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-sA სუფიქსის ფუნქცია თურქულ ენაში

Author(s): Giga Kamushadze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2022

In this article we have investigated the suffix -sA, which belongs to the form of indicative mood and and is referred to in grammar textbooks as the conditional mood which has gone through several stages of formation: In Old Turkish it was used with the form of -sar, - ser. Later, with the loss of the sound-r, it took the form of -sa, -se. From Middle Turkish, suffix -sa / -se Formally, has the function of producing two different moods. It should be noted that this situation remains in Turkish today. In terms of form and function, due to the connection of two different suffixes over time, it combined two functions, to express the subjunctive and conditional mood. In Turkish grammar textbooks, it is also used to express subjunctive -conditional mood (dilek-şart). Research has shown that suffix has the function of expressing desire, condition, command, ability, comparison and contrast, » Also, the functions of expressing the condition, differ according to the noun and the verb. Simple and complex sentences, simple and complex verbs are important. Accordingly, the suffix is a function of "desire" in verb phrases, while in simple sentences and simple verb forms it has the function of "condition".

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Upotreba navodnika kao značajnih pragmatičnih signala u romanu Kafamda Bir Tuhaflikautora Orhana Pamuka

Author(s): Edina Solak,Mirza Bašić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 11-12/2022

This paper analyzes the use of quotation marks as significant pragmatic signals in the novel Kafamda Bir Tuhaflık by Orhan Pamuk, a Turkish Nobel prize winner. Besides, contrastive analysis is used to compare the use of quotation marks as pragmatic signals in the original text of the novel and its translation to Bosnian language. This is used to try to establish whether the identical pragmatic values of quotation marks are activated in both Turkish and Bosnian language. The initial language is Turkish, which means that the use of quotation marks as pragmatic signals in Turkish language is compared to their use in the translational equivalents in Bosnian language. An analysis like this should contribute to a better understanding and knowledge of interrelations between punctuation and pragmatics in two genetically and typologically different languages.

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Болгаро-татарские аппроксиматы

Author(s): Luiza K. Bayramova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2010

Approximates is the author’s term for lexical items in Bulgarian and Tatar leading back to the same etymon. She offers a classification of the lexical material under investigation based on semantic and stylistic criteria.

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UPOTREBA LEKSEMA EVLAT (DIJETE), OĞUL (SIN), KIZ (KĆI) I YAVRU (DIJETE) U FUNKCIJI IDENTITETSKIH MARKERA U ROMANU KAFAMDA BİR TUHAFLIK AUTORA ORHANA PAMUKA

Author(s): Edina Solak,Mirza Bašić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 3/2022

In Turkish language, the lexemes evlat (child), oğul (son), kız (daughter) and yavru (child) are forms of address expressing family relations. In certain contexts, the above-mentioned lexemes are used as identity markers indicating belonging to a group. In such situations, the above-mentioned forms of address are studied within the strategies of positive politeness directed towards the interlocutor’s positive face. This paper analyzes the pragmatic value of the identity markers evlat (child), oğul (son), kız (daughter) and yavru (child) in conversations identified in a novel by Orhan Pamuk titled Kafamda Bir Tuhaflık. The paper analyzes the suggested translational equivalents of the conversations where the lexemes evlat (child), oğul (son), kız (daughter) and yavru (child) are used as identity markers indicating belonging to a group. A contrastive analysis is used to identify whether the identical pragmatic values of these forms of address are activated in both Turkish and Bosnian languages.

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UTJECAJ TURSKOG JEZIKA NA SEMANTIČKU ADAPTACIJU RIJEČI PERZIJSKOG PORIJEKLA U BOSANSKOM JEZIKU

Author(s): Fikreta Fetahović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 3/2022

The aim of this paper is to show the influence of the Turkish language on the semantic adaptation Persian loanwords in the Bosnian language. The introduction part of this paper gives a brief historical overview of the relationship between Persian, Turkish and Bosnian. This is followed by a section with a comparative semantic analysis showing Persisms that have retained their original meaning in Turkish and Bosnian, as well as those in which there have been partial or complete semantic shifts. The above examples show the original meanings in Persian, Turkish and Bosnian.

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Çift Dillilik Bağlamında Suriyeli Mülteci Öğrenciler ve Kilis Ġli Örneği

Author(s): Hüseyin DOĞRAMACIOĞLU / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2022

Kilis is a frontier city with a history dating back thousands of years and located at the junction of different cultural and demographic structures. This city has a rich cultural structure as it is located at the intersection of various cultures. However, in the last ten years, different cultures and generations have begun to be seen here, as refugees who have escaped from the turmoil in Syria and sought refuge in our country have settled in Kilis. Refugees who immigrated to Kilis and whose mother tongue is mostly Arabic, interacted with Kilis culture when they encountered it. This interaction emerged mostly on the basis of language. After these people settled in Kilis, the children born here were educated at schools as bilingual students who could speak both Turkish and Arabic fluently. While these students were given education in different places at first, they continued to study in the same classes with the Turkish population in recent years. Thus, it was observed that cultural interaction accelerated and bilingual individuals increased. This generation can be characterized as individuals who both know and live the Turkish language and culture, know the Arab civilization and know Arabic very well because it is their mother tongue.

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KIRGIZ TÜRKÇESİ KUZEY AĞIZ GRUBU İLE ALTAY TÜRKÇESİ GÜNEY AĞIZ GRUBUNUN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI

Author(s): Faik Çelik / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 24/2022

One of the methods applied to reveal the ties of a language with the past is the historical comparison method. The comparison to be made on dialects with this method is undoubtedly important in order to find the traces of the past. Dialects keep the historical periods of languages within themselves. Indicates the root of a language. It shows in which geographies the language is spoken. From the beginning of the millennium, the Kyrgyz came to the God Mountains from Yenisey. There are common aspects between Kyrgyz and Altaic in terms of language features. There is also a lot of common vocabulary from Old Turkish. For these reasons, both languages are similar to each other. In this study, the Kyrgyz Northern group dialect and the Altai Southern group dialect, which are more similar to each other, were compared. In the study, the Kyrgyz North group dialect and the Altai Southern group dialect were examined with the comparative grammar method. The comparison was made in terms of phonetic, morphological and lexical elements. In the study, examples are given in other dialects as well. At the end of the study, it was seen that the two mouths examined were closer to each other than the others.

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A Corpus-Based Comparative Analysis of Dedikodu and Gıybet in Turkish

Author(s): Kadriye Aytaç-Demirçivi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This study compares the frequency, connotations, and collocations of the words dedikodu and gıybet in Turkish. Turkish National Corpus and Spoken Turkish Corpus were utilized as the data source. Frequency analysis reveals that dedikodu is more frequently used compared to gıybet and several formulaic expressions were observed for dedikodu. With regards to the domains, gıybet is only used in written discourse and mostly in religious sources whereas dedikodu was observed in a variety of domains including prose, biography, scientific and nonscientific sources. Based on the discourse analysis that was carried out by a meticulous analysis and coding of the contexts of each occurrence, remarkable connotational differences were found out between dedikodu and gıybet. These words were also analyzed with reference to their semantic prosody by an examination of their collocations. Collocational analysis unveils that gıybet always co-occurs in negative contexts. Although mostly negative, dedikodu is collocated with words used in both positive and negative contexts.

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The Complexity of Pragmatic Competence: A Comparative Analysis of Native English Speakers’ and Turkish ESL Students’ Advice-giving Strategies

Author(s): Tuba Yılmaz / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Studies revealed that English as a second language (ESL) speakers and native English speakers (NES) often used different strategies to offer advice in English. Since these differences can cause cross-cultural misunderstandings and misattribution of intent between ESL speakers and NES, it is important to identify them. For this purpose, this study analyzed the structural and pragmatic differences between the advice-giving strategies of NES and Turkish ESL speakers. 18 NES and 20 Turkish ESL students were recruited and asked to offer written advice to the given cases in a WCDT questionnaire. The analysis revealed that while the NES students tended to use the modal ‘would’, the pronoun ‘I’, and some other politeness features in their advice, Turkish ESL speakers tended to use the modal ‘should’ and the pronoun ‘you’ more. These results indicated that Turkish ESL speakers employed their pragmatic competence in Turkish to construct their discourses in English.

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Direct Access to English-Medium Higher Education in Turkey: Variations in Entry Language Scores

Author(s): Meryem Özdemir-Yılmazer / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The internalization of higher education has led to exponential growth in the number of English-medium (EMI) programs worldwide. The minimum level of English proficiency for prospective EMI students to manage the linguistics demands in these programs has recently been investigated. This study aims to explore the EMI higher education context in Turkey in terms of the language requirements for direct access to EMI undergraduate programs. In this study, 57 Turkish public universities offering EMI undergraduate programs were examined in terms of the language requirements, and the rationale behind setting those standards. The data were collected from the official policy documents and websites of the universities. The results indicated that required language scores are varied and the decisions of setting those scores are not empirically founded. This study implies the need for a common policy for language requirements based on the empirical studies and the international frameworks in Turkish higher education.

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Turkish EFL Teacher Candidates’ Research Article Reading: A Two-pronged Approach

Author(s): Demet Yaylı / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This qualitative study reports on how 107 English as a foreign language (EFL) teacher candidates have read and interpreted research articles (RAs) in a course they took in a teacher education program in Turkey. By using the basic principles of socio-cognitive views of literacy, I analyzed the interview data to have a descriptive analysis of my students’ (i.e., teacher candidates who are pre-service EFL teachers) engagements and also challenges with research article (RA) reading. The findings revealed a two-pronged approach toward RA reading by the participants. While the participants have found this engagement new and edifying, at the same time they have complained of their challenges in several parts. Similarly, while most of them found reading RAs useful, they also claimed that they could not a see a real value in reading them. The findings obtained therefore call for a detailed scrutiny and design of pre-service teachers’ academic text reading.

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Analyzing Nouns and Verbs Marked With Self-Mention Suffixes in Graduate Theses

Author(s): İbrahim Üstünalp,Elçin Yılmaz / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Self-mention is considered as the most powerful tool to project authorial presence in academic writing. Although some research has been done on self-mention, there is still little investigated in Turkish academic writers’ self-mention use. Descriptive in nature, the study aims to discover the lexical items marked with first person pronoun suffixes, with a focus on nouns and verbs. Data in this study is drawn from a corpus of master and doctorate theses written in the field of teaching Turkish as a foreign language. The results suggest that writers make use of more nouns than verbs to code their authorial identity, even though verbs display a greater variety. While nouns marked with a self-mention suffix dominate verbs in abstract, introduction, methodology and discussion, conclusion and suggestion chapters, verbs suffixed by a self-mention stand out in literature and results chapters. The study ends with a discussion of top frequent noun and verbs.

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СИНТАГМИ СО ГЛАГОЛСКА ИМЕНКА ВО ТУРСКИОТ ЈАЗИК И НИВНОТО ПРЕДАВАЊЕ ВО МАКЕДОНСКИОТ ЈАЗИК

Author(s): Marija Leontik / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 14/2022

A word group with a infinitive (isim-fiil grubu) is formed from a noun word and from an infinitive. For example: mektup yazmak / writing letter. This paper analyses the word group with an infinitive in Turkish language and their equivalence in Macedonian language.

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KUZEY MAKEDONYA’DA TÜRKÇENİN YABANCI DİL OLARAK ÖĞRETİMİNDE KARŞILAŞILAN SORUNLAR

Author(s): Rabia Ruşid / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 14/2022

The problems encountered during teaching Turkish to Macedonian students whose mother tongue is Macedonian were addressed, and the information in this study, in which solutions were offered on what to do in the face of these problems, was obtained by participating in the observation method, through classroom practices and by evaluating written exams. Evaluations were obtained from three groups. The number of students in these groups is thirty-five. The age range of these learners is between eighteen and forty years. The mistakes made have been written down. The desire to learn Turkish is supported by different reasons such as Turkish TV series, Turkish songs, the desire to go on holiday to Turkey and speak Turkish with the Turks, and the friendliness of the Turks. Turkish is the language of a strategically important country at the intersection of Europe and Asia.

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Kültürlerarası Yetkinlik Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlanmasıa

Author(s): Esra Sari,Tuncer Özdil / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 04/2022

In this study, it was aimed to adapt the Intercultural Competence Scale (ICS) developed by Chao (2014) into Turkish and to examine its validity and reliability. For test-retest reliability, the scale was first evaluated by applying it to 74 students studying at foundation and state universities. The test-retest reliability coefficient was found to be 0.916. Secondarily, it was applied to 382 students and the reliability coefficient was found to be 0.906. The fit indices obtained as a result of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) are among acceptable fit indices. Thus, the 30-item 5-dimensional structure adapted to our language was statistically validated in terms of validity and reliability.

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Strukturalna analiza turcizama u frazemima hrvatskih štokavskih govora

Author(s): Silvana Vranić,Sanja Zubčić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2012

The cultural and linguistic interference between Croatians and Turks began with the Ottoman expansion into Croatia at the end of the 15th and the beginning of the 16th centuries. As a part of a broader study conducted on Turkish loanwords in the phraseological units of the Croatian language, and of the Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects, this article is a contribution to the research of Turkish loanwords in the phraseological units of the Croatian Shtokavian dialect. A larger number of Turkish loanwords have been expected in phraseological units in this dialect than in the other two dialects, considering the more intensive impact of Turkish entities in the area. The analyzed Turkish loanwords have been excerpted from dialectological dictionaries of Croatian Shtokavian dialects, including the phraseological dictionary of the Western dialect, but also from unpublished data obtained in conversation with native speakers. The results of this research are the data about the structural analyses of Turkish loanwords in the phraseological units of the Croatian Shtokavian dialect, ie the lexical variation within the same phraseological units.

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Структура сравнительных предложений в языке турецких СМИ

Author(s): K. A. Verkhova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2022

This article is devoted to the analysis of the structure of comparative sentences in Turkish mass media texts of the 20th and 21st centuries. The interest in this topic has been triggered by the question of whether the language of Turkish mass media can be recognized as a form of literary Turkish, as well as by the potential for establishing the structural patterns of Turkish polypredicative and complex sentences. The latter can be used for a comparative historical analysis of the syntax of Turkic languages, which still has not yet been attempted. Here, the research aims to trace the development of syntax in the language of Turkish mass media through the example of the functional-semantic field of comparison. In order to fulfill this aim, the following tasks were solved: to study the functional-semantic field of comparison as a language universal and to analyze its structure; to investigate the morphological, lexical, and lexical-syntactic means of expressing comparison in Turkish that are used in the structure of polypredicative and complex sentences; to examine in detail how these means are used in the texts of Turkish mass media; and to review the statistical data on the changes taking place in the structure of comparative sentences in the language of Turkish mass media. The obtained results show that the language of modern Turkish mass media is characterized by a gradual transition from morphological to lexical-syntactic means of expressing comparison, as well as by the optional use of lexical means and the loss of their syntactic independence. Furthermore, the dominance of means belonging to the microfield of qualitative comparison was revealed. The most preferred and frequently used constructions anchored in the language turned out to be the construction of assimilation -DIğI gibi in the microfield of qualitative comparison and the construction of degree with the additional meaning of potentiality -(y)AcAk kadar in the microfield of quantitative comparison.

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Маркирование начала и конца слова в татарском языке: система гласных

Author(s): A.M. Galieva,Zh. E. Vavilova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2022

In natural languages, segmentation of the speech flow is the most important aspect of speech decoding: the meaning of a linguistic whole can be understood only if it is broken down into smaller elements and these are combined according to the grammatical rules of the language. Thus, the marking of speech segments must be determined by the internal structure of the language. A necessary condition for defining the boundaries of such segments is the presence of cognitive mechanisms involved in the processes of decoding sign systems. For a number of reasons, certain difficulties arise when identifying the boundaries of word forms in the Tatar speech. Therefore, statistical studies on the phonological structure of the Turkic word form and on potential ways of marking its boundaries are of great scientific interest. Through studying the vocal structure of the word form with the allocation of vowel phonemes in the initial and final syllables, this article investigates how the beginning and end of Tatar words are marked at the level of vowels. Literary texts were used as the empirical material for this study. With the methods of mathematical statistics, it was demonstrated that the distribution of eight vowels in the first and last syllables has statistically significant differences. At the same time, only the phoneme ‹a›, which is roughly equally represented in the initial and final syllables, has two different (positionally marked) variants: ‹а о › (labialized ‹a›) in the first syllable and the usual ‹a› in all other syllables. This distribution of vowels enables Tatar speakers to correctly define the boundaries of word forms, along with stress and vowel harmony, which alone are not sufficient for a clear and unambiguous definition of the boundaries of word forms. The results obtained suggest that the statistically significant differences revealed in the distribution of vowel phonemes are of great cognitive importance for the perception and discrimination of signs because they mark the beginning and end of lexical units in the speech flow. In the future, the methodology developed in this work can be used for similar studies on other Turkic languages.

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Языковые материалы Фонда Центральной Азии и Сибири Отдела рукописей и документов Института восточных рукописей РАН

Author(s): Dmitriy V. Rukhliadev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (47)/2022

For more than 100 years, the Department of Manuscripts and Documents of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences (formerly the Asiatic Museum, the St. Petersburg branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences) has been collecting materials on linguistic monuments of Central Asia and Siberia (mainly Turkic). However, there was no description and cataloguing of these materials. Since January 2010, the author of the present article has carried out an inventory and identification of these materials. As a result of this work, it was found that the collection contains a large number of unique linguistic materials, mainly rubbings of Turkic runic inscriptions, which significantly expand the possibilities of linguistic and historical study of the written heritage of the ancient Turks. The rubbings are copies of texts of both well-known and unknown monuments, as well as inscriptions that were considered lost. In the course of work with the collection, materials stored in the State Hermitage Museum, the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), the Russian Museum of Ethnography, the St. Petersburg branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Archives of the Orientalists of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the RAS were involved. In parallel, work was carried out on the conservation of storage units. Some materials were included from other collections.

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Взаимное расположение атрибутивных прилагательных по данным тюркских текстов

Author(s): Pavel Valerievich Grashchenkov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 01 (48)/2023

The paper aims at modelling of the ordering of adjectives from different semantic classes in a noun phrase from theoretical, typological and experimental perspectives. This phenomenon, being an issue with narrow theoretic scope, had been one of the starting points that gave rise to the cartographic syntax approach. The cartographic syntax approach, proposed and elaborated in formal linguistics, postulates a universal arrangement of adjectives from different semantic classes. Alternatively, in both formal and functional linguistics, it is sometimes suggested that adjectives inside a noun phrase do not create a strong hierarchy and the order of particular adjectives might be influenced by their lexical meaning. This paper discuses the results of the corpus study of Bashkir, Tatar, Turkish, Kazakh and Kyrgyz texts. The goal is to answer the question: Which of the noun phrase models suits the Turkic data better? For this study, we analyse the distribution of noun phrases with different orderings of multiple attributive adjectives belonging to 4 semantic classes: EVAL[uation], SIZE, AGE and COLOR. The data has been collected from the Wikipedia texts for the target languages (approx. 146M words). We came to the conclusion that adjectives do not form a strict hierarchy of functional projections, where each semantic class has its own position. The data from the selected Turkic languages show some patterns of adjectival ordering (such as SIZE-COLOR or AGE-SIZE). At the same time no strict ordrering restrictions have been observed. We conclude that treating adjectives as adjuncts in the noun phrase structure is a more suitable approach.

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