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THE HYBRID WARFARE AND THE MILITARY OR BELIGEN NON MILITARY CONTEMPORARY ACTIONS’ CHARACTERISTICS

Author(s): viorel catalin mihalcea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Hybrid War is a system of social, military and non-military actions,carried out in a discreet operational area characterized by political and economic states driven by events. The final result of the actions is the dissolution of statehood.Starting with the Cold-War Era, the most effective strategy of defeating undesirable state sovereignty proved to be its destruction, peaceful or violent, by itself (from inside),through discrete social actions, followed, as appropriate, by events management and the restoration of social order through military action. Thus, the role of the military structures has gradually changed, involving the change of organization and training, from the role of the main force of destroying the opponent to the force specialized in post-conflict social status management.On the other hand, in the Age of Information, within the Knowledge-based Society,space and time have become discontinuous and asynchronous through the universalization of electronically mediated communication and the virtualization of human interactions. This development made possible this type of war, the hybrid, characterized by the physical absence of the external military opponent in the decisive action phase and its emergence, with a stabilizing role, in the phase of managing the results.

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ADDRESSING THE EVALUATION OF CONTEMPORARY SOCIETAL SECURITY BASED ON COMPLEXITY CONCEPTS

Author(s): Ioan CRĂCIUN,Octavian Victor Mihail Dima / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Societal security, as developed by the Copenhagen Security School, is an extremely important area of the broader concept of a contemporary security approach that, in addition to military issues, also addresses a host of other threats from areas such as political,economic, societal or environmental ones. In the study of contemporary social security, a series of concepts specific to the theory of complex systems, such as complexity, self organization,chaos, etc., have been borrowed, which have substantially enriched the hermeneutics of the security discourse on the basis of non-traditional interpretations of social systems. This paper aims to present the basic concepts of complexity and their relevance to the theory and practice of contemporary societal security. At the same time, the paper presents some conclusions regarding the analysis methodology specific to the complexity science applicable to the field of societal security.

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WAR REFUGEES – A FORM OF FORCED MIGRATION

Author(s): Florin Laurentiu Giusca,Tomita Zavoianu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Refugee movements have regional dimensions, causing the international community to coordinate their diplomatic-political efforts to ensure their protection and to find permanent solutions to their physical security and food security problems.From a legal point of view, refugees are people in danger who are trying to take advantage of their right to asylum in other countries. In this situation, criticism of the use of travel, escape from dangers, is the value of a saving solution, and the freedom of movement is of major importance in the European space. Refugee protection has been a topic of great interest to the international community after the United Nations.The impact of the Syrian crisis on the asylum system of many European countries, the fear of an increase in EU migration and the recurrence of nationalist and extremist movements in Europe make migration a recurring theme in European Union policy. The Syrian refugee crisis has created major problems in the region.

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WAR REFUGEES – VICTIMS IN THE FIELD OF HUMAN SECURITY AND FOOD SAFETY DURING REGIONAL ARMED CONFLICT

Author(s): Florin Laurentiu Giusca,Tomita Zavoianu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Waves of war refugees, large population movements and famine on a regional level are humanitarian crises generated by social insecurity or abusive behavior of public institutions. Social inequalities are serious political phenomena, social dramas often associated with diminishing food supplies and affecting economic exchange systems.Modern armed conflicts are characterized by new forms of violence and have some specific features such as the elements of internationalization present in internal conflicts, in the circumstances of increasing the role of non-state actors in solving management situations of public health and food security. The dangers and threats to international security for human security are manifested in complex, diverse and atypical forms of gravity, making it difficult to prevent and eliminate regional conflicts. Majorities of civil wars that have panicked the international community over the years have erupted countries located at the periphery of production centers and regional economic exchanges.

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SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND THE ROLE OF EXPERTISE IN CREATING DEFENSE POLICIES AND SECURITY STRATEGIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Author(s): Tudor SÂRBU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the Russian Federation, the process of public policy elaboration has the imprint of the recent past, but also of the illiberal political regime. In Russian society there are various types of expertise communities that carry out research projects, analyze,elaborate strategic documents etc. Yet others are the actors that influence the decision making process. “Siloviki”1 - building power that unites the armed forces, law enforcement and intelligence services, with common identity, with a shared world view, and a personal loyalty to Putin.The Russian authorities are very closed to the debate and are reluctant to rely on any expertise other than that provided by government agencies. The role of the expert communities in the decision-making process is “close to zero” because officials make decisions based on secret information and usually stress that any external expertise is irrelevant.

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STRATEGY AND WAR IN KAUTILYA’S VISION. TOPICALITY REFLECTIONS

Author(s): Florin Stafi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

A true compendium of great strategy, Kautilya’s Arthashastra gives us a complete picture of the state leadership that transcends time, presenting us, with a perfect political realism, the art and science of government, diplomacy and war. The center of its strategy is the state's power in all its forms, as well as the means by which it can be acquired,maintained and expanded.For Kautilya, the war is viewed in the strategic context of alliances, providing the political decision maker with the necessary instrument for internal well-being, expanding the influence at the macro level, balancing the equilibrium of regional power, allowing it to achieve political goals. Arthashastra is a leader’s art and science, its guide through which he can provide protection against internal and external threats, law enforcement, border security and economic progress. Peace or war are only “state of facts” imposed by social pyramid needs,the national interest being the supreme goal of politics.

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MILITARY MOBILITY – AN OPERATIONAL TARGET AS EFFECT OF THE HYBRID WAR BREAKDOWN OF THE BORDERS

Author(s): Dorin Ionita,Ion Anghel / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The freedom of movement of forces and means became an operational target, as a result of the ever-widening hybrid warfare on the elimination of frontiers. In recent years, it has come to light that it is very difficult to transport military equipment and forces on national territory, but also on the European continent, as there are a multitude of restrictions. Therefore, ensuring effective military mobility raises wide-ranging debates at both national and EU / NATO levels, as it requires a systematic approach to several economic, military and political issues. The article presents a review of these concerns,which have the ultimate goal of ensuring that the freedom of movement of forces and mean scan be viewed as an investment process that involves, both military and economic, short-term costs and long-term benefits.

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GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

Author(s): Ciprian Tudor / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The way in which the military plans, functions and operates has been revolutionized by the usage of GIS applications in military operations. From home security to operations around the globe, military depends on reliable, accurate spatial mapping and tools. Military forces use GIS in a variety of applications including cartography, intelligence,terrain analysis, battlefield management, remote sensing, military installation, management and monitoring of possible terrorist activity. The concept of Command, Control,Communication and Coordination in military operations is largely dependent on the availability of accurate, spatial information in order to take quick decisions for operational orders. In the present digital era, GIS is an excellent tool for military commanders in operations.

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Preparing The Work on Dealing With the Past in a Community

Author(s): Emina Bužinkić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Dealing with visible and invisible consequences of the war puts in front of us a long-term and difficult task of establishing sustainable peace, peace which creates a possibility of deconstruction of power, building equality and establishing the culture of respect and non-violence. Peace does not merely mean the absence of war, but establishment of lost trust with the creation of just socio-economic and political conditions for life in a community. Visible consequences of the war are images of severe human suffering and losses, mine fields and echoes of explosions even after the war, severe poverty, material devastations with completely or partially ruined cities, villages and infrastructures, as well as lower possibilities of quality education, work and continuation of life. There are also invisible, deep consequences which often, years after the war, escalate into another, renewed conflict. They are hidden in people’s attitudes and views which are often transferred from one family generation to another, so that new generations grow up with messages of violence, pressure for revenge and further deepening of trauma, which can also be reflected in social structures, legal hierarchy and human rights.

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Dialogue on War Legacy

Author(s): Ana Bitoljanu,Goran Božičević / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

I remember how it all started and how people were reluctant to mention the very topic during dealing with the past workshops. When we said “today’s topic is dealing with the past”, some kind of heavy silence would fall over the room. In the beginning, we didn’t even use that phrase, dealing with the past. We tried to introduce conversations about the past into various workshops, we did a lot of different things, aware of the fact that we have no chance of a joint future, without discussions about what had happened, how we deal with it today and whether we are at all ready to hear different views on what had happened. Sometimes, we called this work on dealing with the past “inter-ethnic dialogue”, sometimes we called it “opening communication in divided communities and groups”, sometimes it was an integral part of non-violent transformation of conflicts, but one way or another, we always talked about the past. In the meantime, we have reached a point when, at trainings that we organize today, we spend most of the time working on dealing with the past. And this is neither unpleasant nor unfamiliar any more. It has not become easy, far from it, but the phrase “dealing with the past” is no longer so scary and unknown. We have slowly reached the point at which people have trust in us and perceive the workshops as safe space in which they can talk about what had happened, what they had been through and survived. It has even happened that participants said: “OK, this communication, non-violence, gender, all this is great, but when are we going to talk about the past? It was because of dealing with the past that we applied for this training in the first place”.

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Education of the Youth Grounded in Experience-Based Learning as Part of the Dealing With the Past Process

Author(s): Emina Bužinkić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

One of the most important guarantees of dealing with the past process is the guarantee of non-repetition of a violent past, which included intolerance, inequality, human rights violations and war crimes. These guarantees are mostly connected to institutional and legal measures of protection and they are rarely discussed in wider, social and cultural frameworks, such as educational, cultural, economic and other policies and social practices, which could, in the long-term, prevent the violent past from repeating. As a particular form of social and political reparation, but also as a role in the lives of younger generations, education of the young about the past is undoubtedly a quality and long-term guarantee of non-repetition of violence and a step towards a more responsible society.

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Trauma and its Consequences – Mental Health Care of Civil Society Activists in Dealing With the Past

Author(s): Zdenka Pantić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This text will discuss psychological consequences of work with traumatized people on those persons who provide them with help. These can be experts from different professions, activists, volunteers, family members and others who are in direct contact with a traumatized person. Here we will pay special attention to activists and volunteers of civil society organizations, who work on human rights and consequences of war trauma, provide direct support to traumatized people in the field, collect facts and document war experiences, advocate for the rights of different groups of victims or monitor war crimes trials, etc.

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Priprema rada na suočavanju s prošlošću u zajednici

Author(s): Emina Bužinkić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Suočavanje s vidljivim i nevidljivim posljedicama rata pred nas stavlja dugoročan i težak zadatak uspostave održivog mira, mira koji otvara mogućnosti razgradnji i rastakanju moći, izgradnji ravnopravnosti i uspostavi kulture uvažavanja i nenasilja. Mir, pritom, nije puko odsustvo rata, već uspostava izgubljenog povjerenja uz stvaranje pravednih socio-ekonomskih i političkih uvjeta za život u zajednici. Vidljive posljedice rata su prizori teških ljudskih stradanja, gubitaka, miniranih polja i odjeka eksplozivnih naprava i nakon rata, dubokog osiromašenja i oskudnosti, materijalnih razaranja s potpuno i djelomično uništenim gradovima, selima, infrastrukturom te umanjene mogućnosti za kvalitetnim obrazovanjem, radom i nastavkom života. Ostaju i one nevidljive, duboke posljedice, koje često godinama nakon sukoba eskaliraju u novi, ponovljeni sukob. One su zatomljene u ljudskim stavovima koji se nerijetko prenose novim obiteljskim naraštajima, a koji odrastaju s porukama nasilja, pritiskom osvete i produbljivanjem traume, ali i u društvenoj strukturi, pravnom poretku i ljudskim pravima.

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Dijalog o naslijeđu rata

Author(s): Ana Bitoljanu,Goran Božičević / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Sjećam se kako je počelo, kako su ljudi zazirali od spominjanja same teme na radionicama suočavanja s prošlošću. Kada bi rekli “današnja tema je suočavanje s prošlošću”, neka teška tišina bi nastupila. Taj izraz, suočavanje s prošlošću, u prvo vrijeme nismo ni koristili. Razgovore o prošlosti uvlačili smo u različite radionice, radili smo na svakakve načine, svjesni da bez razgovora o tome što se desilo, kako se s time danas nosimo i jesmo li spremni uopće čuti druga ¬ čije poimanje toga što se dogodilo , nema mogućnosti za ikakvu zajedničku budućnost. Nekad smo taj rad na suočavanju s prošlošću nazivali međuetnički dijalog , nekad otvaranje komunikacije u podijeljenoj zajednici, grupama, nekad kao sastavni dio nenasilne transformacije sukoba itd., no uvijek se ovako ili onako pričalo o prošlosti. Tako smo nekako stigli do toga da na današnjim treninzima, veliku većinu vremena radimo suočavanje s prošlošću. I nije više niti neugodno niti nepoznato. Nije postalo lako, daleko od toga, ali izraz suočavanje s prošlošću nije više tako strašan niti nepoznat. Po lako smo stigli do točke gdje ljudi na radionicama osjećaju povjerenje, siguran prostor u kome mogu govoriti o tome što se desilo, što smo doživjeli i preživjeli, čak se ponekad dogodi da sudionice komentiraju: “Ok, super ova komunikacija, nenasillje, gender, a kada ćemo o prošlosti? Zbog suočavanja s prošlošću smo se prijavile na trening.”.

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Obrazovanje mladih temeljeno na iskustvenom učenju kao dio procesa suočavanja s prošlošću

Author(s): Emina Bužinkić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Jedno od najvažnijih jamstava procesa suočavanja s prošlošću je jamstvo neponavljanja nasilne prošlosti povezane s netrpeljivošću, nejednakošću, kršenjem ljudskih prava i ratnim zločinima. Ta su jamstva uglavnom vezana uz institucionalno-zakonodavne mjere zaštite i vrlo rijetko se o njima govori u širem, društveno-kulturalnom okviru, poput obrazovnih , kulturnih, gospodarskih i drugih politika i društvenih praksi koje bi dugoročno spriječile ponavljanje nasilne prošlosti. Kao svojevrsni oblik društveno-političke reparacije, ali i uloga u život novih generacija, obrazovan je mladih o prošlosti nedvojbeno je kvalitetno i dugoročno usmjereno jamstvo neponavljanja nasilja i korak ka odgovornijem društvu.

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Zašto pristup dokumentiranja?

Author(s): Živana Heđbeli / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Proljetos sam bila u Jasenovcu. Razgovarala sam sa suputnicima, pretežito starijim od 80 godina, žrtvama ili članovima porodica žrtava. Njihovo je glavno pitanje, skoro sedam desetljeća od stradanja: „Zašto?“; „Zašto su moji rođaci, sve odreda kršni, visoki momci, ubijeni?“; “Zašto unuci mog rođaka, ubijenog u Jasenovcu, nikada nisu došli u Jasenovac?“...

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Arhivi u neinstucionalnom okruženju: dokumentiranje, organizacija i prezervacija

Author(s): Nikola Mokrović / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Dokumentiranje jest forma odnosa prema svim dokumentima ili u širem smislu svim artefaktima nastalim ljudskim djelovanjem. Danas postoje tri prepoznatljiva tipa institucija koje se bave prezervacijom sjećanja: arhivi, knjižnice i muzeji. Iako je načelna razlika u tipovima objekata koje te tri institucije sadrže u načelu jasna i profilirana, ono što ih zajedno povezuje jest baštinjenje i čuvanje vrijednosti nastalih ljudskim radom. Kao takve, te institucije jesu institucije sjećanja, jednako kao što ih to čini institucijama dokumentiranja.

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Dokumentiranje ljudskih gubitaka u Hrvatskoj

Author(s): Slaven Rašković / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Documenta je od svog osnutka zauzela stav kako je nužan korak u procesu suočavanja s prošlošću utvrđivanje činjenica o ratnim događanjima. S obzirom da je najteža posljedica svakog oružanog sukoba gubitak ljudi, očekivali smo da će nadležne državne institucije napraviti sve što je u njihovoj moći kako bi se utvrdio poimenični popis svih žrtava rata, bez obzira na njihovu etničku, vjersku, političku i socijalnu pripadnost, s njihovim ključnim identifikacijskim podacima i okolnostima njihova stradanja.

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Trauma i posljedice - Briga o mentalnom zdravlju aktivista civilnog društva u suočavanju s prošlošću

Author(s): Zdenka Pantić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

U ovom tekstu bit će riječi o psihološkim posljedicama rada s traumatiziranim ljudima na one osobe koje im pomažu. To mogu biti profesionalci/ke iz pomagačkih struka, aktivisti, volonteri, članovi obitelji i drugi koji su u neposrednom kontaktu s traumatiziranom osobom . Ovdje nas posebno zanimaju aktivisti i volonteri organizacija civilnog društva koje se bave ljudskim pravima, posljedicama ratne traume, pružajući neposrednu podršku traumatiziranima na terenu, bave se prikupljanjem činjenica i bilježe ratna iskustva, zagovara ju prava različitih skupina žrtava ili su monitori na suđenjima za ratne zločine, i drugi.

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Cinizam poricanja genocida: Uradili smo sve što smo naumili, negirajmo sve što smo uradili

Author(s): Esad Bajtal / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Denying and systematically killing the truth of the war is the programmatic, starting position of Slobodan Milosevic’s criminal great-state crypto-policy. With the sentence “Everything about Bosnia and Herzegovina is a pure lie”, uttered on the first day of the trial in The Hague (in front of cameras around the world), the principle of “pure lies” was presented to the world as a key methodological principle of great state strategy and Serbian policy which culminates in the systematic denial of the judicially established genocide in Srebrenica. Instead of genocide, according to the logic of that denial ideology, it is a “great crime” committed by individuals. And when these individuals finally arrive in The Hague, then, by the logic of that same principle, it is not a trial of them, executioners, contractors, orderers... but, God forbid - of the entire Serbian people. Accordingly, the uncritical and encouraged public, celebrating with huge stadium banners “Knife, wire, Srebrenica”, threateningly announces the repetition of exactly what the Serbian authorities persistently hide and openly deny. In short, in its reduced performance, the Greater Serbia ideology of denial tempers its public appearances on an unspoken phantasmatic principle: It was not as it was, but it was as we say it was.

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