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The study analyses the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the protection against discrimination in the field of labour and social rights. The emphasis is on the Court's application of the provisions of Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights, as well as Protocol No. 12 to it.
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The paper aims to highlight the situation of gender inequalities at European level and in the case of Romania, both in general, but especially on the labor market. Although Romania has made significant steps in the development of gender equality in almost all areas of social, economic, legal and political life, however, as a result of the fact that a series of limiting mentalities still exist, in fact, inequalities make their presence felt, more than appearances suggest. Our article is in line with those in which you will discover both the progress made by Romania, but we will also seek to show the limitations discovered on the labor market, making proposals for improving the current situation.
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Member States shall, in consultation with equality bodies, take then necessary measures to ensure that analytical tools or methodologies are made available and are easily accessible to support and guide the assessment and comparison of the value of work in accordance with the criteria set out in Directive (EU) 2023/970. Those tools or methodologies shall allow employers and/or the social partners to easily establish and use gender-neutral job evaluation and classification systems that exclude any pay discrimination on grounds of sex.
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In the context in which cross-border crime is becoming increasingly complex and interconnected, the European investigation order provides the national authorities of the member states of the European Union with the necessary legal means to achieve international cooperation in criminal matters, by obtaining evidence efficiently and through a simplified procedure. This article addresses the issue of obtaining evidence in a criminal trial by means of this innovative instrument regulated in European Union law, aiming to highlight the main general characteristics
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This article focuses on the analysis of the pilot-judgment Walesa v. Poland, pronounced by the European Court of Human Rights, concluding that there had been a violation of Article 8 and Article 6 paragraph 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The author thus draws on the various reforms of the judicial system carried out, impacting the independence and impartiality of the Polish justice system, in order to highlight the existing “systemic and structural problems” in this field in Poland.
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This article raises the issues and threats posed by the proliferation of personal data on human rights and their protection in the Georgian legal order. The author analyzes Georgia’s new Personal Data Protection Act of 2023, which was adopted with the aim of bringing the country into line with European legislation in this area. In particular, is examined the way in which personal data protection is ensured, the responses that can be provided in the event of violations being detected, and the progress that can be made in terms of transparency.
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Poland’s accession to the European Union 20 years ago was a real accelerator in the process of democratization of the country and the development of its economy. After the 2015 parliamentary elections, a fundamental change in the perception of the State and the law and their relations with the European Union occurred. A crisis that has gone through several phases, analyzed in this study, which end is expected since the Tusk government came to power in order to allow the Polish State to continue the economic transformation, with a return to the values of the Union desired by citizens.
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Judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union of February 27, 2025, in Case C-277/24, ECLI:EU: C:2025:130, concerning a request for a preliminary ruling submitted under Article 267 TFEU by the Wojewódzki Sąd Administracyjny we Wrocławiu (Voivodeship Administrative Court in Wrocław, Poland) by decision of January 25, 2024, received by the Court on April 22, 2024, in the proceedings M.B. v. Dyrektor Izby Administracji Skarbowej we Wrocławiu.
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: Through a presentation of the book “The Republic of Moldova: the challenges of the past, present and future”, written by Victor Moraru, the article analyzes the Moldovan aspiration to an European future and the most favorable paths to achieve it. Starting from the concept of nation, the author considers the feasibility of the Moldovan strategy for its European integration, as well as the foundations of the European identity. In fact, Victor Moraru elaborates, with his book, a state of the progress recorded and that to come in order to envisage an European future of Moldova.
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The disintegration of the former Yugoslavia caused an upheaval in the implementation of public policies and in the economic development of the newly created countries, which the author proposes to analyze through this article. By focusing first on the sectoral approach of public policies developed by the European Union in the Western Balkan countries and how they were introduced there, the author will also observe its limits and its impact on economic development.
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Par lettre du 10 octobre 2022, le Président du Parlement de Géorgie a demandé un avis au Bureau des institutions démocratiques et des droits de l’homme de l’OSCE (BIDDH) et à la Commission de Venise sur les projets d’amendements au Code électoral de Géorgie et à la loi sur les associations politiques de citoyens 75 . Les projets d’amendements, tels qu’approuvé par la Commission des questions juridiques, ont été adoptés par le Parlement en première lecture le 5 octobre 202276.
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Depuis la chute du Mur de Berlin, la traite des êtres humains connaît, malheureusement, une hausse inquiétante. Elle serait la troisième forme de trafic la plus répandue après celui des drogues et des armes. Les réseaux criminels ont, en effet, su tirer profit de la facilitation de la mobilité entre l’Est et l’Ouest, des difficultés économiques auxquelles font face les pays de l’Est, rendant la population plus vulnérable, et du conflit armé dans les pays des Balkans, devenus des plaques tournantes pour le marché de la traite des êtres humains, pour mettre en place un système d’« esclavage moderne » tentaculaire, qui va de la prostitution forcée à l’esclavage domestique, au travail forcé, au prélèvement d’organes, à la mendicité forcée et même parfois au mariage forcé.
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À quelques semaines d’intervalle, à la fin de l’année 2021, deux arrêts ont été prononcés en rapport avec la politique migratoire de la Hongrie. Le premier est un arrêt de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne 47 qui condamne l’État hongrois de ne pas avoir respecté ses obligations découlant des traités européens. Il a porté son jugement sur un dernier élément non encore sanctionné par l’Union européenne de la politique migratoire hongroise dont les mesures controversées ont été adoptées en juin 2018, après les dernières élections législatives. Le second, qui sera au cœur de la présente analyse, est celui de la Cour constitutionnelle de Hongrie 48 , qui a interprété in abstracto la Loi fondamentale pour en tirer des conclusions, à la demande de la ministre de la Justice, relatives aux limites constitutionnelles et aux obligations qui en découlent face à l’action ou pour compenser, ainsi que nous allons le voir, l’inaction de l’Union européenne dans la réalisation de sa politique migratoire.
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Au cours des cinq dernières années, l’Albanie a entamé d’importantes réformes du pouvoir judiciaire. L’objectif est de renforcer l’indépendance du système, d’accroître son efficacité et la confiance du public dans la justice. Comme ce fut le cas dans les autres pays de l’Est, l’Albanie a connu une crise institutionnelle causée par la chute du régime communiste (1991), à la suite de laquelle une nouvelle Constitution a été approuvée (1998), aliénant le nouveau système judiciaire aux principes démocratiques. Les constitutions des 10 An Analysis of the Vetting Process in Albania. Policy Analysis, n° 01/2017 : http://www.legalpoliticalstudies.org/wpcontent/uploads/2017/06/Policy-Analysis-An-Analysis-ofthe-Vetting-Process-in-Albania.pdf. démocraties consolidées, notamment des pays d’Europe occidentale des États-Unis, ont à ce titre eu une influence importante. Par ailleurs, les reformes du système de la justice mises en œuvre en Albanie ont été élaborées à chaque fois avec l’aide internationale, notamment les avis de la Commission européenne pour la démocratie par le droit (Commission de Venise).
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Le contexte dans lequel l’affaire Géorgie c. Russie (II) a été tranchée par la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, le 21 janvier 2021, lui confère une importance particulière. Il s’agit de la première affaire interétatique portant sur un conflit armé international jugée au fond depuis 20 ans. En effet, l’arrêt du 21 janvier 2021 a été rendu dans le contexte de résurgence des affaires impliquant les conséquences des conflits armés – tant individuelles qu’interétatiques – devant la Cour. Premier dans la série, il est susceptible d’orienter l’examen sur le fond des violations survenues à l’est de l’Ukraine ou dans le Haut-Karabakh. Nous pouvions donc espérer de l’arrêt commenté qu’il clarifierait le droit de la Convention en matière de conflits armés, de juridiction extraterritoriale et de coapplicabilité du droit européen des droits de l’homme avec le droit international humanitaire.
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The concept of citizenship is of paramount importance within the recent legal space. Without a good knowledge of its conceptual foundation, of the mechanisms it encompasses as well as of its interferences with the wide range of human rights documents that have regulated it over time, we cannot have a clear picture of how to understand its evolution. Thus, this research approach aims at analyzing the notion of citizenship as it is seen through the filter of the regional protection mechanism of the Council of Europe, especially focusing on identifying the main documents that consecrated it. Therefore, starting from the general framework of the human rights protection, we narrow the line of analysis by exposing the main coordinates the European Convention on Nationality emphasizes, this document being relevant not only for defining the notion but also for regulating some areas in which citizenship appears as a central element. Last but not least, the paper underlines the connection of the European Convention on Human Rights with the idea of citizenship. The document is remarkable not because it defines the notion, because we already know that this it has no concerns in this field, but more particularly because of the way in which it creates a proper context for the European Court of Human Rights to rule by also taking into consideration some aspects regarding the notion of citizenship. This process automatically creates a bridge between the concept of citizenship and the previously mentioned document, which becomes extremely relevant for the present analysis.
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This paper focuses on the analysis of workers' social rights from the perspective of compliance with the minimum standards of protection ensured at EU level. The key values respected by the European Union are: human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and not least human rights. With this central concern at its heart, the Union has sought to adopt, including at the normative level, a flagship document which, at the same time, represents a minimum set of human rights protection standards. Among these, the paper highlights social rights, which are expressly enshrined in the Charter, and traces the current evolution of this category of rights, analyzing the 2024 Commission Report on the Charter, in the framework of the Stategy for strengthening the application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, as well as the opinion of the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights, which has become a trusted body providing comparative data and analysis on fundamental rights to support the work of the EU institutions and Member States. The paper also points out that the fundamental document has led to the adoption of new EU legislation that expressly protects certain fundamental rights such as data protection, gender equality and, more recently, rights deriving from the use of artificial intelligence, but this protection is not self-evident, as new challenges have emerged in recent years, for example in the areas of migration, health or security.
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In 2024, Poland celebrates the twentieth anniversary of its membership in the European Union.This milestone presents a good opportunity to examine the development of Polish competitionlaw, including whether and how the procedures applied in Polish competition protection proceed-ings have been influenced by EU competition law. Although, according to the principle of proce-dural autonomy, Member States have the ability to shape their procedural rules independently,it appears that over the past twenty years, EU law has had an impact on national procedures,particularly through legal solutions adopted in Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003, and later inDirective (EU) No 2019/1, as well as due to the case law of the CJEU. The aim of this articleis to answer the question of the impact of EU competition law on the compliance by the PolishCompetition Authority (the President of UOKiK) with entrepreneurs’ privilege against self-incrim-ination, in Polish national proceedings concerning anti-competitive practices.
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