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Contradictory messages of Slovakia’s eastern policy in 2018

Author(s): Juraj Marušiak / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The trends that emerged after Ukraine’s “Revolution of Dignity” and the annexation of Crimea in 2014 which led to the deep crisis in relations between the West and Russia were again a key factor in Slovakia’s Eastern Policy in 2018. Relations with Russia, and subsequently Ukraine, remain a strong dividing line within Slovak society. As proposed by President Andrej Kiska, in October 2017, Slovakia’s three highest officials – President A. Kiska, Prime Minister Robert Fico and Speaker of the National Council Andrej Danko adopted a common declaration on the country’s common priorities in the EUand NATO. It stated “unequivocally continuing in a pro-European and pro-Atlantic direction is in the strategic interest of the Slovak Republic.” They stressed their desire to improve the security of citizens “by implementing the updated Security Strategy, Defense Strategy, and Military Strategy of the Slovak Republic” and that this would “support Slovakia’s future inside the core of European integration.”

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Civilian and Military Missions in the Western Balkans

Author(s): Eva Gross / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The EU has made great strides in the development of its European security and defence policy (ESDP) and its regional presence in the Western Balkans as a security actor. Yet the success of its police and military crisis management to date has been hampered by problems of a steep institutional learning curve over the design and implementation of missions and the decision making structures in Brussels. This chapter analyses the design of the existing missions and asks whether they are appropriate and relevant for their effective implementation and for meeting their declared goals in the field. It shows that missions have suffered from difficulties in their design, problems in attracting appropriate personnel and issues of inter- and intra-pillar coordination, and therefore coherence.

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What strategy for the greater Middle East?

Author(s): Michael Stürmer,Steven Simon,Irina Zvyagelskaya,François Heisbourg / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

We were fortunate in having ahead of the meeting three thoughtful, broad-spectrum papers from which to work. All three of the authors of the papers were asked by the Chairman to pronounce on the validity of the ‘Greater Middle East’ (GME) concept. Michael Stürmer, who made the first presentation, commented that there is a certainunity to the region, notably in terms of the problems it shares. In referring to his paper, he warned against the American tendency to see democracy as apanacea, as it takes a very long time indeed to establish democracy in cultural terms. In the interval, the Americans should make sure that they really want what they say they want.

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Marginalisation and Copenhagen gang wars

Author(s): Pinar Yazgan,Therese Svensson / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In recent times, violent incidents have occurred between rival gangs in the so-called ‘ghettos’ of Copenhagen (Politiken.dk, 2008). These turf wars have mostly taken place between the local Hell’s Angels’ gang and various other gangs. Discussions related to the gang wars in Copenhagen first appeared in the media in 2007-2008, between the local MC gang ‘Hells Angels’ and the ‘Black Cobra’ gang, which consists mainly of ethnic minority members (Schmidt, 2009, 2011: 605). Gang wars have taken place in Nørrebro, which is an area in the North of Copenhagen, where the concentration of immigrants is the highest in the city. The encounters between gangs have had disastrous effects with severe impacts upon the general impressions of foreigners in Denmark (Nasser, 2010). This paper proposes that gang wars in Denmark can be explained by various levels of marginalisation through negative social capital and grounded political discourses preventing integration as opposed to promoting it. Specifically, this chapter highlights discourses in relation to the groups defined as deviant or ‘the minority group’ within the framework of marginalisation, and their integration into criminal capital as the negative side of social capital.

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Distance beyond the border: Kurds of Syria and Turkey in Istanbul

Author(s): Souad Osseiran / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter explores the social and political relations of Kurds from Syria and Turkey, who were living together in a neighbourhood in Istanbul. Kurds from Qamishli in Syria have relatives across the border in Turkey. They are kin who have been separated in the creation of the two nation states. The border did not deter continued ties, marriage, movement and exchange between them. As a consequence of the conflict in Syria, many Syrian nationals came to Istanbul to make their lives there. For many of those with family on the Turkish side of the border, they chose to settle in areas where their Turkish relative are living. For many, it is their first extended encounter with the Kurds of Turkey- their kin from across the border- while others have continuously come and gone to Istanbul for various reasons.

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Perspectives on conflicts and potentials in a changing neighbourhood: Berlin-Neukölln and the role of urban governance

Author(s): Manuela Freiheit,Kristina Seidelsohn / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Cities operate more and more like enterprises as they are confronted with an increasing global competition for investments, business locations, fairs and tourism, as well as scientific and creative excellence. On the other hand, economic, political and social changes since the late 1960s have caused mounting social and urban fragmentation which has led to upward revaluation or devaluation of some inner-city districts. Those neighbourhoods are characterized by a concentration of developmental, ecological, infrastructural and socio-economic problems as well as ethniccultural diversity (cf. Franke et al., 2000:244ff.). Based on the assumption that the process taking place in these areas reinforce themselves continuously, many American and European cities developed political programs in the early 1990s to counteract the 'downward spiral' by bringing different sectors of local government and civil society together.

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The Kurds: “A history of deliberate and reactive state-lessness”

Author(s): Hanifi Barış / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

I grew up listening to a story that did not strike me much at the time. My father, who was born in 1925, is a dengbêj (folk poet) and he told me a story explaining the reason for the statelessness of the Kurds in their ‘failure’ to unite under one leader and join a cause. It is a story about the famous Kurdish leader Cemil Çeto who prepared to fight the Kemalist movement. It was the moment when he saw an opportunity to call upon foreign powers to support the Kurds and assist them in founding a Kurdish state. He meets the leaders of seven tribal confederacies and claims that he can bring France’s air force to their help in seven days. Only, he insists that a leader must be chosen, either himself or someone else, who will represent the Kurdish coalition internationally and negotiate with the French. Eminê Ahmed, one of the leaders present, stands up and says that he will never relinquish his title or give his father’s legacy away to bow to anyone else. Others follow him in that decision. In short, according to the story the chance to establish a Kurdish state was missed because of the lack of unity among Kurdish leaders and such an opportunity was never obtained again.

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‘Göç Kültürü ve Çatışma Modeli’ Bağlamında Latife Tekin'in Sevgili Arsız Ölüm'üne Bir Bakış

Author(s): Ali Tilbe / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Çok eski dönemlere uzanan göç ile yazın ilişkisi, günümüzde sayıları giderek artan göç/göçer romanlarının gündemde yer tutmasıyla, daha da önem kazanarak geleceğe doğru evrilmektedir. Göç olgusu, günümüzde eskiden olduğundan daha çok toplumsal, siyasal, artırımsal ve ekinsel yönleriyle konuşulmakta ve tartışılmaktadır. Bu tartışma alanlarının en önemlilerinden birisinin de toplumun bir anlatımı olan yeni yazın alanı olduğu açıktır. Bu bağlamda, günümüzde belli bir inceleme yöntembilimi olmayan göç romanlarının belli yöntem ve yaklaşımlarla incelenmesi yaşamsaldır.

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Çatışma ve Göç Kültürü Modeli Bağlamında Bir Roman Okuması: Le Clézio’nun Göçmen Yıldız’ı

Author(s): Kamil Civelek / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

İnsanların bireysel ya da kitlesel olarak çeşitli nedenlerle bir yaşam alanından bir başka yaşam alanına doğru yaptıkları yer değişikliğinin süreci ve sonucu olarak kısaca tanımlanabilecek göç olgusu insanlık tarihinin her evresinde varlığını duyumsatır. Toplum bilimleri çok farklı düzey ve içeriklerle göç olgusunu ele alırlar. Her bir bilim dalı göçe kendi penceresinden farklı anlamlar yükler. Yazın alanı ise birey/toplum, tarih, coğrafya, felsefe, kültür, politika, düşüngü (fr. idéologie), vb. birçok alanının harmanlandığı, gerçeklik ile kurgunun birbirlerine karıştığı, merkezine insanı alan estetik bir içerik sunduğundan diğer bilim dallarından daha farklı bir yaklaşımla göç olgusunu ele alır. Yazın dışındaki diğer toplum bilimleri göç olgusunu nedenlerini, sonuçlarını ve sorunlarını veriler düzeyinde irdeler ve çoğu zaman öznesi olan insanı göz ardı eder. Bu bağlamda göç olgusunun nedenleri, sonuçları, sorunları, verileri bağlamında ele alınmasından daha çok göçün süreçleri ve bu süreçlerde yaşananı/yaşanması olası olanı çevrelemesi ve duyumsatabilmesi, göç edenin bir öyküyü ve belleği taşımasını imlemesi açısından bambaşka bir alandır.

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Mapping Shipwrecks of Refugees and Immigrants in the Mediterranean Sea Since 2015

Author(s): Artemis Tsiopa / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the recent years, the continuous political tensions and the multiple civil wars in many countries have caused a dramatic increase of people emigrating. Most of these people are trying to reach a European country. Since 2015, the number of immigrants and refugees is so high that this is considered a migration crisis. Most immigrants enter the EU by sea. They use boats to reach the shores of Greece, Italy and Spain. These boats very often sink due to a great variety of reasons, such as the dangerous weather conditions. These shipwrecks cause the death of thousands of immigrants and refugees. This paper aims to record and present the shipwrecks that have occurred during the period 2015-2017 in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as, the number of the dead and the missing persons from each shipwreck. For this purpose, data from the International Organization for Migration (IOM) are being used. From the produced maps it is evident that the majority of the shipwrecks occur in the Central Mediterranean Sea, as well as the majority of the dead and the missing. In the same context, the missing from the recorded shipwrecks appear to be more than the dead.

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MYANMAR/BURMA’DA BARIŞ İNŞA SÜRECİ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Author(s): Tolga Erdem / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Tarihi boyunca sömürgecilik hareketlerine en yoğun şekilde maruz kalan ülkelerden biri olan Myanmar/Burma, 1948 yılında İngiltere ve Japonya’nın boyunduruğundan tam anlamıyla kurtularak bağımsızlığını kazanmıştır. Ülke içerisindeki otoritenin bağımsızlık öncesindeki yıllar boyunca sömürgeci devletler tarafından sağlanmış olması, ardından elde edilen tam bağımsızlıkla birlikte yaratılan yeni yapıda otorite boşluğunun ciddi boyutlara ulaşmasına sebep olmuş ve pek çok kaçınılmaz sorunu da beraberinde getirmiştir. Sömürgeci devletler tarafından oluşturulan ve sağlam temellere dayanmayan siyaset alanı, yaşanan otorite boşluğu ortamındaki demokrasiye geçiş girişimlerini başarısız kılmış ve 1962 yılından itibaren ülke, sıkıyönetim ve baskının hâkim olduğu askeri darbeler dönemine girmiştir. Ordunun kendisini tartışmasız olarak ülkenin tek koruyucusu ve savunucusu olarak tanımlaması, ülkenin sahip olduğu yoğun etnik ve dinsel çeşitlilikle beraber hesaba katıldığında ortaya çıkan panorama; baskı, şiddet, zulüm, insan hakları ihlalleri, etnik ve dinsel çatışmalardan ibaret olmuştur.

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Asymmetrical Conflict and Gender Perspectives: Covid-19 Case Study

Author(s): Zoran Duspara / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Although more than thirty years passed since the fall of the Berlin Wall, the event which we often regard as the historical reference point for the end of the Cold War, the geopolitical, geostrategic and especially global security scene has still not had its more prominent and more permanent dimensions. In the scientific sense, there is a lack of clearer quantification of the fundamental security factors, i.e. of the entirely evident new security paradigm. Why is that the case?

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Asimetrični konflikt i rodne perspektive: studija slučaja COVID-19

Author(s): Zoran Duspara / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Mada je prošlo više od trideset godina od rušenja Berlinskog zida, događaja koji često uzimamo kao povijesnu referentnu točku kraja hladnog rata, još uvijek geopolitička, geostrateška i napose sigurnosna globalna scena nije dobila uočljivije i trajnije dimenzije. U znanstvenom smislu osjeća se nedostatak jasnijeg kvantificiranja temeljnih sigurnosnih čimbenika odnosno potpuno razvidne nove sigurnosne paradigme. Zašto je to tako?

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Propitivanja, prijepori, transformacije

Author(s): Tihomir Ponoš,Miroslav Ambruš Kiš,Milena Beader,Srđan Dvornik,Vesna Janković,Nela Pamuković,Duška Pribičević-Gelb,Nenad Zakošek,Ognjen Tus,Vesna Teršelič / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Transkript razgovora osnivača/ica Antiratne kampanje, održanog 29. lipnja 2011. u Kući ljudskih prava, Zagreb. Razgovor moderirao Tihomir Ponoš. Sudionici: Miroslav Ambruš Kiš, Milena Beader, Srđan Dvornik, Vesna Janković, Nela Pamuković, Duška Pribičević-Gelb, Vesna Teršelič, Ognjen Tus, Nenad Zakošek

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Umrežavanje, umrežavanje, umrežavanje...

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

1. Originalni projekti; 2. ARK ‘91.-‘92.

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Pogled izvana: Wish You Were Here

Author(s): Vesna Janković / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Tijekom zajedničkog prisjećanja na početke Antiratne kampanje, mnogi aktivisti/aktivistice naglasili su ulogu koju je međunarodno umrežavanje i prisutnost stranih volontera odigrala u razvoju ARK-ovih aktivnosti, ali i artikuliranju vrijednosnih i političkih polazišta. Dok je u domaćoj literaturi uglavnom reflektirana negativna strana utjecaja velikih međunarodnih agencija i fondacija na razvoj tzv. civilne scene, pozitivna iskustva suradnje, podrške i međunarodne solidarnosti na grassroots razini ostala su gotovo nezabilježena. Suncokret, Volonterski projekt Pakrac, Balkan Peace Team, Nexus... samo su neke od organizacija u čijem su djelovanju sudjelovali brojni volonteri/volonterke iz cijelog svijeta. Mnogi od njih stekli su duboka prijateljstva i ostali do danas povezani s lokalnim antiratnim, ženskim i grupama za ljudska prava. Neki su godinama živjeli u regiji, neki su povremeno dolazili, a neki su i ostali živjeti ovdje. Iako je među njima bilo onih koji su s mirovnim i ženskim organizacijama u bivšoj Jugoslaviji surađivali i prije rata, za većinu je to bio prvi dolazak. I iskusni mirovni aktivisti, aktivistice, i oni kojima je ovo bio prvi ozbiljniji društveni angažman, zajedno s nama učili su i rasli. Stečena iskustva antiratnog pokreta u bivšoj Jugoslaviji danas su ugrađena u strategije i instrumente globalnog mirovnog pokreta, a poslužila su i kao inspiracija za knjige i doktorate. U želji da zabilježimo njihov doprinos antiratnim inicijativama na ovim prostorima, uputili smo poziv našim inozemnim prijateljima i prijateljicama da zapišu svoja sjećanja, osobne priče i kritička promišljanja i tako se upišu u ovu skicu jednog vremena. Upitnik smo poslali na 30-tak adresa ljudi koji su tijekom dužeg razdoblja sudjelovali u našem radu. Primili smo 24 popunjena upitnika.

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Hod po tankoj žici: artikuliranje antiratnog angažmana u Hrvatskoj ranih 1990-ih godina

Author(s): Bojan Bilić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Politički aktivizam može biti opasan pothvat za one koji u njemu sudjeluju i gotovo uvijek frustrira one protiv kojih je upravljen. Organiziranje proturatnih građanskih inicijativa i sudjelovanje u njima posebno je kompleksno u zajednici koja sebe percipira kao žrtvu oružane agresije. U takvim okolnostima, otpadnici dolaze u nesiguran položaj: svoju odanost društvu u kojem djeluju afirmiraju artikuliranjem jednog vrijednosnog sistema različitog od onoga koji je široko prihvaćen. Na početku ratova za jugoslavensko nasljeđe, kada je Jugoslavenska narodna armija pod vodstvom srpskih oficira počela granatirati Vukovar, hrvatski građanski aktivisti i aktivistkinje našli su se u takvoj situaciji. Kako su sukobi postajali intenzivniji i približavali se Zagrebu na manje od 50 kilometara, aktivisti su se suočili sa dilemom: kako javno izraziti svoje proturatne osjećaje i istodobno priznati pravo sunarodnjaka na oružanu samoobranu. Antiratna kampanja Hrvatske (ARKH), mreža proturatno orijentiranih pojedinaca i pojedinki, građanskih inicijativa i organizacija, proizašla je iz brojnih nastojanja aktivistkinja i aktivista da nađu pravi omjer između potrebe da se, s jedne strane, spriječi sveopću militarizaciju njihovog društva, a s druge, da se ne ospori legitimnost upotrebe oružja ili pribjegavanja vojnoj intervenciji.

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Why the Documenting Approach?

Author(s): Živana Heđbeli / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

I went to Jasenovac this spring. I talked to my fellow travellers, mostly older than 80, victims or family members of victims. Their main question, almost seven decades since the suffering, is: why? “Why have my relatives, all tall and strong men, been killed?” “Why grandchildren of my relative, who was killed in Jasenovac, never came to Jasenovac?”

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Archives in a Non-institutional Environment: Documenting, Organization and Preservation

Author(s): Nikola Mokrović / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Documenting is a kind of relationship towards all documents or, in a wider sense, towards all artefacts created as a result of human action. Today there are three recognizable types of institutions which work on preserving memory: archives, libraries and museums. Although the principal difference in types of objects that these three institutions possess is clear and well-defined, what connects them is inheriting and preserving values which were created through human action. As such, these institutions are institutions of memory, as much as they are institutions of documenting. Documenting is mediation of human action, of each individual human act and its trace which connects it, in a meaningful way, with other acts. Acts and their traces are in a constant interplay of connecting, interpretation, change of shapes and media which constitute the overall record of human action. Although acting necessarily produces documented consequences, here we are particularly interested in its specific form as a conscious and subsequent, re-constructive establishment of previous practices and past actions, as well as in reconstruction of past documenting in the sphere of civil society and human rights protection. However, subsequent reconstruction does not only constitute a new order of documents or enable an overview with the aim of remembering or working with finished and established facts. It includes, from the starting motivation, through entire process to the end product, confirmation, realization and enrichment of certain values, which gain new meaning in new circumstances.

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Documenting Human Losses in Croatia

Author(s): Slaven Rašković / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Since its establishment, Documenta has viewed establishing facts about war events as one of necessary steps towards the process of dealing with the past. Due to the fact that human losses are the hardest consequence of armed conflicts, we expected that state institutions would do everything in their power to list, by their name, all victims of war, regardless of their ethnic, religious, political or social background, and that the list would also include key identification information and circumstances of their death. However, even 18 years after the war in Croatia ended, there is still no unique, publicly accessible and verifiable list of Croatian citizens who were either killed or went missing during the war. Such a situation still enables ideological and political manipulation of the number of victims and, for sure, neither contributes to easing the effects of the war nor does it enable opening of the space for building trust and sustainable peace. This was exactly the reason why Documenta, at the beginning of 2009, started a research on human losses in Croatia. This research aims to pay respects to victims of war by making their names and circumstances of their death publicly known. We believe that it is an obligation of every society to raise awareness of the fact that victims of war are not just mere numbers, but people with first and last name. For this reason, Documenta was one of the first organizations to be included in an international initiative for advocating the Charter for acknowledging every casualty of armed violence, which was started in London in 2011 and which has, by now, been adopted by more than 40 humanitarian and human rights organizations from all over the world.

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