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Ринок землі: переваги і загрози

Author(s): Anatolii Lysetskyi,Oksana Palamarchuk,Galyna Chaban / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 34/2017

The subject of work: modeling economic systems by means of information systems in strengthening the quality requirements of agricultural enterprises, farms and cooperatives. The aim of work: To generalize some considerations about the future of land reform, in particular the right to sell and trade land in Ukraine on the basis of its own and foreign experience. Method or the methodology of the work: dynamic modeling tools used in the production, sharing and storage - the main flow of cash and material resources. The results of work: a study of historical analysis paradigm of agricultural reform Ukraine after the Soviet collapse and experience problems farming the United States. The technique of studying economics Farms of Iowa as a standard multi-vector combination of market and consistent cash flows, land, livestock and other biological objects. Field of application of the results: management of economic systems in the field of agriculture and farming. Conclusions: it was proposed to introduce an appropriate system of accounting for economic units on standardized economic grounds.

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Методические подходы к анализу и оценке странового риска

Author(s): Stepan Polonik,Eleonora Khorobrykh,Anna Lytvynchuk / Language(s): Russian Issue: 34/2017

The article considers methodological approaches to the analysis and assessment of country risk taking into account foreign experience. The subject of the study is country risk. The purpose of the study is to substantiate a methodical approach to the analysis and assessment of country risk for its application in the Republic of Belarus, taking into account its specificity. Research methods – dialectical approach, systemic and method of comparative analysis. The essence of the concept of «country risk», influencing factors is defined. The analysis of the experience of the country risk assessment by various foreign agencies is presented; classification of the applied methodological approaches to the construction of a rating assessment using quantitative analysis, qualitative and combined, taking into account the study of their weak and strong points. The most significant indicators for assessing the possible country risk for their application in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus are substantiated, taking into account the specifics of the country, assessing opportunities and constraints in the preparation and implementation of an effective policy for attracting external financing to meet its domestic needs when the government develops a plan for socio-economic development of the republic long-term perspective.

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DOLCETA: on-line consumer education – an innovative tool for teachers and educators

Author(s): Patricia Davies / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2010

Why Consumer Education Consumers of all ages need Consumer Education We live in a consumer society. Consumption is an important part of our everyday life and takes a significant proportion of our money and of our time. This consumer society is changing very quickly. During the last 60 years consumers have faced major changes in their lifestyles and consumption habits due to differing cultural; social; economical and technical influences. The increasing mobility of populations; production; symbols; money and information modifies identities and alters loyalties. This has led to individuals constructing their identities in more and different ways than previously. Consuming is for most individuals a ‘natural’ and accepted way to construct identity – “I am what and how I shop!” This development has on the other hand created the need for consumers who can interpret relevant information and complex; sophisticated corporate messages in order to make informed and prudent choices. Due to the enormous amount of products available and to the variation in the quality of products; consumers may not be able to meet their personal needs effectively and commercial development constantly creates new artificial needs. Not all consumers will critically filter influences from industry and from the advertising sector. Citizens need information and education and an awareness of the difference between real and perceived needs and how to be selective to truly match their needs.Rapid changes and potential risks in consumption make it essential for the consumer to consider the consequences of their consumption.

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PROSTORNI I DEMOGRAFSKI ASPEKTI REVITALIZACIJE RURALNIH NASELJA U HRVATSKOJ

Author(s): Stjepan Šterc / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/1992

By examining the rural area in the urban Sava river valley shadow between Zagreb and Sisak, in which almost all demographic indicators displaya negative trend, an attempt was made to demonstrate the current demographic situation and warn about the very difficult problems waiting to be dealt with. Emigration throughout the years and an ever more intensive natural decrease in population, in virtually the whole rural area, have disturbed demographic relations to such an extent that revitalization has become extremely uncertain. The uncertainty of the revitalization of such areas in which there was no war destruction and which are situated amongst or in the near vicinity of the powerful regional and industrial centers Zagreb and Sisak, even deepens our doubt in the possibility of revitalizing those mostly rural settlements in the Croatian Republic which have suffered from war destruction. If one is aware that in areas within the Republic of Croatia which are still under occupation there prevailed a negative trend even before the war, that these are mostly highland and lowland settlements poorly connected, that the non-Serbian population has been expelled from them, that Croatia finds itself in great economic difficulties and that the pre-war demographic picture cannot in fact be restored, then it is clear that the demographic collapse in these settlements shall continue.

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WERNER SOMBART VE AVRUPA İKTİSAT TARİHİNDE MUSEVİLER

Author(s): Kürşat Haldun Akalin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 10/2015

In Europe, Jews introduced such negotiable instruments as bills of exchange or security, bank notes, and mortgage deeds. These instruments transformed credit from personal indebtedness into formal obligation in borrowing. These credit instruments were in use among Jews during Talmudic times. Sombart cites that regulations regarding such instruments were made in the Talmud and in later rabbinical exegesis. The Jew as a stranger in Europe is an individual acting free of his traditional group. Jewish pursuit of gain is freed from institutional constructions; their power of the will and of the heroic enterprises becomes the innovative capitalist forces. Their capital accumulation is an enabling factor integrating the capitalist order. Money lending means to put capital to work. Free market and market demand are advanced components of their economic actions. Jew, as a source of the capital to be accumulated, have always needed someone with whom to trade.

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Çalışanların Sosyo-Demografik Özelliklerinin Mutluluğa Etkisi: Antalya’daki Otel İşletmelerinde Bir Uygulama

Author(s): Boran Toker,Bahadır KALIPÇI / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2021

In this study, it was aimed to determine the happiness levels of tourism employees and to examine the effects of socio-demographic variables on their happiness levels. The survey was carried out on 307 persons working in 11 5-star hotels in Antalya-Manavgat. The data were collected using the Oxford Happiness Scale-short form (OHQ-SF) and a personal information form. Reliability analysis, factor analysis, t-test and Anova analysis were used in the analysis of the data. The reliability coefficient (Cronbach's alpha) of the happiness scale was found 0.711. Asa result of the factor analysis, a single dimension was obtained from the happiness scale, as in the original. As a result of the analysis, it has been determined that the happiness level of the employees differs in terms of education level, the department they work in and the monthly wage level. On the other hand, the level of happiness of the employees does not differ in terms of age,gender, marital status, whether they have received tourism education or not, the duration of work in the business and the sector, and the staff status. The fact that only a few studies on the happiness of tourism employees have been encountered in the literature adds originality to this study.

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Ekonomik güçlük ve intihar olasılığı arasındaki ilişkide algılanan stres, problem çözme becerileri ve evlilik uyumunun aracı rolü: Ekonomik Güçlük ve İntihar Olasılığı

Author(s): Kübra Meltem Karaoğlu,Ayşegül Durak Batıgün / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2021

The aim of the study was to determine the mediating role of perceived stress, marital adjustment, and problem-solving skills in the relationship between the economic hardship perceived by married individuals and the suicide probability. In addition, determining the relationship between demographic variables such as gender, education level and suicide probability was the second aim of the study. 307 married individuals between the ages of 20 and 60, who live in various provinces, constitute the sample group. 173 (56.4%) of the participants are women and 134 (43.6%) are men. Data were collected using the Economic Hardship Scale, Suicide Probability Scale, Problem Solving Skills Inventory, Marital Adjustment Scale and Perceived Stress Scale. It was found that problem solving skills, marital adjustment and perceived stress had a partial mediating role both in the relationship between total monthly income and suicide probability, and in the relationship between economic pressure and suicide probability. The relationship between gender and education level and the probability of suicide was also examined, and no significant difference was found in terms of gender. However, suicide probability scores of primary and high school graduates were found to be significantly higher than those who had university education and above. Findings suggests that besides the economic difficulties, inadequate problem-solving skills, low marital adjustment, and perceived stress should be taken into consideration in evaluating the probability of suicide. It is thought that the findings can provide valuable clues to mental health professionals during the structuring of the therapies.

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Анализ макроэкономической динамики совокупной факторной производительности экономики России

Author(s): Sergey Alexandrovich Mitsek / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

The growth rate of Russia’s total productivity has been slowing down significantly since 2008. The majority of relevant publications either describe an economic methodology or specifically focus on labour productivity. However, economic growth rates, as well as community welfare, largely depend on total factor productivity. The paper aims to determine the reasons for the slowdown in the growth of total factor productivity after 2008. This negative dynamics was assessed using a macroeconomic econometric model and estimates for Russian regions and types of economic activity. Elasticity of dependent variables was calculated based on econometric equations as well as multipliers of exogenous variables presented in the model. Ordinary and rank correlations between the variables were also examined. The calculations revealed that the stagnation of total factor productivity was caused by the misallocation of resources across industries and regions, de crease in aggregate demand, increase in capital goods prices (primarily due to rouble devaluation) and a slowdown in digital economy development. In turn, these trends were influenced by a decline in public investment and export prices, as well as a slowdown in population growth and liquidity. Simultaneously, growth of the world economy contributed to the demand for Russian export goods, preventing a decrease in productivity. The findings can be used for forecasting Russian economic trends and developing relevant policy measures. Further research will examine the role of human capital, energy intensity, climate and institutional factors in increasing the total productivity.

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Institutionalization of State Support and Development of Sectoral Entrepreneurship of Rural Areas

Author(s): Iryna Forkun,Oleksandr S. PRYSTЕMSKYI,Olha Chernenko,Iryna A. Chkan,Inna Ye. Yakusheva / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

The article presents the implementation of the results of supporting sectoral entrepreneurship in rural areas as a multifunctional and multi-channel process of formation, attraction, and use of financial resources provided by the rules of the institutional environment of state policy. A methodical approach to the integrated assessment of indicators of the target direction of the involved financial resources of the state and their impact on the development of sectoral entrepreneurship in rural areas is presented. It is proved that the specific criteria that determine the scenarios of consolidation of tax revenues to local rural budgets are minimization of discretion, compensation, and compromise, budget adequacy, complementarities, as well as the sequence of changes in parameters and flexibility of the tax system which allows responding quickly to changes in the institutional environment of state support of sectoral entrepreneurship. Indicators of state support for risk insurance of sectoral entrepreneurship, volumes of accumulated revenues of local budgets in decentralized rural areas of Ukraine are analyzed. A cognitive model is proposed. It determines the hypothetical ability of the multifactorial system of the institutional environment of state policy to influence the level of financial capacity of sectoral enterprises, taking into account the tax burden and targeted use of state financial resources for production, processing, and storage of agricultural products as well as to update the technological process.

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Моделирование гетерогенности взаимовлияния регионов страны в сфере обрабатывающей промышленности

Author(s): Mikhail Borisovich Petrov,Leonid Aleksandrovich Serkov,Konstantin Borisovich Kozhov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

As factors affecting interregional interactions play an important role in regional economic development. Thus, developing a methodology for assessing these interactions is becoming urgent. The article proposes a methodological approach to analyse the factors influencing possible interactions between Sverdlovsk oblast and other constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the manufacturing industry. It is hypothesised that the elements of an interregional interaction matrix are proxy variables characterising the degree of this interaction. An economic analysis of relations and production chains between Sverdlovsk oblast and other constituent entitles confirmed this hypothesis. First, based on the spatial distribution of manufacturing output in the examined regions, values of an indicator showing the strength of their mutual influence were determined. Second, the impact of economic, infrastructural and institutional factors on the obtained indicator, characterising the inter action between Sverdlovsk oblast and other regions, was assessed using quantile regression. In this case, such a technique was chosen instead of the classical ordinary least squares (OLS) regression that incorrectly estimates the dependencies between the studied variables. This is expressed in the fact that the regression coefficients de pend on q-quantile of the dependent variable. We have revealed that price levels of the examined regions do not affect their possible interactions with Sverdlovsk oblast. Simultaneously, the dissemination of knowledge acts a driver of interaction between the considered regional manufacturing industries. The research findings can be used to prepare strategies, programmes and schemes for the placement and development of industries, considering the potential of Sverdlovsk oblast and other Russian regions.

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Sustainability of the EU-28 Trade with China and the USA

Author(s): Olli-Pekka Hilmola,Yulia Panova / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

There has been a lot of debate in global politics about fair trade, surpluses (also called positive trade accounts), and deficits (negative trade accounts) among the USA, China and the European Union (EU). The study aims to analyse the countries’ trade accounts through the lenses of international finance theory. Based on financial analytical models, the countries’ competitiveness and changes in their net foreign wealth were examined. The factors considered in the literature review are as follows: exchange rate, government tariff and tax policies, saving rate, manufacturing base, investments, natural resource abundance and others. The computation of the trade accounts was conducted using the ten-year international trade data (2009–2018) for the EU-28 member countries that became the main importer for China instead of the USA in 2019. The conducted empirical research showed that Chinese trade has continuous deficits throughout European countries, and in some countries, it could be considered as an increasingly important structural issue (for example, in Poland and the Czech Republic). Trade with the USA, in turn, typically produces surplus for European countries, where Germany is the leader. The provided conclusions hold value for international trade managers in terms of their potential influence on public policy in the researched countries. In light of the financial crisis, the current export shock could be used by countries as an occasion to change the course and depart from the assumptions, which do not advocate for free trade.

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KAPALI KONUT YERLEŞİMLERİNDE SINIR MEKÂN OLGUSU

Author(s): Sibel Demirarslan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 51/2021

As living conditions, place of residence, economic situation, work and working styles change, the need for space also changes. With the industrial revolution, the construction and demographic balance of the settlements has changed with the migration of the rural population to the city. Globalization and technological developments that emerged in the following years have affected all sectors and therefore people's expectations. The economic situation, smart technologies, business lines that turn to digital media cause the emergence of other space formations. While people want safer and more diverse business environments, residences, schools or hotels, designers and entrepreneurs are looking for innovations in different presentations. Changing living conditions especially affect the house and its surroundings. While the houses have entrances on the street and dead-end street in the traditional pattern, today they are built in different zoning conditions, both in search of a status indicator and with different expectations. Especially in the last 20 years, it is seen that urban closed housing/site settlements have been built increasingly in Turkey. This type of settlement covers large areas in the city with its surrounding closed, with the construction of the zoning island, while there used to be access to every street, now only public spaces around the border elements can be used. In this study, the boundary elements of the closed/site houses located in the Yahyakaptan neighborhood of the central district of Kocaeli province, Izmit will be discussed and the transition between the city and the residential area will be determined.

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DIGITIZATION AND ROBOTIZATION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY AS A KEY DETERMINANT OF THE INTERNATIONAL LABOR MARKET TRANSFORMATION

Author(s): Roman D. Stakanov,Anna Ukhova / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2020

Today a lot of research is devoted to migration issues, primarily because of its scale. Previously, this problem attracted economists, sociologists, lawyers, today it is a focus of attention of political scientists and researchers of international relations. Modern globalization processes are affecting the international labor market, creating free space for the movement of labor around the world. The steadily increasing trend of labor migration is accounts for the need to study it in its social, economic and political aspects. Virtual migration refers to a new form of transnational economic integration that does not require workers to literally move in physical space. The main purposes of the article are to analyze the reasons and background of virtual of highly skilled workers. The positive and negative aspects of robotization on employment of highly qualified persons in the conditions of globalized world are determined. The aim of the study is also to find the opportunities that the globalized information space offers today to attract labor to international exchange and to justify on this basis the expediency of new migration orientations and new types of migration. Considering the global problems of labor migration, we note that the process of migration is the so-called indicator of the population's response to changes in the life of any society that happen almost every day.

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Public Purpose Investments in Voivodeship Spatial Development Plans as an Expression of Regional Spatial Policy

Author(s): Małgorzata Blaszke,Izabela RACKA,Maciej Nowak,Olga Buzu / Language(s): English Issue: 110/2019

Purpose: Defining possible ways to verify and evaluate voivodeship spatial development plans as key spatial policy tools at the voivodeship level. Methods: The content of all voivodeship spatial development plans was analysed, with a detailed classification of public purpose investments contained therein. Findings: Based on the conducted research, it can be indicated that data on public purpose investments included in voivodeship spatial development plans can also be used for other analyses. First of all, they are a key manifestation of voivodeship spatial policy. And in this context, an important measure of verifying the activity of a given voivodeship (taking into account all other circumstances) is information about the percentage share of public purpose investments of regional scope in all investments included in the plan. Research implications: Based on the conducted research, it can be indicated that data on public purpose investments included in voivodeship spatial development plans can also be used for other analyses. First of all, they are a key manifestation of voivodeship spatial policy. And in this context, an important measure of verifying the activity of a given voivodeship (taking into account all other circumstances) will be information on the percentage share of public purpose investments of the regional scope in all investments included in the plan.

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AB ÜYELİĞİNİN REFAH DÜZEYİNE ETKİSİNİN EKONOMETRİK ANALİZİ: BEŞİNCİ GENİŞLEME ÜLKELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Author(s): Cabir Çelik,Sinan YILDIRIM,Sinem ÇELİK / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 51/2021

Welfare measurement, which is unquestionable the most significant member of the political economy indicator family, is routinely used to form economic and social policies and to evaluate the success of societies. In this study, it is aimed to determine the change in the welfare levels of the countries which got involved in the EU with the fifth enlargement process by using pooled panel data and random effects models endowed with robust standard errors purged from heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation problems. According to the results obtained; It has been determined that the foreign trade and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow of the fifth enlargement countries significantly increase their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, resulting in more welfare for their citizens.

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COVID-19 PANDEMİSİNDE TÜKETİCİ DAVRANIŞLARI ve ÇEVRİMİÇİ GIDA SATIN ALMA TERCİHLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Author(s): Nurdan Tümbek Tekeoğlu,Taha Yüksek / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 51/2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has spread all over the world, emerging in China, and has caused radical changes in the dynamics of many areas of life. The resulting health crisis has also affected the purchasing preferences and behaviors of consumers due to the measures taken and restriction conditions. Since the first periods of the pandemic, the most main change in consumer behavior has been related to the shopping experience and continuity transferred to online platforms. Food shopping has gained importance as one of the most widely used areas of online platforms. The fact that these platforms offer the most affordable product to the consumer by providing contactless delivery and payment can be considered as effective factors in their preference. In this study, it was aimed to analyze and evaluate studies that examine the changes in online food shopping of consumers in the world and in our country during in pandemic period. For this purpose, the studies and findings of research companies were examined. As result of evaluation, it was determined that according to the data of both the studies and research companies, consumers' tendency to online food shopping increased in the COVID-19 pandemic and this process continued during COVID-19 pandemic.

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Przemiany rozmieszczenia terenów przemysłowych w Krakowie jako następstwo realizacji zasad gospodarki rynkowej

Author(s): Bogusław Luchter / Language(s): Polish Issue: 107/2019

The purpose of the article is to assess changes in the distribution of industrial areas and their role in the spatial structure of Kraków in the market economy conditions. Kraków has been chosen as an example: a city in which industry constituted a key economic function in the period of the centrally controlled socialist economy, which was reflected in the developed local master spatial development plans. This sector of economy has now lost its importance in favour of the functions that have been setting the directions of the city’s socio-economic and spatial development for a long time, sometimes since the Middle Ages, i.e.: culture, science and tourism. The research has shown a decline in the importance and the size of industrial areas in central parts of Kraków, but development in the peripheral districts, while the leading position of the ArcelorMittal steelworks (formerly the Lenin steelworks) was maintained. More detailed research was carried out on the basis of geodetic data, compiled according to four land registry units (former administrative districts of the city, functioning in the years: 1973-1991: Krowodrza, Nowa Huta, Podgórze and Śródmieście). This makes it possible to conduct a comparative analysis for the period of more than forty years.

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Lokalne standardy urbanistyczne a zagadnienie niesprawności władz publicznych

Author(s): Maciej J. Nowak,Małgorzata Blaszke / Language(s): Polish Issue: 107/2019

The article shows how local urban standards adopted in the first months of the validity of so-called special purpose Housing Act specify the conditions related to the implementation of the investment and, consequently, it assesses the activities of local public authorities in this respect. The content of local urban standards (which are commonly binding local laws) was analysed and the extent to which they simplify or limit building possibilities and, consequently, protect values related to spatial order was verified. On this basis, the initial implementation assessment of the role of local urban standards was made.

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PRZYGRANICZNE TARGOWISKA JAKO KURCZĄCA SIĘ FORMA ORGANIZACJI PRZESTRZENNEJ HANDLU DETALICZNEGO W CIESZYNIE

Author(s): Katarzyna Kulczyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2020

The paper presents changes that have taken place at the cross-border market-places in Cieszyn, with a particular emphasis on two of them, located in Łyska and Kato-wicka Streets. Since the end of the 1990s, they have been gradually shrinking both in terms of the number of consumers and the number of stalls. Nevertheless, they still constitute one of the most important forms of commercial activity in Cieszyn.

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METODA URBAN FUTURES– REALNE WSPARCIE W PLANOWANIU ROZWOJU MIAST?

Author(s): Iwona Pielesiak,Agnieszka Ogrodowczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2020

In this paper so far less known Urban Futures methodology, which allows for i.a. evaluating the resilience of urban development solutions, is presented. On the one hand, the procedure is described in details. On the other one, possibilities for its utilisation are critically assessed. That was possible due to practical testing during a workshop which was held within the frames of a research project financed by EU. This methodology is quite labourintensive, less recommended for big settlement units and complex initiatives. Moreover, in some circumstances its subjectivity might be revealed. On the other hand, it offers a viable support for planners. It expands their analytical horizons, which is vital when it comes to the uncertainty of future condition of natural resources, as well social and economic development trajectories.

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