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Метафорические модели в медицинской терминологии татарского языка

Author(s): Venera Nafikovna Khisamova,Liliya I. Abdullina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 02 (49)/2023

The article describes the models of metaphors in the medical terminology of the Tatar language. Metaphorization is one of the ways how medical terms are formed, and it has its own specific properties in the scientific language. The formation of metaphorical terms follows certain models, which can be divided according to denotative and significative descriptors. The study focuses on 1126 metaphors, among which 425 are metaphors according to the denotative descriptor, and 701 are metaphors according to the significative descriptor. The metaphors under analysis were selected from dictionaries using the method of continuous sampling. As part of the study, 4 metaphorical models were identified according to the denotative descriptor, and 27, according to the significative descriptor. Within each metaphorical model, metaphors are distributed according to the concepts of “health / norm”, “illness / pathology”, “medical instruments / devices”, “pharmacy”. The study calculates the ratio of metaphors to models and thus identifies the most productive and the least productive models; within each model, the ratio of concepts is determined, which makes it possible to trace how anatomical objects are represented as Earth surfaces, plant organs etc., and diseases as animal behavior etc. The article also compares the medical metaphors in the Tatar language with such units in the Russian language in terms of productivity and the ratio of concepts; furthermore, it indicates how loan-translation terms from the Russian language relate to the native Tatar metaphors. As a result, the study reveals full cross-language equivalents, as well as metaphorical terms that function only in one language and reflect the national worldview of by the Tatar people and metaphors that express different aspects of one concept in the Tatar and Russian languages.

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Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe Öğrenme Nedenlerine Yönelik Bir İhtiyaç Analizi: Kazakistan Örneği

Author(s): Sema DUMAN / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 29/2023

The main purpose of this research is to determine the learning needs of Kazakh people learning Turkish in Kazakhstan. The value of language learning has become invaluable day by day. The importance of language is emphasized both in social life and in business life. Today, the increasing importance of the Turkish language has led to the beginning of educational needs. For this reason, we see that Turkish language is also shown as an elective course in institutions and even in schools. However, Turkish courses and departments have started to be opened at universities. Kazakhstan gained its independence in 1991 and has put forward many innovations and projects for the education and training of its people with the policies it has made since. The Turkish language learners living in Kazakhstan were asked the question ‘For what reason do you want to learn Turkish’ in this study and the answers were analyzed.

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Тюркската –r/-l теория – проблемни етимологизации. Езикът на „Дунавските прабългари“ – Кавказки паралели

Author(s): Hristo Saldzhiev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The article examines a large number of early Turkic loanwords in Hungarian and Slavic languages, which are often regarded in Turkic studies as borrowed from the language of Danube Bulgars. The main source of our research are the investigations of the Russian linguist Anna Dybo in this field. After a critical analysis of the Hungarian examples, I conclude that there is no certain evidence confirming their Danube Bulgar origin. With respect to the early Turkic loanwords in Slavic languages, I emphasize the circumstance that most of them are present in all South Slavic, in some of the Eastern and Western Slavic languages, and even in the Baltic and German languages. Arguments are provided for the hypothesis that the words in question have been borrowed before the Slavic migrations towards the Balkans – probably in the late proto-Slavic period. In my opinion, the available material, preserved from the language of “Danube Proto-bulgarians” in medieval sources, does not correspond to the phonetic and morphological peculiarities of the Turkic languages, and points to an entirely different language family. On the basis of a linguistic analysis of an essential part of the available Proto-Bulgarian anthroponymical material, the Proto-Bulgarian plural suffixes and other available morphological, phonetic, and lexical elements known from the language of Proto-Bulgarians, I coclude that there are a lot of semantic, phonetic, and morphological similarities between the language of Danube Bulgars and the Lezgic group of the Nakh-Dagestanian language family.

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Word Formation by Reduplication Method in Modern Turkic Languages

Author(s): Gatiba Chingiz Mahmudova / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2023

There are examples of grammaticalisation in various forms in Turkic languages. Reduplication attracts attention both as a grammatical sign and as one of the ways of word formation. Repetition is one of the grammatical categories functionally used in Turkic languages. This article examines examples from old and modern Turkic languages. It explains with examples that the method of reduplication is used in Turkish as a method of word formation, as in some other world languages. In addition, some language units formed by repetition are tried to explain by the theory of grammar and are dealt with from examples in which reduplication creates the inflectional features in semantic and morphological categories. The method of reduplication in languages where it is used as a grammatical sign, grammatical categories such as augmentative, limitation, frequency, transition, etc., can be mentioned by forms with different phonological values, such as full or partial reduplication. The reduplication formed by the repetition of a word in the first stage represents the intermediate stage before the completion of word formation in the second stage. It is a semantic description of the newly formed word. There are many lexical units in the orthographic dictionary of the Azerbaijani language, which are words formed by the method of reduplication. The reproduction process is less productive than morphological, syntactic, lexical and other word-formation methods. Still, as a result, there is such a method in the grammatical structure of Turkic languages.

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Common mistakes made by Georgians when learning Turkish as a second foreign language, and ways to eliminate them

Author(s): Zeinab Akhvlediani / Language(s): English,Georgian Issue: 2/2023

Following English as the first foreign language among optional subjects, the study of a second foreign language has become more common. If until now, when choosing a second foreign language, preference was given to European languages, then in recent years, based on the established relations between Turkey and Georgia, the choice of Turkish as a second language has taken a priority place. Learning a language is a complex and multifaceted process. Making mistakes in language learning is an integral and natural part of this process. The reasons for the errors may vary; this can be caused by the influence of the native or any foreign language, as well as the wrong direction of the learning process. As the survey has shown, despite the modern possibilities of learning a language, which is a serious alternative to the old grammatical-translational approach to language learning, a number of problems remain unresolved, which seem to be an obstacle to communication in a foreign language. The subject of the research is a discussion of the most common mistakes made by Georgians when learning Turkish as a second language among optional subjects, and focusing on possible ways to eliminate them based on a questionnaire, in the light of modern opportunities for learning the language and the practical application of the acquired knowledge. A2, i.e. elementary level, has been chosen as the target level of the study, and it involved 26 university students, who do not specialize in Turkish language and literature, but study Turkish as a second language in optional subjects. A clear picture of common mistakes revealed by a questionnaire survey poses the following task for us: when learning a language, first of all, along with other environmental learning factors, it is necessary to oppose and contrast native and foreign languages. Language learning should take place on the basis of a comparison between the native and target languages, with special attention and emphasis on grammatical and lexical factors and expected errors, which are associated with the influence of the native language, deeply imprinted in the mind.

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Eski Türk Yazıtlarında Savaş, Mücadele, Ordu, Kahramanlık Gibi Unsurlara Dair Eş Anlamlı İsimler

Author(s): Ayşegül Şahin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2023

Synonymity, which is one of the fields of study of semantics, is one of the most important indicators of the richness of a language. However, many opinions have been put forward about whether there is a hundred percent synonymy in the language or not. In our study, these views were briefly mentioned; Synonyms (names) of war, fight, army and heroism in the Old Turkish Inscriptions were determined and examined with examples, and their use in the historical periods of Turkish was tried to be given evidence.

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Türkçe Dil Bilgisel Kanıtsalların Kurgusal Anlatıda Kullanımı ve İngilizceye Çevirisi: “Benim Adım Kırmızı” Örneği

Author(s): Melike Üzüm,Nurettin Demir,Kadim Polat / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 115/2023

In this study, we investigate the lexical markers and the evidential strategies used for grammatical evidentials in the Turkish to English translations of Orhan Pamuk’s novel “My Name is Red”. The objective of the study is to determine the equivalents of evidentials in the target language of the translation, and to reveal any potential loss of meaning in terms of language typology-based translations as well as explaining the reasons of such loss. To make a comparative analysis, we created two separate corpora from the English and Turkish versions of the novel by using the Sketch Engine program. Taking into account the narrative types used in the construction of the novel, we evaluate the equivalents of evidentials –mIş and ImIş in English on the basis of the corpus. In this framework, we discuss the appearance of the sub-categories of indirectivity and the functions of evidentials in the narration on the selected examples by considering the translated samples in which the loss of meaning occurs. Our findings indicate that indirectivity is often not reflected in the translated form through inferentials, and the reported speech as well as language samples that carry uncertainty arising from indirectivity were lost during the translation. In certain cases, the meaning has been clarified by adding expressions such as once upon a time, I have heard tell to the propositions based on second-hand/third-hand evidence, and the oral culture.

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NEKA ZAPAŽANJA U VEZI S PROŠIRENIM GLAGOLSKIM ADVERBIJALIMA UZROČNOGA ZNAČENJA U SAVREMENOME TURSKOM JEZIKU

Author(s): Edina Solak,Mirza Bašić,Amina Hadžimejlić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 21/2023

In the grammatical structure of the Turkish language, the ablative case suffix can also in certain contexts express causation. Thus, causative adverbial phrases can be derived by adding the ablative case suffix to noun phrases formed during the process of nominalization by transforming the initial clauses with finite predicates, where the function of the correlative is marked by verbal nouns ending in -DIk / -(y)AcAk. Based on concrete (con)textual examples, this paper aims to analyze grammatical and semantic structures of causative adverbial phrases derived by adding the ablative case suffix to noun phrases formed during the process of nominalization by transforming the initial clauses with finite predicates. A contrastive analysis, which also analyzes semantically similar syntactic structures in the Bosnian language, is used to indicate similarities and differences within syntactic structures expressing causation in these two genetically and typologically different languages. The basic sources of the analysis are the following novels by Kemal Tahir: Esir Şehrin İnsanları, Esir Şehrin Mahpusu and Yol Ayrımı.

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Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe Öğretiminde Aslanın Krallığı Anadili Okuma Hikâye Kitabının Temel Seviyeye (A1-A2) Uyarlanması

Author(s): Selçuk Koç,Mustafa Arslan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 31/2023

Teaching Turkish as a foreign language, which has received increasing interest in recent years, needs supplementary materials beyond textbooks. The necessity of preparing supplementary reading books that will meet this need has emerged. Creating reading materials especially suitable for students' levels will contribute to language teaching and a better understanding of Turkish culture. In the current situation, when teaching Turkish to foreigners in Turkey, the lack of reading materials suitable for the target language levels is noticeable. In this context, within the scope of qualitative research, the reading book titled The Kingdom of the Lion, which was prepared as a native language reading book, was transformed into a basic level reading book in a foreign language by using adaptation techniques. Each paragraph of the story is translated separately and shown in tables, using the simplification, expansion and simplification methods generally used in adaptations. According to the findings, it was concluded that preparing basic level (A1-A2) reading material for teaching Turkish as a foreign language could contribute to students' improving their reading skills and better understanding. It has been concluded that creating story books at appropriate levels for those learning Turkish as a foreign language will make a valuable contribution to language teaching practice.

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Examination of the Post-Graduation Turkish Proficiency Levels of Secondary Education Students Learning Turkish as a Foreign Language: The Case of Iraq

Author(s): Mehmet Armağan,Doğan Yücel / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2023

This study aimed to evaluate the post-graduation language status of secondary school students learning Turkish as a foreign language in Iraq and to determine the factors affecting the progress or deterioration in their language levels, if any. For this purpose, the desired language status of these people; they were evaluated according to gender, age groups and professions. Factors affecting the progress and decline in language levels were determined and listed according to the degree of impact. The research was conducted with the quantitative research method and the design of the study is a case study. Information was collected by semi-structured survey method, and descriptive scanning and relational scanning models were preferred among general scanning models in the study. The sample of the study consists of graduates who learned Turkish as a foreign language in schools in the city of Sulaymaniyah in Iraq between 1997 and 2022. A total of 414 people, 196 women and 218 men, participated in the research. The current language status of the participants and the factors that caused the improvement and deterioration of their Turkish language skills were determined according to the determined variables and the obtained values are; it was tried to be analyzed with the help of figures, tables and graphs. As a result, it has been observed that students who learned Turkish as a foreign language in Iraq reached a successful language level after graduation and improved their language skills at a significant rate after graduation. There are almost no studies on the language status of students who have completed their foreign language education, graduated and started business life. This makes this study very important and it will be one of the first important studies and resources in this field. More research needs to be done on the language status of students after graduation.

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TRABZON VE YÖRESİ AĞIZLARINDAKİ ALINTI KELİMELERDE GÖRÜLEN SES OLAYLARI

Author(s): Ahmet Dinç / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 79/2023

In this article, the loanwords in the dialects of Trabzon and its region are analyzed under two main headings: vowels and consonants. The loanwords used in the local dialect were selected from the existing studies on the local dialect and the words compiled by us. The first part of the article; includes the methodology of the study, the transcription of the translation, the classification, naming and evaluation of the loanwords as well as the part in which the contents of the languages with which Turkish has been in contact in the historical process starting from the Orkhun Inscriptions, the first written collective text of Turkish, to the current position of Turkey Turkish are presented and the statistics of the words that have passed from these languages to Turkish are given. In the second part, sound events and sound changes in quoted words are given under two main headings with subheadings, indicating the language from which the quoted words are taken. The words analyzed include the words that have passed into written language and are included in the current Turkish dictionary. Along with the language in which the quoted word occurs, the works in which this word is witnessed are also indicated. The transcription of the words is based on the "Dialect Research Transcription System" accepted by TDK. Of the analyzed loanwords, 137 are Arabic; 43 are Persian; 29 are French; 21 are Greek; 7 are Italian; 6 are English; 3 are Arabic+Persian; 2 are Latin, Greek and German respectively; and 1 is Sogdian and Bulgarian respectively.

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KAZAN TATAR AĞIZLARINDA GİYİM KUŞAM ADLARI

Author(s): Hülya Gökçe / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 79/2023

Clothing includes all those worn from head to toe as an element of material culture. The use of clothing, which initially emerged with the instinct of protection in primitive societies, has developed, changed and enriched with aesthetic concerns in modern societies. Clothing, which contains many features of the historical, cultural and social ties of nations, constitutes an important part of the cultural and tangible heritage of societies. The rich vocabulary of clothing culture is among the important subjects of language studies. Clothing names vary in the language field where a language is spoken, even in the most remote regions, with their own different uses. The determination of the current situation in the subdialects also enables the richness of the vocabulary of that language to be revealed. In this study, the names of clothing in Kazan Tatar subdialects were examined. Clothing names in Kazan Tatar subdialects were determined by scanning the works named Tatar Tĩlĩnĩŋ Zur Dialektologik Süzlĩgĩ (Kazan, 2009) and Tatar Ḫalık Söyleşlerĩ (Kazan, 2008). These words are classified according to the place they are worn on the body as names of clothing related to the head and neck, hand, foot, upper and lower parts of the body, underwear, complementary ornaments and jewelry, names related to the materials used in clothing and other names related to clothing culture. A partial structure and origin analysis has been made with selected examples from the names. It is aimed to contribute to field researchers by examining the rich vocabulary related to clothing in subdialects.

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GELENEKSEL KAHRAMAN KALIBI BAĞLAMINDA İKİ KARDEŞ KAHRAMANLI TÜRK DESTANLARI ÜZERİNE DEĞERLENDİRME

Author(s): Hüseyin Aksoy / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 79/2023

It is a common tendency among folklorists to analyze certain aspects of epic stories in order to make evaluations on the lifestyle and worldview of a society. Therefore, various methods have been used to analyze both Western and Turkic epics from the past to the present for this purpose. Focusing on the hero’s journey and making evaluations through his biography has been the most common approach in past and current studies. As a result of this effort, the existence of various similarities in the hero’s biography have been determined and thus many "hero patterns" have been revealed by different researchers. The epics of the Turkic world have also been examined in certain studies in the context of these heroic patterns. The common conclusion reached in these studies has been the existence of a mutual heroic pattern in world epics, although there are some cultural differences. In order to determine these cultural differences, many studies have been carried out specifically on the epics of the Turkic world and so a heroic pattern specific to Turkic epics have also been revealed. In these studies, on epic heroes, most researcher generally have focused on the epics with a single protagonist and have rarely studied on the epics with more than one protagonist (epics with two brother heroes). In this study, three epic stories, with more than one protagonist, “Er Soltonoy”, “Erali Şirali” ve “Er Samır” are comparatively evaluated in the context of the traditional hero pattern. Thus, the systematic structure of the heroic pattern in the epics with two brother heroes are revealed.

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Son Dönem Osmanlı Bilim Kurullarına Bir Örnek: Tedkikat-ı Lisaniye Heyetinin Kuruluşu ve Çalışmaları

Author(s): Ebubekir Keklik / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Sp. Issue/2023

In this study, the Language Studies Committee (Tedkikat-ı Lisaniye Heyeti), which is one of the last period Ottoman scientific committees, is discussed based on archive documents. The Language Studies Committee is a scientific committee established to deal with language, spelling, letters and textbook problems, which were frequently discussed in the last period of the Ottoman Empire. It was founded in early 1917 under the chairmanship of Namık Kemal's son, Ali Ekrem Bey. Language Studies Committee; It is divided into three branches, namely the Literary Committee, the Dictionary Committee and the Grammar Committee. The duties and purposes of the committees were determined by a directive written by Ali Ekrem Bey himself. Accordingly, the task of the Literary Committee was primarily to prepare a literature textbook for high schools and to produce a journal consisting of literary works in verse and prose. The task of the other two committees was to prepare an excellent Turkish dictionary, Turkish grammar book and spelling guide. All three committees working under the Language Studies Committee would have their own chairman, but the head of the Language Studies Committee would be the "general chairman". Among the members of the Language Studies Committee are prominent literary figures of the period, university professors and writers such as Ziya Gökalp, Mehmet Akif, Yahya Kemal and Ahmet Rasim. A spelling guide titled Usul-i Imla was published by the Grammar Committee of the Language Studies Committee in 1917. However, it cannot be said that the works designed at the beginning can be done. As a matter of fact, a “perfect Turkish dictionary” could not be prepared, literature textbooks for high schools and a journal consisting of the compilation of literary texts could not be published.

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CHALLENGING THE OTHER TRANSLATION: FREDERICK BURNABY'S ON HORSEBACK THROUGH ASIA MINOR'S ADVENTURE IN TURKISH

Author(s): Seda Taş İlmek / Language(s): English Issue: 46/2023

This article sets out to scrutinize two different Turkish translations of the English writer Frederick Burnaby’s travel writing On Horseback through Asia Minor (1878/1996). On Horseback through Asia Minor’s adventure in Turkish is an interesting case because the first translation was published in 1998 by Sabah Kitapları but just one year after this publication, another translation appeared on the Turkish book market, which was published by İletişim Yayınları. However, what is more interesting than these translations, which were published almost simultaneously, is the discourses of the publisher regarding the first translation on the cover of the presentation of the second translation. The publisher claims that the text is a “meticulous”, “uncensored” and “complete” translation, which points out that the previous translation included “censored” and “incomplete” parts. Therefore, this study questions the publisher’s claims by conducting a paratextual and textual analysis of the source text and target texts and also seeks to understand whether the causality created by the publisher led to the second translation or a retranslation. In its theoretical framework, it uses the concept “paratext” put forward by the French scholar Gérard Genette and “operational norms” introduced by the translation scholar Gideon Toury. The findings suggest that the second target text, rather than a “retranslation”, is a simultaneous translation that emerged incidentally almost in the same period, addressed the same target readers, and tried to bring out its difference from the other translation. It is also seen that the claims of the publisher in the second target text on the grounds of “censorship” and “incompleteness” are valid and this causes a rivalry between translations in the translated book market by not only strongly challenging the other translation but also forming market negativity towards it.

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RIJEČI KOJE NISU TURSKOG, ARAPSKOG I PERZIJSKOG PORIJEKLA I MJEŠOVITE TVORENICE U ŠKALJIĆEVIM TURCIZMIMA

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RIJEČI KOJE NISU TURSKOG, ARAPSKOG I PERZIJSKOG PORIJEKLA I MJEŠOVITE TVORENICE U ŠKALJIĆEVIM TURCIZMIMA

Author(s): Tarik Ćušić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 102/2023

Leksički se fond svakoga jezika neprestano obogaćuje. To leksičko obogaćivanje vrši se u najmanje dvama procesima. Prvi obuhvata stvaranje riječi na osnovu već postojeće, naslijeđene leksike ili u kombiniranju s riječima stranoga porijekla i ima pjesnički karakter – to su neologizmi. Drugi je proces primanje i prilagođavanje riječi stranoga porijekla (od jezika davaoca) fonetsko-gramatičkoj strukturi jezika primaoca – to su posuđenice. Jezici davaoci su jezici kojima se služi veliki broj govornika, i to uglavnom u međunarodnoj korespondenciji, dok se jezicima primaocima služi znatno manji broj govornika ili je njihova upotreba područno ograničena.

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ISTOK I ZAPAD U JEZIKOSLOVNOM STASAVANJU TAJIBA OKIĆA

Author(s): Zehra Alispahić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 44/2023

This paper presents a biography, educational journey, pedagogical activities, journalistic and translational work, and the progress of the prominent academician, researcher, educator, polyglot, muhaddis, and mufassir, Muhamed Tajib Okić. He was educated in Sarajevo at the Okružna Medresa, the Sharia Judicial School, and the universities in Zagreb and Belgrade, as well as at Sorbonne University in Paris and Zaytuna University in Tunisia. His pedagogical endeavours are imprinted in the First All-Boys Gymnasium in Sarajevo, the Sharia Gymnasium in Sarajevo, the Grand Madrasa in Skopje, and the theological universities in Ankara, Konya, and Erzurum. Tajib Okić's translations and scholarly work are distinctive and extensive. His bibliography encompasses works published before his departure to Turkey and those published during his stay in Turkey, as well as numerous unpublished and unfinished works. The fact that Tajib Okić was a polyglot, holding diplomas in Latin, Russian, Arabic, Turkish, and Persian languages, is a particular hallmark of his life and work. In addition to his mother tongue, the Bosnian language, he excellently spoke and wrote in Arabic, French, and Turkish.

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Towards Kyrgyz stop words

Author(s): Ruslan Isaev,Gulzada Esenalieva,Ermek Doszhanov / Language(s): English Issue: 76/2023

The concept of stop words introduced by H. P. Lun in the mid-20th century plays a huge role in today’s NLP practice. Stop words are used to reduce noisy text data, remove uninformative words, speed up text processing, and minimize the amount of memory required to store data. The Kyrgyz language is an agglutinative Turkic language for which no scientific study of stop words has been previously published in English. In our study, we combined frequency analysis with rule-based linguistic analysis. First, we found the most frequently used words, set a threshold, and removed words below the threshold. This way we got a list of the most frequently used words. Then we reduced the list by excluding from the list all words that do not belong to the category of function words of the Kyrgyz language. Finally, we got a list of 50 words that can be considered stop words in the Kyrgyz language. In our analysis, we used a single corpus of sentences collected and posted as an open source project by one of the local broadcasters.

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Marek Stachowski, Osnove turkologije za balkaniste (Podstawy turkologii dla bałkanistów)

Author(s): Ekrem Čaušević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 96/2023

Review of: Marek Stachowski, Osnove turkologije za balkaniste (Podstawy turkologii dla bałkanistów), Kraków 2023., ISBN 978–83–8138–866–5 (tiskana verzija), ISBN 978–83–8138–867–2 (PDF) https://doi.org /10.12797/9788381388672., Wydawnictvo Ksieͅgarnia Akademicka

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Asymmetry, but where? Terms of address in pet-, infant-, and child-directed speech in Turkish

Author(s): F. Nihan Ketrez / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2023

Terms of address in Turkish spontaneous pet-, infant-, and child-directed speech were compared in terms of the proportion of diminutive and hypocoristic morphemes attached to various types of bases. The goal of the study was to see whether there was any difference in their distribution in different addressee groups that could be attributed to the asymmetrical communication in pet-directed speech. The results showed that, in Turkish, a language poor in diminutives and hypocoristics, the asymmetry is not observed in the distribution of diminutive and hypocoristic forms. It is observed, however, in the morphopragmatic expression of endearment in general that included the possessive morphology, which seemed to be an alternative form used instead of diminutives and hypocoristics or along with them.

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