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Icons on Trial. Negotiations Between Moscow and Moldavia over Some ‘Noncanonical’ Icons in the First Decades of the 17th Century

Icons on Trial. Negotiations Between Moscow and Moldavia over Some ‘Noncanonical’ Icons in the First Decades of the 17th Century

Author(s): Elena Firea / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2021

En 1629, une ambassade dirigée par l’archimandrite Varlaam est arrivée à la cour du tsar Mikhaïl Féodorovitch Romanov, demandant la permission de passer une commande aux peintres moscovites, afin depeindre deux icônes pour le prince Miron Barnovschi. Les sources documentaires nous renseignent sur la dédicacedes icônes et sur le fait qu’elles appartenaient à la typologie des icônes hagiographiques, avec des portraitsde saints au milieu et des scènes narratives de leur vie sur les bords. Bien qu’achevées et payées intégralementpar le prince moldave, les icônes ne sont jamais parvenues à leur commanditaire. Le patriarche Philarète Nikititchles a retenues à Moscou sous prétexte qu’elles étaient ‘inconvenablement’ peintes. Sept ans plus tard,alors que Varlaam occupait le poste de métropolite de Moldavie, le prince Vasile Lupu envoya une autre ambassadeà la cour de Moscou, pour tenter de les récupérer. Le tsar organisa une enquête, les peintres furent interrogéssur les modèles suivis, mais le résultat resta le même : les icônes avaient été peintes de manière noncanonique et ne pouvaient pas être remises aux messagers moldaves. L’enquête sur cet intéressant ‘échec’ diplomatique fait l’objet de la présente étude. En suivant André Grabar, qui soulevait pour la première fois laquestion du prétendu manque de canonicité de ces icônes, l’article reprend toute la question des causes possiblesdu refus inhabituel des autorités moscovites de les remettre à leurs commanditaires. En corroborant lesinformations documentaires avec l’analyse des sources visuelles disponibles, dans le contexte plus large de lacommande des icônes et de l’évolution du culte de saint Jean le Nouveau à l’époque, l’étude suggère qu’uneraison possible de ce rejet pourrait être la représentation du martyr de Suceava – et ce, non pas parce qu’ils’agissait d’un saint inconnu en Russie à l’époque (cf. A. Grabar); mais surtout à cause de l’utilisation d’uncertain modèle iconographique employé dans l’entourage du métropolitain Anastasie Crimca. Ce modèle étaitsans doute susceptible d’avoir déplu au patriarche Philarète Nikititch. Varlaam connaissait bien ce type dereprésentation et avait probablement donné des instructions précises aux peintres moscovites, qui les ont sansdoute suivies à la lettre. En effet, à la suite de cet épisode, Varlaam enverra également au tsar une hagiographie etune icône de saint Jean le Nouveau, qui semblent avoir dynamisé le culte et les représentations iconographiquesdédiées au martyr de Suceava en Russie à la même époque.

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МОРЕ И ПРАВО. НЯКОИ БЕЛЕЖКИ

МОРЕ И ПРАВО. НЯКОИ БЕЛЕЖКИ

Author(s): Mario Fiorentini / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

The analysis of the legal sources of the second and third centuries AD, aims to highlight the fact thatthe inclusion of the sea among the res communes omnium, and the same this category developed by Marcian are not so much the mature fruit of the discussions developed among the imperial jurists but, on the contrary, an attempt to build a special category within the res publicae, open to anyone regardless of Roman citizenship, which, however, when it was created by Marcian, would need further reflection. However, such an in-depth study was not possible due to the lack of scientific activity of the jurists after Gordian III. A close analysis of the scene of Plautus’ Rudens is also carried out, in order to attempt a correct framing of the discussion on the historical process that involved the definition of the sea as res communis omnium.

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LITTORAL MARITIME – FONDEMENTS ROMAINS ET LEGISLATION BULGARE CONTEMPORAINE

LITTORAL MARITIME – FONDEMENTS ROMAINS ET LEGISLATION BULGARE CONTEMPORAINE

Author(s): Malina Novkirishka- Stoyanova / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2021

This article presents some fundamental issues related to the use of the sea coast: its status from the legal and material point of view, the possibilities for its private or public use, the possibilities de construction on the coast and the beach as well as in the seabed, protection of the environment and the natural resources of the sea and the coasts. In the two parts of the article are presented the concepts of Roman jurisprudence and the modern Bulgarian legislation as well as some current problems for the Black Sea coast.

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THE LAW OF THE SEA AND THE INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION

THE LAW OF THE SEA AND THE INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION

Author(s): Ganeta Minkova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The aim of this paper is to study some aspects of the International Maritime Law, especially the settlement of disputes by international courts and tribunals. It examines at the way these institutions address contemporary problems. The study explores the role of the courts and tribunals and their potential to contribute to global justice.

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„НАШЕТО МОРЕ“ И СУВЕРЕНИТЕТЪТ

„НАШЕТО МОРЕ“ И СУВЕРЕНИТЕТЪТ

Author(s): Nataliya Kiselova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

From ancient times until today, the sea has been a border, but also - a link. The use of marine waters is dealt with in international maritime law, but it is a matter of international relations as well. A brief historical overview of the impact on the Black Sea over the centuries has been made. The problem of sovereignty is also derived from history. This issue remains relevant and controversial. In the paper, sovereignty is considered from a legal and geopolitical perspective.

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L´ATTIVITÀ DELLO SCAPHARI COME PRECEDENTE DEL CONTRATTO DE MOVIMENTAZIONE PORTUALE

L´ATTIVITÀ DELLO SCAPHARI COME PRECEDENTE DEL CONTRATTO DE MOVIMENTAZIONE PORTUALE

Author(s): Tewise Yurena Ortega González / Language(s): Italian Issue: 2/2021

In this study we intend to briefly analyse one of the contracts that the Maritime Navigation Law classifies as „contracts auxiliary to navigation“, the port handling contract, trying to establish the existing connections between the current regulations in relation to the activities carried out by port operators, the contractual modality and the liability regime, as well as the activity carried out in the ports of ancient Rome by the professional staff of the scaphari.

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L'INFLUENZA DI LITUS MARIS SULLA LEGISLAZIONE COSTIERA SPAGNOLA

L'INFLUENZA DI LITUS MARIS SULLA LEGISLAZIONE COSTIERA SPAGNOLA

Author(s): María Etelvina De las Casas León / Language(s): Italian Issue: 2/2021

The issue of litus maris is not a current concern to determining the coasts of individual countries. Roman law endeavours to analyze the question and above all to attend to the needs of a community. Although terminology may have evolved, the purpose has remained the same: concern for the environment and the legal regulation for the benefit of all mankind. When mentioning res communes omnium or res publicae, we ask ourselves whether they really have a different meaning or whether, on the contrary, we can consider them synonyms. In this sense, neither the sources, nor the doctrine is unanimous. From our point of view, however, everything boils down to a terminological and semantic problem, where the purpose is one and the same: to recognize a good of an entire community, which belongs to humanity and which we cannot make unlimited use of outside the legal system itself. Once again we find a topic that, although it seems contemporary, had already been taken into account in Roman jurisprudence and literature as well. And therefore, we see the impact and influence of Roman law on our contemporary legal system.

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Le patriarche Sylvestre d’Antioche, son disciple spirituel Constantin César Dapóntes et l’histoire de leurs icône.

Le patriarche Sylvestre d’Antioche, son disciple spirituel Constantin César Dapóntes et l’histoire de leurs icône.

Author(s): Policarp Chițulescu / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2022

This study identified the icon of Virgin Moscovita and the icon of the Holy Mandylion, described in Konstantinos Dapontes’ writings, with the icon of the Virgin and the icon of the Holy Mandylion preserved in his family monastery Evangelistria in Skopelos island. We can now retrace the “biography” of these two artefacts, the history of their creation, donation, and multiple “transfers” of the two icons. This study is an important contribution to the history of the early modern period in the Balkans. The icon of the Virgin Moscovite was donated to Konstantinos Dapontes by his benefactor Konstantinos Mavrocordatos in 1741 in Iasi, and the the icon of the Holy Mandylion was donated to Dapontes by his “maître spirituel”, the patriarch of Antioch Sylvester in 1762.

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Icons from the Carpathian Mountains Region in the ‘Spiritual Treasure of Ukraine’ Museum in Kyiv.

Icons from the Carpathian Mountains Region in the ‘Spiritual Treasure of Ukraine’ Museum in Kyiv.

Author(s): Agnieszka Gronek / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2022

Le musée ‘Trésors spirituels de l’Ukraine’ à Kiev comprend plus de 400 icônes allant du xve au xixe siècles. Dans cette collection, plusieurs exemplaires témoignent d’une série de traits stylistiques indiquant que leur origine pourrait se situer dans la Ruthénie des Carpates, de Pokutia ou de Maramureș. Ces icônes se caractérisent par une forme simplifiée; une palette de couleurs limitée; une composition schématique; des formes stylistiques bien connues aux siècles précédents; un fond doré gravé; et des cadres en bois particulièrement sculptés. Le présent article décrit six de ces icônes : l’icône de la Mère de Dieu sur Trône, peinte par Michail Popovich de Kolomyia, dont les oeuvres se trouvent dans les églises de Budeşti-Josani et de Budeşti-Susani ; l’Annonciation de la fin du xviie siècle, oeuvre du peintre d’icônes de Hǎrnicești à Maramureș et Bǎlan-Josani ; une icône du xviiie siècle, la Descente du Saint-Esprit, peinte dans un style similaire à celui de l’icône de Saint Nicolas de Shelestovo, près de Moukatchevo (aujourd’hui au Musée de l’Architecture et de la Vie Populaires d’Oujhorod) ; et trois icônes – Christ Pantocrator, Théotokos Hodegetria et Archange Michel – provenant du même atelier que les Trois Saints Hiérarques du Musée d’Ethnographie Régionale d’Ivano-Frankivsk.

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Ukrainian Influences and Serbian Painting in the Eighteenth-Century.

Ukrainian Influences and Serbian Painting in the Eighteenth-Century.

Author(s): Nikola Piperski / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2022

Au xviiie siècle, des peintres ukrainiens et serbes formés à l’école d’art de la Laure de Kyïv-Petchersk ont inauguré le processus de changement de la peinture religieuse serbe qui, dans la région administrée par le siège métropolitain de Karlovci, est passée d’un style ‘traditionnel’ (ou ‘manière post-byzantine’) à un style plus ‘occidental’ (‘baroque’). À première vue, il pourrait sembler inhabituel que les influences occidentales décisives pour la peinture serbe du xviiie siècle ne soient pas arrivées directement de l’Occident – à savoir de Vienne, l’un des principaux centres de l’art baroque européen et capitale de l’empire dont le territoire englobait le métropolitain de Karlovci -, mais de l’espace artistique ukrainien, déjà ‘occidentalisé’ par les courants venus de la Laure de Kyïv-Petchersk. Vers le milieu du xviiie siècle, cette Laure de Kyïv-Petchersk et son Académie de théologie étaient devenus des soutiens religieux solides et fiables pour l’Orthodoxie, sous la protection politique du tsar de Russie, et promouvaient la science théologique, peut-être la plus forte de la sphère orthodoxe de l’époque. En conséquence, l’Académie de théologie de Kyïv avait commencé à occuper une place de plus en plus importante dans la topographie chrétienne de l’Europe de l’Est. Cette école accueillait des étudiants de toute l’Ukraine et de la Russie, mais aussi des Biélorusses, des Polonais, des Lituaniens et des Serbes. Au xviiie siècle, sur une période de trente ans, 28 Serbes ont reçu une éducation à l’Académie de théologie de Kyïv. De même, au milieu du xviiie siècle, des missionnaires de Kiev rejoignent la communauté de Karlovci, sur invitation des dignitaires de l’Église serbe, en apportent avec eux une aide spirituelle indispensable. L’arrivée dans la commu-nauté de Karlovci des premiers enseignants, peintres, livres et icônes en provenance de Kiev, est marquée aussi par l’arrivée de certains modèles politiques russes. Dans les rangs des intellectuels, plusieurs peintres serbes ont été formés à Kyïv, dont les principaux représentants de la première vague d’européanisation dans la peinture serbe: Dimitrije Bačević et Stefan Tenecki. Le moment décisif pour l’ouverture de la peinture serbe à la peinture kyïvienne occidentalisée s’est produit grâce à l’initiative du patriarche Arsenije iv Jovanović Šakabenta (1725-1748). En effet, en 1743, ce patriarche avait officiellement interdit, dans une lettre circulaire, le travail de tous les soi-disant peintres d’icônes inexpérimentés et non éduqués qui travaillaient à l’ancienne. C’est à cette époque qu’il avait fait appelé à sa cour l’Ukrainien Jov Vasilijevič (vers 1700-après 1760), un maître qui allait donner une nouvelle forme aux courants de l’art serbe. La lettre mentionnée du patriarche Šakabenta indique que les peintres serbes de Karlovci pouvaient apprendre le métier auprès de son peintre de cour autour duquel, semblerait-il, s’était formé la première école de peinture jamais fondée dans le milieu culturel serbe. À travers cette école, le maître Jov Vasilijevič et ses collaborateurs allaient exercer une influence décisive sur toute la génération des peintres (civiques) serbes – ainsi qu’en témoigne l’abandon de l’ancienne manière. L’in-fluence culturelle et artistique ukrainienne dans le siège métropolitain de Karlovci a perduré des années 1720 aux années 1760. Durant cette période, tous les éléments occidentaux ont, sans doute, dû être soumis à la super-vision des théologiens orthodoxes orientaux de Kyïv. Dans la seconde moitié du xviiie siècle, plus précisément à partir de la huitième décennie, les liens culturels et spirituels ukrainiens-serbes ont commencé à s’affaiblir en raison du déclin des liens politiques russes-serbes. Avec le déclin de la sphère artistique de Kyïv, les modèles artistiques et culturels en provenance directe de Vienne se sont alors renforcés. À partir de cette époque, c’est l’Académie de Vienne qui était destinée à former les peintres serbes, apportant dans leur pays des éléments occidentaux et le style de la peinture autrichienne.

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LES CONTACTS DE L’EMPIRE ROMAIN AVEC LES HABITANTS DE LA SILÉSIE AUX PREMIERS SIÈCLES DE NOTRE ÈRE

LES CONTACTS DE L’EMPIRE ROMAIN AVEC LES HABITANTS DE LA SILÉSIE AUX PREMIERS SIÈCLES DE NOTRE ÈRE

Author(s): Piotr Sadowski / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2022

Today, Silesia is a large region located in the south-western part of Poland. A very small part of Silesia is currently in the Czech Republic and an even smaller part in Germany. In this paper, the author, Professor of the University of Opole, Piotr Sadowski, points to the examples evidencing the contacts between the ancient Romans and the inhabitants of Silesia at that time. He also asks about the nature of these contacts. He is convinced that the current cultural identity of Silesia, apart from Polish, German and Moravian factors, was also influenced by the achievements of ancient Roman culture. The author is aware of how many divergent views exist as to the ethnic affiliation of the inhabitants of Silesia in the first centuries of the Roman Empire. Probably at that time the representatives of various ethnic groups lived there, forming a union of tribes controlling the Аmber route. Numerous findings, especially the so-called Roman imports indicate that a number of Roman goods reached them - just recall a beautiful silver cup with plant and animal motifs from the 1st century AD found in Gosławice (today the part of Opole). The nature of Roman-Silesian contacts was influenced by the geo - political situation of peoples living between them. There was a time when Marcus Aurelius wanted to create two new provinces, Marcomanniа and Sarmatia. However, that did not happen. The Marcomannic Wars caused that trade relations in today's Silesia decreased and gave way to the political ones, as evidenced by the furnishings of the magnificent graves from Zakrzów (now the part of Wroclaw). Summing up, from the 1st century BC to the 5th century AD, the lands of today's Silesia were under strong influence of imperium romanum, initially most of all economic, later more political.

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THE LAW OF ROMAN EGYPT

THE LAW OF ROMAN EGYPT

Author(s): Sanja M. Gligić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Unlike Roman Law, Egyptian Law can be learned from individual legal documents. Since no written Egyptian Law and fact that a little has been preserved from a collection of laws (i.e., „Hermopolis Legal Code“), scholars traditionally get knowledge about Egyptian Law from contracts, deeds, family archives, judgments, wills and accounts of criminal trials. The special problem is the fact that the study of Egyptian Law is further complicated by pre-created dogmatic ideas about the superiority of Roman Law and jurisprudence. However, at the moment when Egypt became a Roman province, the Egyptian Law was applied in practice (which already took a lot from Greek Law at that moment) and at the same time the influence of Roman law began to be noticed.

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LE DROIT FÉTIAL ET BELLUM IUSTUM DANS LE CONTEXTE DES GUERRES DACO-ROMAINES ET DE LA POLITIQUE IMPÉRIALE ROMAINE D’ANNEXION DES PROVINCES

LE DROIT FÉTIAL ET BELLUM IUSTUM DANS LE CONTEXTE DES GUERRES DACO-ROMAINES ET DE LA POLITIQUE IMPÉRIALE ROMAINE D’ANNEXION DES PROVINCES

Author(s): Teodor Sambrian / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2022

The existence of the Roman State, from its foundation to its disappearance, was disrupted by short interruptions, under the sign of the god Mars, war being an essential element of Roman society. Under these conditions, among the multitude of priestly colleges that operated in Rome since the most ancient times, the College of Fetiales had a particular importance from a political and institutional point of view. Its attributions were mainly related to the declaration of war and the monitoring of treaties concluded by Rome with other nations. The subject covered in this article is structured in the following sections: the supposedly controversial origin of the College of Fetiales; the content and nature of fetial law; the legal-religious rituals of the declaration of war; the adaptation of fetial law to the imperial status of the Roman State; the concept of „bellum iustum“ in the wars waged for the conquest of Dacia and its transformation into a Roman province; some thoughts on the Roman concept of bellum iustum piumque in the contemporary world.

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THE DACIAN WAX TABLETS (TABULAE CERATAE) FROM ALBURNUS MAIOR: A PROVINCIAL TESTIMONY OF THE RELIABILITY OF METROPOLITAN LAW

THE DACIAN WAX TABLETS (TABULAE CERATAE) FROM ALBURNUS MAIOR: A PROVINCIAL TESTIMONY OF THE RELIABILITY OF METROPOLITAN LAW

Author(s): Valerius M. Ciucă,Bob Mircea Dan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Dacia was, between 106 and 275 AD a Roman province , known under the surname of Dacia Felix. Our contribution takes advantage on a circumstance, at least as happy as the province was considered to be: the existence of the wax tablets of Alburnus Maior (nowadays Roșia Montană, in Alba County, Romania . Also known as Triptychs, some are valuable sources of historical and legal informations, while others simply record scenes of social life. Uncovered between 1786 and 1855 out of the former provincial golden mines, they are a priceless account of the way locals transplanted the Roman Classical Law. In fact, this very direct application of Roman Law in the Dacia province was, among other Transylvanian epigraphic testimonies , also demonstrated by these waxed tablets (tabulae ceratae Alburnense ). Those juridically relevant were studied by Romanian legal historians such as Ion Peretz, Ion Baltariu , Vladimir Hanga . Our purpose here is to give a brief account on how the vulgarisation of Roman Classical Law took place in this part of the Empire.

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ADMINISTRATION OF THE ROMAN PROVINCE DACIA

ADMINISTRATION OF THE ROMAN PROVINCE DACIA

Author(s): Maria Albu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

At the time of the conquest of Dacia, Rome was in terms of the form of government, in the phase of the Principate, the era inaugurated by Octavian Augustus. In terms of territory, Rome ruled a vast territory stretching from England to the Middle East and from Gaul to Egypt. Immediately after the conquest, Dacia entered the process of administrative, economic and military integration, as provided by the rules of Roman public law. According to these rules, it was organized as a separate province, with its own administrative, military and fiscal authority.

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SERBIA ROMAN PROVINCE. NIŠ IMPERIAL CITY

SERBIA ROMAN PROVINCE. NIŠ IMPERIAL CITY

Author(s): Marija Ignjatović / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Ancient Niš, better known as Naisus, was a developed settlement with a certain population that tended to grow over time. Historical sources say that the city had the status of a Roman municipality, which means that it had a very organized system of life. The size of ancient Naisus has not yet been fully determined, but considering the existence of the suburban part of Mediana, as well as the widespread villas around Mediana, it can be said that it occupied a good part of the Niš basin, crossed by the river Nišava as the main and largest watercourse in that region and that as an impregnable military stronghold, it was an important economic and cultural center of the Roman Empire. Naisus occupied a central position in the Roman province of Upper Moesia, which spread over the territory of today's Serbia. The original military fortification was created in the last decades of the 1st century BC on the right bank of Nišava and was the center of the various tribes: Dardanians, the Thracians and, briefly, on two occasions, the Celts, whose homeland is distant Gaul. A new period in the history and life of Naisus began at the beginning of the 4th century AD with the arrival of Constantine on the throne of the Roman Empire, the Roman emperor, one of the historical rulers who completely redirected the future of not only Christian Europe, but also the civilization known to us today.

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ROMAN LAW AND THE SERBIAN MEDIEVAL STATE

ROMAN LAW AND THE SERBIAN MEDIEVAL STATE

Author(s): Nebojša Ranđelović / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The geographical space of the development of the Serbian medieval state was part of the origin and development of Roman law. The Serbian medieval state and its law would inevitably be created on the basis of the Byzantine tradition. The Byzantine Empire itself was the Eastern Roman Empire both by tradition and by all the features of society, state, law, and even by name. Its law and state organization, adapted to the new social relations and feudal order, were not negations, but a continuation of the Russian state-legal tradition. In such an environment, the Serbian medieval society and the Serbian state developed on the foundations of this tradition, incorporating their customary law into it. Serbian medieval legislation, rounded off by Dušan's Code, is a material witness to the aforementioned postulates.

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Józef Tischner on Upbringing and Hope

Józef Tischner on Upbringing and Hope

Author(s): John P. Hittinger / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2022

The present article examines Józef Tischner’s idea of upbringing (wychowanie) in establishing the new awareness of solidarity among the Polish workers and people through an awakening to conscience. The present moment served as a revolutionary alternative to socialism. I look at Tischner’s critique of Marxism and the central issue surrounding base and superstructure. Then I turn to his recovery of the Polish tradition of ethical ideals, especially in the person of Maximilian Kolbe and John Paul II. The text provides a detailed analysis of the chapter on upbringing in The Spirit of Solidarity. Tischner’s notion that upbringing is a personal bond established in trust to live in hope for improvement in mind and heart is placed in the context of the solidarity as a social bond establishing an ethical community transcending the political quest for power and the need to find an enemy. The text analyzes the various counterfeit forms of education in order to deepen our awareness of the meaning of authentic upbringing. Salient points of his teaching are discussed in conclusion.

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The Idea of Kyiv as a New Jerusalem in the Murals of the Church of the Saviour at Berestove (1643–1644)

The Idea of Kyiv as a New Jerusalem in the Murals of the Church of the Saviour at Berestove (1643–1644)

Author(s): Alina Kondratiuk / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2023

Ajunsă în stare de ruină, biserica Mântuitorului de la Berestovo a fost restaurată între 1643–1644 de mitropolitul Petru Movilă al Kievului, cu intenția de a-l comemora pe prințul Volodymyr, sfânt și egal cu apostolii, cel prin care a fost botezată Rusia kieviană. Pictura murală și inscripțiile reflectă ideea transformării Kievului într-un oraș sfânt, un nou Ierusalim și, în același timp, indică succesiunea neîntreruptă a autorității mitropolitane stabilită de prințul Volodymyr. Această decorație murală realizată în secolul al XVII-lea urmează programe iconografice mult mai vechi, asemănându-se cu cele din vremea Renașterii macedonene. Tabloul votiv îi înfățișează pe Născătoarea de Dumnezeu, pe prințul Volodymyr și pe Petru Movilă stând înaintea lui Hristos, Movilă fiind cel care îi prezintă Mântuitorului macheta bisericii restaurate. O analiză comparată permite afirmația că noua pictură a bisericii Mântuitorului a avut ca model ansamblul monumental al bisericii Sfânta Sofia din Kiev, datând din secolul al XI-lea. Puternica insistență asupra temei Încarnării, tipică polemicilor post-iconoclaste, a fost inspirată de imaginea în mozaic a Maicii Domnului Orantă din catedrala Sfânta Sofia și de inscripția care o însoțește și care reproduce versetul 6 al Psalmului 45. Imaginarea Kievului ca Nou Ierusalim și punerea lui sub protecția Maicii Domnului au fost gândite de Petru Movilă ca pietre de temelie ale efortului său de reactivare a Mitropoliei Kievului.

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LINGUA IURIS

LINGUA IURIS

Author(s): Stoyan P. Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The article considers the language of law. Particular attention is paid to the position of Latin as a lingua iuris from Antiquity through the Middle Ages and Modern Times, as a main instrument outlining the legal principles and their conceptual systematization. The legal Latin terminology used today is examined in the light of the general development of law in Europe as a common and unified sustainable legal vocabulary in modern languages, that unites the different national legal systems and supports the concept that Roman law is ius commune, on which the European legal culture stands.

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60487 Frankfurt am Main
Germany
Amtsgericht Frankfurt am Main HRB 102056
VAT number: DE300273105
Phone: +49 (0)69-20026820
Email: info@ceeol.com

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