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Empirical studies conducted in the region Podkarpacie indicate that intellectual capital in SMEs do not fully essentially the role starget. This allows the formulation of the opinion that in the studied region, little innovation on balance, it will be difficult implementation strategy escaping forward, by a large group of SMEs, which is expected to be an integral part of the highly developed business
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Purpose: This paper examines the consumers’ acceptance and usage of technology, which is an important and widely discussed topic. The aim is to explore the impact of moderators (gender, age, experience in using mobile Internet technologies) and trust towards one’s intention to use a mobile phone for purchases (to acquire goods).Methodology: Empirical research was conducted among Warsaw students with the use of the UTAUT2 model (Unifed Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology), extended so as to encompass the concept of trust. Data was analysed using partial least squares path modelling (PLS-SEM) and the SmartPLS 3 programme. The multi-group analysis was employed (PLS-MGA) to measure the impact of moderating variables.Findings: Research results indicate that trust has no signifcant impact on one’s intention to use a mobile phone for purchases. Gender is an important moderator of the relationship between the independent variable of price value and the independent variable of habit with the dependent variable of the intention to use a mobile phone for purchases. Age is an important moderator in the relationship between the independent variable of hedonic motivation and the independent variable of habit with the dependent variable of the intention to use a mobile phone for purchases. Experience is not an important moderator of any relationship specifed in the hypotheses.
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The paper presents an evolutionary model illustrating the dynamics that give rise to discriminatory social norms i.e. such rules of behaviour that fulfil two conditions: (1) they treat differently actors having the same abilities and technical options, but differing in some arbitrary sense (2) they are supported by socially enforced sanctions. In the presented model both discrimination and social norms are necessary to solve a coordination problem that arises when the situation requires different actors to perform different tasks. The properties of behavioural rules relying on discrimination and leading to various degrees of inequality are analysed. It is demonstrated that in general norms ensuring equal payoffs are easier to stabilize, but unfair norms can also be stable.
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The aim of the paper is to outline the problem of the optimal housing environment for the elderly. The issue appears to be critically essential in the context of demographic aging in Europe and other demographic trends determining the current and future shape of senior housing. The paper discusses the characteristics of and focuses on the model example, i.e. a housing complex Weidevogelhof in the Netherlands whose innovative architectural, infrastructural and social solutions fit into the concept of "senior-friendly environment". Celem opracowania jest prezentacja koncepcji optymalnego środowiska mieszkaniowego dla osób starszych. Temat ten wydaje się być szczególnie aktualny w obliczu problemu starości demograficznej, jak i tendencji demograficznych warunkujących obecny i przyszły kształt zasobów mieszkaniowych dla seniorów. Opracowanie stanowi studium przypadku - w pracy omówiono przykład kompleksu mieszkaniowego Weidevogelhof w Holandii, którego innowacyjne rozwiązania architektoniczne, infrastrukturalne i społeczne wpisują się w koncepcję środowiska przyjaznego seniorom.
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Usable floor area is one of the most important spatial attributes of buildings and premises. It is the basis of their taxation, as well as the most frequently used conversion factor for calculating the value of built-up land and premises. Unfortunately, the current legal regulations on usable floor area records remain inconsistent and imprecise. This paper is an attempt to identify the main problems related to the determination of usable floor area of building structures and their parts for various purposes. The definitions of usable floor area contained in the relevant legislation will be compared, with particular regard to the provisions on the cadastre and real property taxation. The authors emphasise the consequences of the existing differences and imperfections of these definitions and discuss the criteria for classifying specific space as usable floor area.Pole powierzchni użytkowej to jeden z najistotniejszych atrybutów przestrzennych budynków i lokali. Stanowi podstawę ich opodatkowania, jest najczęściej stosowanym przelicznikiem wartości nieruchomości gruntowych zabudowanych oraz nieruchomości lokalowych. Niestety, obowiązujące uregulowania prawne dotyczące rejestrowania powierzchni użytkowej pozostają niespójne i nieprecyzyjne. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę wskazania głównych problemów związanych z określaniem pola powierzchni użytkowej budynków i ich części dla różnych celów. Porównane zostają definicje powierzchni użytkowej zawarte w stosownych aktach prawnych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem przepisów dotyczących katastru oraz opodatkowania nieruchomości. Autorzy wskazują konsekwencje występujących różnic i niedoskonałości tych definicji. Omówione zostają zasady kwalifikowania poszczególnych pomieszczeń do pola powierzchni użytkowej
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Entomophagy as diet has been known since the dawn of humanity, while the European market is a novelty. The aim of the study was to analyse consumer attitudes of the Tri-City inhabitants towards the new source of nutrients which are edible insects. The survey was carried out in 2015 on a sample of 788 people from the Tri-City. The method used in the survey was a proprietary questionnaire. There were evaluated the attitudes towards entomophagy and the factors determining the intention to eat insects. As independent variables there were selected gender and age. In the study group, one third of respondents reported willingness to try the products of edible insects, which shows great openness to new foods. Consumers have shown a positive attitude towards entomophagy. The age group willing to change was a group of 21-40 years of age. The article is of the research nature. The results can be used to develop marketing strategies for new products generated with the share of raw material of the insect’s origin, enriching them in protein and other nutrients.
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Celem pracy jest poznanie opinii i świadomości młodych konsumentów w zakresie oznakowania opakowań herbaty i kawy w świetle obowiązujących regulacji prawnych. Badanie przeprowadzono wśród 78 studentów trójmiejskich uczelni deklarujących nabywanie i konsumpcję herbaty oraz kawy. Zdecydowana większość respondentów (ponad 90%) stwierdziła, że informacje umieszczane na opakowaniach kawy i herbaty są napisane czytelnie oraz zrozumiałym dla nich językiem. Zdecydowana większość ankietowanych nie miała wątpliwości co do obligatoryjnego charakteru takich informacji jak nazwa produktu (95%) czy masa netto (88%). Jedynie 55% ankietowanych wskazało obecność dozwolonych substancji dodatkowych jako informację obligatoryjną na opakowaniach kawy i herbaty. Nieco powyżej 60% badanych uważa określenie warunków przechowywania oraz nazwę kraju pochodzenia produktu za informacje obowiązkowe na opakowaniu. Artykuł ma charakter badawczy.
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Celem badania było przeprowadzenie segmentacji konsumentów usług gastronomicznych oraz sprawdzenie, czy istnieje związek między zachowaniami w zakresie korzystania z usług gastronomicznych oraz zachowaniami żywieniowymi zidentyfikowanymi i za pomocą narzędzia FRL (Food-Related Lifestyles). Badanie przeprowadzono metodą wywiadu bezpośredniego oraz, uzupełniająco, za pomocą ankiety on-line. W badaniu wzięło udział 948 osób reprezentujących wszystkie grupy społeczno-demograficzne. W wyniku analiz potwierdzono, że zachowania w zakresiekorzystania z usług gastronomicznych mają związek z ogólnymi zwyczajami żywieniowymi. Potwierdzono również, że dane pozyskane za pomocą FRL mogą być użyteczne nie tylko w zakresie segmentacji nabywców żywności, ale także przy analizie innych zachowań związanych z żywieniem – w tym wypadku z usługami gastronomicznymi. Artykuł ma charakter badawczy.
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The aim of the study was to determine the willingness of the respondents to consume innovative food products using the example of pasta. The technique of questionnaire survey with computer-aided (CAPI) was implemented. The research was conducted in the spring of 2015 among 1004 adults. The willingness to consume innovative products, such as pasta with the addition of fibre, pasta with reduced caloric value and one with short cooking time, was evaluated. The characteristics of consumers included sociodemographic features, a declaration on reading food labels and taking care of health. Frequency analysis, cross table, Chi-square test and ANOVA (p <0.05) were used in the analyses. The study found that consumers declared relatively greater willingness to consume pasta with short cooking time compared to other abovementioned types of this product.Becoming familiar with the information on the packaging and attributing big importance to health was interlocked with declaring a greater willingness to consume pasta with the addition of fibre and one with reduced caloric value. The results obtained can be used in the design phase and the marketing of innovative pasta. This is a research article.
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Celem rozważań jest określenie wpływu ceny oraz stosowanych przez przedsiębiorców strategii cenowych na zachowania konsumentów na rynku żywności. W części teoretycznej przedstawiono wyniki badań wtórnych na temat oddziaływaniacen i strategii cenowych na zachowania konsumentów. W części badawczej zaprezentowano wyniki badania jakościowego dotyczącego znaczenia cen podczas podejmowania decyzji nabywczych na rynku żywności, wpływu cen na percepcję cech produktu, rozumienia pojęć cena psychologiczna i downsizing, postaw respondentów wobec promocji cenowych. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdziły znaczący wpływ cen na decyzje nabywcze konsumentów na rynku żywności i percepcję produktów żywnościowych, co implikuje konieczność przemyślanego działania producentówi handlowców podczas podejmowania decyzji o poziomie cen. Artykuł ma charakter badawczy.
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The aim of the paper is to identify selected consumer behaviours and attitudes towards “energy drinks” (ED). The article presents results of research into consumerattitudes and behaviours in the ED market and their determinants. The study used a questionnaire method and the selection of the study population was random and involved a group of 507 people of various age, gender and educational levels. In the area of behaviour, inter alia, the frequency of purchase and the type of purchased EDs, as well as the preferences for and determinants of their purchase and consumption were assessed. The study participants showed a considerable diversity in the frequency of consumption and the distribution of the obtained data suggested the occasional use of this group of beverages. More than 18% of respondents declared that they had not consumed EDs at all. The reasons for consuming these beverages varied, and were dependent upon the age. Younger respondents more frequently indicated the taste qualities and the desire to quench the thirst, while the older respondents indicated the need to get stimulated and to combat fatigue. The most popular brands were as follows: Tiger, Red Bull, Be Power, Black, Rock Star, Monster. The main determinants of the choice of an ED included, in the following order: the taste qualities, a source of energy potential, confidence in the brand and the manufacturer, the price and functional properties. The respondents’ attitudes towards EDs were neutral, tending to negative, and corresponded to the frequency and levels of consumption. The diversity in ED consumer behaviours indicates the need to take these differences into account in the product offering. In addition, it is worth considering activities aimed at increasing consumer confidence in such a product offering. This is research article.
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The aim of the article is to evaluate the understanding and practical dimension of the concept of true and fair view, which is in Poland a fundamental principle for the preparation and presentation of financial statements of the reporting entity, against the background of the analysis of its idea, nature and significance from the point of view of the purposes of financial reporting. Based on analysis of literature, the article reviews foreign sources of this concept and its use in the UK and the European Union. It then presents the assumptions and results of a survey used in a research experiment conducted in an expert group in the context of understanding the requirement of departing from the accounting regulations for the implementation of this concept.To accomplish the aim of the article, qualitative research methods were applied: a critical analysis of relevant literature and deduction and synthesis in the inference process. In addition, the research experiment method was used in the form of a sample survey, which was carried out on the special-purpose the expert group. Conclusions of the study indicate uniformity in the interpretation of the nature and importance of the concept of true and view, and significant differences in the practical implementation thereof, which were compounded by introduction, in 2015, to the Act on accounting of the principle of overriding the provisions of this Act if these conflict with the realization of the concept of true and fair view. The advantage of the study presented in this article is its uniqueness – it is the first experimental study in Poland on practical application of the concept of true and fair view override.
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Celem artykułu badawczego jest empiryczna weryfikacja zależności pomiędzy komunikacją w relacji pacjent-lekarz a zaufaniem w wymiarze kompetencji, życzliwości i uczciwości. Badanie zostało przeprowadzone w 2015 roku metodą CAWI na ogólnopolskiej, reprezentatywnej próbie 982 respondentów, którzy deklarowali korzystanie z opieki zdrowotnej w ostatnim półroczu. Wyniki badania potwierdziły, że wraz z poprawą „jakości komunikacji” rośnie zaufanie w każdym z badanych rodzajów, choć największy wpływ komunikacja ma na zaufanie do życzliwości. Dodatkowo w artykule podjęto próbę wskazania zachowań z zakresu komunikacji, które szczególnie wpływają na budowę zaufania. Okazało się, że zaufanie do kompetencji lekarzy kształtowane jest przede wszystkim przez okazywane wsparcie emocjonalne oraz zrozumiałe i wyczerpujące przekazywanie informacji o stanie zdrowia. Zaufanie w życzliwość budowane jest poprzez otwartość wobec pacjentów, natomiast zaufanie w uczciwość lekarzy wymaga od nich umiejętności słuchania.
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This article is devoted to a critical reconstruction of Karl Polanyi’s institutional theory and its ethical consequences. Starting with the distinction between the formal (neoclassical) and the substantial (institutional) understanding of the economy, the article proceeds to discuss the main forms of institutional integration of economic life described by Polanyi: reciprocity (symmetry), redistribution (centricity), and exchange (market). In this context, the author examines the connection between the work of Karl Polanyi and the economic anthropology represented by the works of Richard Thurnwald and Bronisław Malinowski. The author argues that three main forms of institutional integration of economic life introduced by Karl Polanyi can be interpreted both as analytical tools to describe institutions and as a grand scheme for the classification of different economic systems. The next section of the article is devoted to a comparison between the institutional theories of Douglass North and Karl Polanyi. For North, the main explanatory category is the idea of transaction costs, whereas for Polanyi the key idea is that of the social embeddedness of the economy. When speaking about the social embeddedness of the economy, Polanyi draws our attention to the inseparable bonds which exist between economic institutions on the one hand, and culture, social structure and politics on the other hand. This theoretical difference between North and Polanyi, the author argues, has important ethical consequences. If Polanyi is right, then institutions are not only alternative solutions to a certain economic problem (i.e. the efficient allocation of resources, the reduction of transaction costs) but above all they are the embodiment of different conceptions of a good life. In conclusion, the author emphasizes the political dimension of Karl Polanyi’s institutional theory with its intriguing promise of liberating our social and political life from the economic fallacy, that is, from the unfortunate tendency to think about society in market terms.
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The article deals with the problem of identifying institutions and measuring them. As an example, reputation was taken into consideration. The analysis leads to the conclusion that reputation could be treated as an institution and could be measured in the context of its impact on economic outcomes. This measurement can be carried out at three levels of detail: micro, meso and macro, of which the third is the least recognized in new institutional economics.
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The political philosophy of liberalism created by Locke and Nozick treats property as a birth right, the natural right of man. The attitude to ownership in Poland is determined by the experience of individuals having been deprived of the right to property during the communist period and the restitution of property rights in the post-communist era. The guidelines of the liberal concept of property refer in the text to contemporary phenomena of attitudes to property in the area of spatial economy and the housing market.The paper attempts to indicate the need to rede-fine contemporary attitudes to property.
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The subject of the publication is the analysis of the situation of women in the labour market in terms of lowering the retirement age. The reinstatement of quite a low retirement age threshold which makes women eligible for retirement indicates a change in their position in the area of employment. Manipulating the retirement age is a basic instrument of influence on pension schemes and the formation of human resources for labour markets in Euro-pean countries, the latter affected by the ageing of the population. A dominant trend is to raise the age limit in order to increase manpower resources and to cut back public expenditure on benefits.Without a doubt, the lowering of the retirement age in Poland will have a number of socioeconomic consequences, which will include an outflow of women from the labour market, and a depletion of manpower resources, which in turn may result in lessened migratory pressure. However, the thesis can be advanced that the amount of benefits received, due to a shorter input period, will arouse a greater interest in the option of combining benefit receipt with gainful employment. The solutions adopted in this respect will not only impact the situation of women, but other social groups as well, which will be clearly visible in the response from the labour market.
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The primary objective of this study is to further the use of GIE reports as a tool for diagnosing whether a given measure or policy will affect women and men equally. Our secondary objectives are: a) present a gender diagnostic; b) propose measures and policies that will help close the existing gender gap and promote equal opportunities for men and women.
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Attention to human dignity is reflected in the economic life of the individual. This paper explores the interplay of human dignity and basic socio-economic rights of human beings. Access to basic economic and social services is crucial, not only to people´s physical basic needs, but also to enable the development of their potential to shape their own lives and to be active agents in the shaping of a “dignified society”. Human dignity as a relational concept requires society to respect the equal worth of all the people regardless of gender and social or economic status.
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This work is the first out of the series of three papers devoted to the estimation of value of intellectual capital of agiven socio-economic area: voivodeship, municipality, country, region, etc. The concept of this estimation is based on the assumption that value of any socio-economic region, for its residents, is the amount of income that can be gained by locating their activities in the area they live. The layout of the presented method makes it possible to estimate all elements of intellectual capital, regardless of whether or not we are aware of their existence. In this paper, for the sake of estimation, definitional problems of the concept of intellectual capital are solved and the method which can estimate area value for its residents is proposed in order to derive a method for estimating intellectual capital of a given area as well as of each and every voivodship in Poland.
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