bawej / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2023

The aim of this article is to draw attention to the characteristics of the vocabulary of police officers in criminal departments. Because questions of their dialect may be multilat-eral, this paper presents the most typical features of the language of the police officers froma formal point of view, including the way of perceiving and valuing selected elements of thesurrounding reality. As an illustration I will use lexicon material extracted from the crime nov-els by Katarzyna Bonda, author of the crime series with the profiler Hubert Meyer. The nature of the work Hubert Meyer does determines the characteristic of the language that he and his colleagues use in their investigative activities when they talk about reality and its elements.The police language in Bonda’s novels is also a language that police officers use e.g. in their free time. Attached to the work is a glossary of the police language where the individual lexemes, phrases and expressions of the police officers are explained, as well as the novels from which they come.

СТРУКТУРНО-СТИЛІСТИЧНІ КОМПОНЕНТИ КОМІКСУ В РЕАЛЬНОМУ ПРОСТОРІ ФОРМУВАННЯ ВИДОВИЩНОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ

Author(s): Serhii Krykunenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2023

The purpose of the article is to identify and investigate the structural and stylistic components of the comics, its verbal and non-verbal components, as well as their use in the context of the formation of modern forms of stage and screen entertainment culture as a special visual phenomenon of today. The methodology is based on the use of dialectical, semiotic, analytical, and culturological methods for distinguish and systematise the structural-stylistic and compositional elements of the comics, which, thanks to their artistic features, are used in the formation of modern forms of stage and screen spectacular culture. The scientific novelty of the study lies in conducting the first cultural analysis of the synergy of comics and stage-screen forms of spectacular culture, as well as in the modern analysis and systematisation of the main compositional and structural-stylistic components of the comics; concepts such as "comic", "ideogram", and "creolised text" have been clarified and supplemented. Conclusions. The article reveals the peculiarities of modern varieties of the comics, as well as considers their influence on the formation of spectacular culture. The researched components of the comics, its verbal and non-verbal components, which are the basis of the general construction of the comics. The semiotic features of the use of ideograms, panels, phylacteries and creolised text in the composition of graphic stories are revealed, and the classification of the characteristics of pictorial lines is given. The use of structural and stylistic components of the comics as a special visual component in the real space of the formation of modern stage and screen forms of spectacular culture, namely in cinema, animated films, musicals, shows, and fashion shows, is considered.