Akademické psaní a frázové banky

Author(s): Jiří Homoláč,Michal Křen,Alena Kašpárková,Kamila Etchegoyen Rosolová,Jana Hoffmannová,Petr Kaderka,Jakub Kopecký,Tamah Sherman,Pavel Vondřička / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2023

Scholars have previously conceptualized academic writing as both process and product. Academic phrasebanks are a tool in which these two conceptions intertwine, i.e., where the products, existing texts such as journal articles, are broken down into smaller units such as steps and phrases, which are then used in the process of producing new texts. In this article, we examine the possibilities and limits of collecting these smaller units for research and didactic purposes, presenting a newly established phrasebank in this context. First, we consider various scholarly and pedagogical approaches to academic writing. We then provide an overview of existing academic phrasebanks, primarily the seminal University of Manchester Academic Phrasebank created by John Morley, focusing on how its principles and structure have been utilized to create similar tools for other languages. We subsequently describe the design and creation of the Czech Academic Phrasebank, the innovative character of which is its link to the Czech National Corpus, specifically a subcorpus of Czech scholarly articles. The processes of conceptualizing the phrasebank, its basic units and functions, excerpting phrases, linking to the corpus, and the various problems encountered throughout are reflected. We conclude by outlining directions for the phrasebank’s use in Czech-language genre-based pedagogy.

Teodor COTELNIC (13.09.1933 – 14.08.2020)

Author(s): Ion Bărbuță / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3 (321)/2023

О СЕМАНТИЧКО-СТИЛСКИМ ОСОБЕНОСТИМА УПОТРЕБЕ ЕТНИЧКИ ОБИЉЕЖЕНИХ ЛЕКСЕМА КАО ПОГРДНИХ У НОВИНСКИМ НАСЛОВИМА

Author(s): Vera S. Ćevriz Nišić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 9/2023

Ethnic stereotypes are very persistent over time and become particularly pronounced and hostile when there are tensions between groups or nations. They are present in any group on a daily basis, so often the members of that group are not even aware of them. The subject of our paper will refer to pejorative expressions in which the nuance of negative expressiveness, i.e. a mocking, contemptuous, insulting or ironic semantic component is realized in expressions with an ethnonymic component in the headlines of newspaper articles. The negative connotation of ethnic terms is most often based on individual, personal or collective, social judgment about a certain entity, which results in the formation of an expressive-emotional semantic component, i.e. pejorative meaning. The role of discrediting as an act of speech is not linguistic or communicative, but political. And it is precisely for political discourse in the media that expressive, suggestive or coloured language is common. The material for this research will be the electronic newspaper corpus (daily press and information portals), and the texts from which we have excerpted examples fall under the form of news and reports.

“Manuscripts don’t burn:” The reconstruction of the text of Zygmunt Haupt’s short story Zołota hramota

Author(s): Aleksander Madyda / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2023

The article is devoted to the reconstruction of the missing fragments of Zygmunt Haupt’s short story Zołota hramota. Expert knowledge of Haupt’s entire oeuvre and style, characterized by recurring motifs and corresponding expressions, was the basis for the reconstruction. The context of the reconstructed gap as well as grammatical and stylistic considerations were also taken into account in the reconstruction process.

Kilka uwag o czarnym humorze i mediach społecznościowych

Author(s): Alina Naruszewicz-Duchlińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

This article discusses selected aspects of the functioning of humorous channels in social media. Research material comes from posts published on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram by Zakład Pogrzebowy A.S. Bytom, a fictitious funeral parlour. A common trait between the author of the ludically-oriented social media profiles and their users is fondness for a specific type of jokes, including black humour. Other important aspects are the promotion of particular notions, a consistent outlook on the world and building and maintaining (mini)-communities of laughter by posting content that can be read, watched, commented on and/or shared with others.

Kreowanie obrazu homoseksualizmu w tygodniku ,,Gazeta Polska”

Author(s): Katarzyna Preuhs / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

The aim of the study is to show what images of homosexuality function today in the conservative weekly “Gazeta Polska”. The analysis is based on articles published between January and May 2021. The author takes into account articles on both homosexuals and the LGBT+ minority in general, as journalists of “Gazeta Polska” often do not distinguish between them. The study describes the lexis concerning homosexuals used by the journalists of the weekly, its graphic forms (e.g. quotation marks), the context in which the topic of sexual minorities appears, and the persuasion strategies used to create a negative image of non-heteronormative minorities. Such an analysis allows the author to reconstruct five profiles into which homosexuality and LGBT+ people are inscribed in the articles in question and also to indicate that this results from the way the presented journalists evaluate the world. The reconstructed profiles present homosexuality as: a threat, an ideology and a fashion, and homosexuals as a political movement and people with disorders. The author also recognises the ”scapegoat” mechanism as the principle that contributes to the structure of the analysed articles.

A multilevel cognitive model of coming out

Author(s): Tomasz Dyrmo / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

The article explores coming out narratives, as its starting point employing a multilevel approach to this phenomenon in line with a model proposed by Zoltan Kӧvecses (2017), applying image schemas, domains and frames, and metaphor scenarios. It describes how these levels interact with each other to construe the metaphoric meaning at the level of mental structures which motivate linguistic choices in coming out narratives concerning sexual orientation or gender identity. The analysis of the linguistic material reveals that highly individualised coming out narratives are underpinned by less complex cognitive mechanisms.

Pojęciowe podstawy kulinarnych konceptualizacji w polskim dyskursie o muzyce

Author(s): Barbara Taraszka-Drożdż / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

In Polish discourse on music one can find numerous figurative expressions that evoke associations distant from musical ones. The article is devoted to one of the types of such expressions – those that are typically applied in reference to the culinary domain. Adopting the approach of Cognitive Grammar (Langacker 1987, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2017), it is attempted to determine the conceptual basis of such expressions. The undertaken analysis commences from conceptualizations that emerge from the collected metaphorical expressions. Later, on this basis, the conceptual, schematic structures that motivate these uses are indicated. As a result, the conceptual foundations of the analyzed expressions are presented as a coherent mental construct that encompasses a schematic categorizing relationship between two scenarios, as well as a highly abstract structure for which the two scenarios are instantiations. It is emphasized that the whole construct is rooted in the encyclopedic knowledge of the speaker.

Nie tylko retoryczna. Anafora jako przedmiot badań językoznawstwa francuskiego

Author(s): Agata Rębkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

The article discusses the main concepts of anaphora in French linguistics. The description focuses, first of all, on the definition criteria of anaphora, which is perceived as a relation of interpretative dependence on both the textual and the pragmatic level. Then, the article presents a typology of anaphoras based on the morphological criterion (the nature of the anaphoric expression) as well as the semantic criterion (concerning the referential relationship between the anaphoric expression and its antecedent). Finally, the last part is devoted to the main directions of research on anaphora, opening up research perspectives in the context of other languages and the comparative plane.

Multimodalność przekazów medialnych – główne założenia analizy tekstów audiowizualnych na przykładzie telewizyjnej prognozy pogody. Perspektywa germanistyczna

Author(s): Agnieszka Mac / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

The article outlines the main assumptions of multimodal text linguistics in the context of research into contemporary media texts. Linguistic research requires a holistic view of the form and content of a text, including not only the linguistic level but also other sign systems (images, music, sounds, and all their combinations). Such a view makes it possible to carry out a proper analysis of multimodal texts. In the first part of the article, characteristics of media texts are presented. For this purpose, multimodal text and text design are defined and concepts of construing meaning in multimodal artefacts are briefly discussed. Furthermore, research in this area in German literature of the subject is addressed. Next, elements of multimodal texts are shown as illustrated by television texts, and on this basis, an analysis of television weather forecast is conducted in the second part of the article. In conclusion, it is stressed that analysis of television texts must include all sign systems used in a given broadcasting process taking into account links between them, which is the basis for generating their meaning. Finally, some attention is paid to opportunities and difficulties related to new research approaches.

Ogólnopolska Konferencja Naukowa „Kultura Komunikacji Językowej”. Komunikat

Author(s): Iwona Kosek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

W tym roku (od 16 do 18 maja 2022) odbyła się kolejna, siódma już, ogólnopolska konferencja z cyklu „Kultura Komunikacji Językowej”, organizowana przez Zakład Frazeologii i Kultury Języka oraz Pracownię Leksykograficzną Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Tematem tegorocznego spotkania była „Kultura komunikacji w czasach kryzysów”. Konferencję można uznać za ważną z powodów naukowych – poruszanej, aktualnej problematyki, i pozanaukowych – jako sygnał powrotu do normalności, do przerwanych pandemią cyklicznych spotkań w Będlewie.

Thomas Mann faţă cu Tudor Vianu. Probleme stilistice în receptare şi traducere

Author(s): Stefana Duncea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2022

Continuing the author’s previous research on stylistics (with particular focus on Tudor Vianu’s studies on this field), the current article discusses issues of style in Thomas Mann’s translations and particularly how the metaphor and the symbol are rendered in translation. Departing from Vianu’s works on stylistics and his theories on the metaphor and the symbol, as well as from the theorist’s explicit interest in the aesthetic and stylistic issues of Mann’s literature, the current study applies Vianu’s contributions on certain segments from the German author’s work. The article discusses comparatively examples of paragraphs translated into different languages and the solutions chosen for rendering Mann’s specificity.

Zeg het met vis! Nederlandse en Poolse vis-metaforen en hun taalbeeld van de wereld

Author(s): Beata Popławska / Language(s): Dutch Issue: 5S/2022

The theme of fish is present in literature, mythology, religion and also in phraseology. The sea has always been a meeting place for different peoples who spoke different languages. That is why the language of seagoing people has always been international. For this reason, expressions with a fish motif would seem to be an interesting research set. The first part of this article presents the history of Polish and Dutch maritime connections. The next part of the article presents collected ichthyological metaphors in both Polish and Dutch. The author then compares Dutch and Polish metaphors with fish/water creatures to see to what extent the ichthyological metaphor is rooted in these languages, and what similarities and differences can be discovered. Furthermore, the concept of a linguistic worldview based on metaphors with fish species common to both languages is analysed.

Praten is spelen. De rol van sociale context in de communicatie

Author(s): Kateřina Ševčíková Lepková / Language(s): Dutch Issue: 5S/2022

In this contribution, we examine how linguistic communicative interaction can be studied as a communicative game. This communicative game consists not only of explicit statements and arguments, but also of implicit presuppositions. The aim of this project is to study the situations and the social and cultural context of linguistic interaction. The context is understood as being one of implicit presuppositions related to the communicative situation and to the social and cultural circumstances. It is shown that the context of the discussion is critical for reaching the communicative goal. The theories of Jürgen Habermas, who distinguishes between rational and strategic rational action, will be taken as a starting point. After a short exposé on foreign language didactics in the Netherlands in the past, with special attention paid to the ideas of Jan Amos Comenius, the focus turns to changes in didactic approaches in recent times.

Multimodal Representations of Lithuanian Brands: The Case of “Džiugas”, “Rūta” and “Pieno žvaigždės”

Author(s): Saulė Juzelėnienė,Aistė Stvolaitė / Language(s): English Issue: 44 (49)/2023

Figurative representations of brand images have not been thoroughly studied in Lithuanian linguistics. The present research aims to investigate the multimodal metaphors and metonymies explored by the famous Lithuanian corporate brands Džiugas, Rūta and Pieno žvaigždės. The work examines how the multimodal metaphors and metonymies of the brands are cognitively structured from the perspective of illustrations, logos and layout. The interaction of verbal and visual elements in corporate discourse is particularly important when expressed using graphics, logos and layout for the corporate mission statements, descriptions of the brand history and other materials available on their websites. The analysis reveals that the most frequent source domains for brand imaging are PERSON/LIVING ORGANISM, SUCCESS, TRADITIONS and CAUSE FOR EFFECT, PART FOR WHOLE, PRODUCT FOR PRODUCER metonymies, among others. In the case of personification, the brand is defined as an individual who possesses the qualities highly valued in corporate discourse: growth, positivity, adaptability, dynamism and collaboration. These metaphors facilitate a better understanding of the brand and contribute to the formation of a persuasive brand image that resonates with consumers. The analysis of the multimodal manifestations of brand identity in the cases of Džiugas, Rūta and Pieno žvaigždės reveals the intricate interplay of metaphor and metonymy in constructing and conveying meaning across various modes of representation. Each brand’s illustrations, logo and layout incorporate visual elements, typography, and colour palettes that contribute to their unique identities and evoke specific associations.

Uso de los tiempos narrativos en la prensa escrita en francés y en español

Author(s): Susana Azpiazu / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 5/2023

Based on an analysis of written texts from the French and Spanish press narrating current or past events, this paper seeks to determine the extent of the aoristic drift of the present perfect in the standard register of both languages, and the way in which they solve the substitution of the simple past as the prototypical narrative form. It is found that the aoristic drift is very advanced in French and gives rise to texts in which different temporal forms are used (passé composé, narrative imperfect, historic present, participles, etc.) with different temporal approaches. In Spanish, however, there is a tendency to preserve the classic narrative use of the forms expressing temporal anteriority, with the present perfect used as a new narrative form specializing in both current events and events to the foreground of the discourse, but without spurning the use of the simple past in the narration of events further back in time.

El perfecto de noticias recientes en la prensa informativa española e inglesa

Author(s): Tomasz Niestorowicz / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 5/2023

The aim of this article is to analyse the use of the “hot news” perfect in Spanish and English news press. The analysis focuses on the distribution of simple and compound forms of the past tense in the Spanish digital press (i.e. the pretérito perfecto simple and pretérito perfecto compuesto verbal forms) and the English digital press (i.e. the past simple and present perfect verbal forms), referring to the process of the flexibilization of the concept of “recentness” and the grammaticalization of compound forms of the past tense in both languages. In the contrastive description, the combination of simple and compound tenses in the above context in both languages, and the role of adverbials of time in the narrative structure of news are analysed. In addition, a phenomenon that further draws one’s attention is the potential discursive function of the “hot news” perfect.

La réalisation des métaphores conceptuelles de la vaccination contre le COVID-19 en français et en tchèque

Author(s): Paulina Mazurkiewicz,Jan Lazar / Language(s): French Issue: 5/2023

The purpose of this article is to analyze the expression of the conceptual metaphor of the COVID-19 vaccine in popular French and Czech medical discourse. Websites popularizing medicine with regard to vaccinations against COVID-19 (doctissimo.fr for French and idnes.cz for Czech) were selected as research corpora. The research undertaken shows a network of metaphors used to explain the complex phenomenon of successfully fighting the virus that causes this disease. Experts refer to the structural metaphor, which shows the transfer of conceptual structures from the MILITARY OPERATION source domain to the VACCINATION target domain. In turn, the vaccine conceptualized as SOLDIER is an example of anthropomorphization in an ontological metaphor. An examination of the comparable corpora revealed a significant amount of complete lexical and syntactic equivalences resulting from the same perception of the pandemic reality. On the other hand, however, this may be due to the references to English, the language in which world-class research is most often expressed.

ГИПЕРТЕКСТ ОДНОЙ НОВОСТИ В МЕДИАЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОМ ПРЕЛОМЛЕНИИ

Author(s): Lilija R. Duskajeva,Lyubov Y. Ivanova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2022

This paper analyzes the hypermedia text of a news item by means of media linguistic analysis. The heuristic value of an interdisciplinary approach underlying media linguistic analysis consists primarily in the allocation of units suitable for the analysis of media communication. These units are the result of an activity-based delimitation of the speech flow, consisting of professional mass media speech and non-professional one, i.e. online group dialogues. The analysis reveals a smooth transition from professional, i.e. socio-oriented communication, to non-professional, i.e. personality-oriented communication. The latter type of communication is a polylogue, which is engendered in the form of comments in response to published news. The analysis confirms our data obtained earlier, as well as those of other researchers who present the hypermedia news in the form of a wave that includes several periods due to uneven activity in the receipt of messages. In accordance with the dominant modality in the texts, these periods are divided into those of reporting, evaluation and stimulation.

Tefsîrü’l-Menâr’da Kıraatlere Yaklaşım

Author(s): İbrahim Şimşek / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 32/2023

The recitations (kiraat) are one of the most importatnt factors in understanding the Qur'an. The subject of recitations has become one of the important topics of the science of interpretation (tafsir). Therefore, recitations are one of the topics that commentators emphasize and evaluate in tefsir books.