Wincentego Skrzetuskiego „Prawo polityczne narodu polskiego”

Author(s): Wojciech Organiściak / Language(s): Polish

The Polish Piarist, Wincenty Skrzetuski, who lived in the years 1745–1791, was a notable historian, lawyer, political writer, teacher and translator of the period of the reign of Stanisław August Poniatowski. His more important works include Mowy o głownieyszych materyach politycznych (Speeches about the more important political issues) and the historiesof Sweden and ancient Greece. In his works Skrzetuski repeatedly made reference to moral and ethical problems, setting himself the goal of educating a good citizen who combined a Christian worldview, humanitarian, Enlightenment ideas, modern concepts associated with the natural law as well as ethics based on rational foundations. Skrzetuski remained under the pervasive influence of the republican ideology of Mably and Rousseau as well as other Enlightenment thinkers whose most prominent representatives included Montesquieu and Beccaria. The most important work of Skrzetuski which was published in the years 1782–1784, was Prawo polityczne narodu polskiego (The political law of the Polish people). The Piarist popularised the image of the political system and the law of the Polish Republic which wasvalid before the Four-Year Sejm by advocating the necessity of further political, social andeconomic reforms in the state of the noblemen. Skrzetuski partially based his work on theerudite work by Gottfried Lengnich entitled Ius publicum Regni Poloniae, which he enhancedby including new solutions introduced into the political system in the Polish Republic after1764. The analysis of the Political law of the Polish people that was conducted in the substantial dissertation enables us to claim that this was a sound compendium of knowledge about the political system of the Polish Republic of noblemen which in some of its parts had the afeatures of a political treatise. In the textbook which was used in the schools which were subject to the Commission ofNational Education Skrzetuski presented a wide range of issues which referred both to the political, social and economic system as well as to the court system. Similarly as for Montesquieu, for the Polish Piarist political law was that branch of law which regulated the system of governance. According to Skrzetuski, the political law consisted in the following: the way of exercising legislative, executive and judicial power, public sessions and the laws and duties of all estates, the functioning of various organs and offices, religion, the treasury, the army, trade, the people as well as the treatises and agreements with other countries.The analysis of the Political law of the Polish people that was conducted in the dissertationenables us to claim that the Piarist presented his own opinions and postulates of reform, which frequently were a continuation of the opinions and thoughts of the political writers who preceded him, including the prominent figure of Stanisław Konarski. An analysis of the opinions of Skrzetuski enables us to grant him a prominent place among the Polish politicalwriters of the period of the reign of Stanisław August Poniatowski, especially those whowrote before the Great Sejm – the supporters and even the proponents of certain reforms.

Државно-црквено право у оквиру права Европске уније

Author(s): Stanka Stjepanović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Since Lisbon Treaty has been ratified in December 2009, European Union has been a legal person. Among other competences, it is competent in education, labor and social law. This is an area related to churches and religious communities. European Union is obliged to remain neutral to religion and to express respect towards all religions. European Union should be restrained when it comes to religious law. European Court of Human Rights, within its decisions, shapes the application of Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights, on freedom of religion. In many cases, right to freedom of religion is in collision with the right to freedom of expression, guaranteed by article 10 of The Convention. Each of European Union member states constitutions guarantees freedom of religion.

ASPECTE TEORETICE ȘI JURISPRUDENȚĂ ÎN MATERIE CANONICĂ PRIVIND PROBLEMA AUTOCEFALIEI BISERICEȘTI

Author(s): Cosmin Santi / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The principle of autocephaly (self-governance) is a principle with a simple legal background of a local Church’s own administrative leadership, which involves the duty of each autocephaly (self-governing) Church to preserve the unity of faith, liturgical life and canonical structure with all other Orthodox Churches, in the spirit of the apostolic and patristic tradition. By autocephaly, a church acquires all rights which secure it a fully-independent leadership in relation to all work carried out by exercising the three branches of the church power, namely: a teaching power, a sanctifying power and a jurisdictional and leading power, in line with the three fold missions of Chris the Redeemer. Self-governance manifests itself in relation to the interdependence structured by the hierarchic and synodic co-responsibility of the entire Church. Due to this, the doctrinal, canonical or liturgical aspects emerged within a self-governing Church, in the absence of a reasonable settlement at self-governing level, may be solved within the pan-orthodox synodality. The Autocephaly is expressed as the will of the whole community of Orthodox Churches and is a practical issue of administrative, juridical and canonical evolution. The method and the procedures undertaken by a local Orthodox Church throughout time, to acquire self-governance and be recognised as such, have varied, in accordance with the canonical practice and tradition of the East, as well as the church jurisprudence.

Први уџбеник грађанског и црквеног права - Јефтимија Јoвановића

Author(s): Stanka Stjepanović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The first printed textbook which under the title Kormčej came along with the printed Proceedings Nomokanon of St. Sava from Russia in our region in the late eighteenth century was written by Jeftimije Jovanović. He was legal professional, notary, Grand Judge of city of Novi Sad and the secretary of Archbishop of Bačka. His textbook / reference book is particularly deserving for development of canon and civil law of the Orthodox Church in Slovene countries. The textbook has unjustly fallen into oblivion, and others used it as a basis for their own textbooks. The author gives an overview of its contents pointing out that by the tripartite division into persons, property and the court Jeftimije Janković offered the first system of canon law in Orthodox Church. Author also insists that this work and his author have unjustly been forgotten, although Latin translation of the book enabled both western and eastern world to familiarize with canon law of Orthodox Church. In his textbook, Jeftimije strictly followed teachings laid out in Kormčej (Nomocanon of St. Sava) in its printed form and Russian title. Although he did not intend for his work to become school textbook, Jeftimije was the first to systematically present Orthodox canon law which was followed by the Church and the State alike until the passing of Civil Code and afterwards. Furthermore, great injustice is done to Jeftimije Jovanović the author of first textbook on canon law and civil law for being confused with Jefgenije Jovanović, Archbishop and author of the book “O sudje crkovnih”. Russian and some western canon law scholars used the work of Jeftimije Jovanović in the 20th century. The author of this paper engages in pointing out the tremendous importance of Jeftimije’s work for the development of canon law and laying the foundations of civil law and, following the publication of the book “O stvarima sa rasuđivanjem u braku” especially in the field of marital relations.

Kanonistyczne uzasadnienie swobody umów w zachodniej tradycji prawnej

Author(s): Piotr Alexandrowicz / Language(s): Polish

This monograph provides a historical overview of the justifications for freedom of contract, which was developed in the Medieval study of canon law, its impact in the modern era and its relevance for present-day discussions on the freedom of contract. Canonists were the first in the Western legal tradition to put forward solutions for private law that reflect the contemporary model of freedom of contract. To support their concept they used three arguments: the first was rooted in the authority of the sources of law available to them at the time; the second imposed an obligation to abide by the rules of the contract stemming from the concept of a sin of breaking one’s promise; the third was related to the importance of the concluded agreements for strengthening social order. The argumentation used in the Medieval teaching of canon law has met with various receptions in the modern era. Some movements took it on board (the canonists, the second scholasticism), some others rejected it (legal humanism), while for others it served merely as a useful example (Dutch jurisprudence, usus modernus Pandectarum), and ultimately it was functionally similar to some (the school of natural law). As a result of the establishment of a general theory of contracts at the turn of the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries, which presumed the freedom of contracting, the question of the binding power of the concluded agreements lost its relevance. The answers to this question can be found by referring to the forgotten Medieval canonist tradition or the English theory of contract. Both these sources provide similar arguments, which can be useful in the discussion on the limits of the freedom of contracts alongside legal dogmatics.

Principiile fundamentale ale dreptului canonic ortodox. O abordare analitică

Author(s): Cosmin Santi / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Principles represent general rules, basic ideas, having the role to ground and prepare the legal framework for the development of a complex process or the synthesis of a social and juridical experience, assuring a balance and a relation between the rights and obligations of a person, of a society in its entirety. The principles of canon law represent statements applicable to all the canon systems or canon prescriptions. These are applicable to all the autocephalous Orthodox churches, so have a universal character, according to the canon tradition and conscience. The basis of canon law and implicitly of its principles is theology but also the juridical sciences. The fundamental canon principles are principles of organization and administration of the Church, being ordained from the beginning in the light of the Savior Christ, as ontological basis and ground, along with the moral dogmas and values. The fundamental canon principles of the Church are found especially in her universal Constitution, consisting in the collection of the Holy Canons, in the long-lived and constant practice of the church life, become custom of canon law.

Актуални аспекти на религиозната толерантност в България : Сборник статии и доклади от научния колоквиум, организиран и проведен от ЮФ на ПУ "Паисий Хилендарски" на 30 май 2014 г.

Author(s): / Language(s): Bulgarian

Discussions, presentations and publications are valuable with legal analyses, with the comparative conclusions and the proposals for amendment of Bulgarian legislation. The summaries are valuable for a new one view at religious and inter-religious tolerance.

Относно уредбата на собствеността на Руската православна църква

Author(s): Desislava Stoyankova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In the early twentieth century, the Russian Orthodox Church is still one of the major owners in Russia. It possesses huge amounts of land, farms, mills and other agricultural sites, and also hospitals and shelters and many more. The information about the assets of the Church is a rather controversial matter. After the nationalization, carried by the Bolshevist government, the Russian Orthodox Church managed to recover, due to secularization, the full amount of their nationalized property. The Holy Synod is the supreme body of the management and control of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Религиозната толерантност в древността : Сборник статии и доклади 2013-2014

Author(s): / Language(s): Bulgarian

The collection includes reports presented in 2013 and 2014 at the series of organised scientific events connected with the research project "Religious tolerance".

Религиозната толерантност в съвременния свят : Сборник статии и доклади 2013-2014

Author(s): / Language(s): Bulgarian

The collection includes reports presented in 2013 and 2014 at the series of organised scientific events connected with the research project "Religious tolerance".

Ecclesia in Glacz frequentius a Christi fidelibus visitetur. Kapitoly z dějin kladské kanonie v době předhusitské

Author(s): Pavel Otmar Krafl / Language(s): Czech

The book is comprised of two parts – an overview of research into the history of the order of Regular Canons of St. Augustine in the German Lands, Poland and the Czech Lands and a collection of studies on the history of the canonry in Kladsko / Kłodzko / Glatz. The Kladsko monastery held an important position among the foundations of Archbishop of Prague Arnošt of Pardubice. The incorporation of the parish church to the monastery has been a relatively neglected institution. We are also advised of the form of election of the provost of the monastery. Around twenty-seven members of the Kladsko canonry of the pre-Hussite period have been identified by prosopographic research. The monastery in Kłodzko became a pilgrimage site by means of indulgence deeds.

Echoes

Author(s): / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2023

Instituția jurământului - considerații teologice și juridice

Author(s): Cosmin Santi / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

In general, a religious oath reflects a person’s devotion and obligations to their faith and may involve promises to abide by religious precepts and principles. The oath is eminently religious and sacred in character, has a profound dimension and means taking God as one’s witness, for it is the form by which one asks for and receives divine power in the performance of a work that is difficult to accomplish with one’s own strength. The oath is an liturgical act, because it includes a reverence for God, so that he may assure, guarantee and clarify a situation where we lack the means to give full assurance and clarify the matter definitively. A civil or secular oath is a solemn declaration by which a person makes a commitment or responsibility to the state, the community or an organisation, without necessarily involving religious or spiritual matters. Both types of oath have an impact on society, contributing to moral stability and respect for fundamental values. Religious and secular oath are expressions of human commitment to Christian and social values, whether based on belief in divinity or on secular principles, which influence the way people live their lives and contribute to building a just and responsible society. In many jurisdictions, there are alternative options, such as taking a secular oath or solemn affirmation, to take account of the diversity of beliefs and respect the principle of separation the religious and state domain. Debates in this area continue to explore ways to maintain the balance between religious freedom and ensuring an accessible and inclusive legal system for all people.

Šetření sexuálních deliktů v církvi a ve státě

Author(s): / Language(s): Slovak,Czech

A compendium compiled as an output of a continuing education program for staff of church courts and other church institutions entitled Investigating Sexual Offenses in the Catholic Church, organized by CMTF UP in Olomouc. Together with a conference on the same topic, it confirms and presents the collaboration of experts in canon and secular law and professionals from the fields of psychology, psychiatry, state institutions and the non-profit sector, and serves as a tool for comprehensive training in this area.

Hell and Individual Punishment Scenes in an in the Church of the Transfiguration of the Saviour at Gardenitsa, Mani (Greece). With Special Attention to a Depiction of the ‘Time of Man’.

Author(s): Panayotis Katsafados / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2024

L’une des plus curieuses représentations du cycle du Jugement dernier de la péninsule de Mani (La-conie) peut être admirée dans le narthex de l’église de la Transfiguration, dans le village de Gardenitsa. Les représentations des pécheurs ont été initialement attribuées à un artiste du xviiie siècle, mais des travaux de restauration récents ont remis en question l’ancienne datation en faveur du xve siècle. L’Auteur montre, grâce à une analyse paléographique, que les caractéristiques des lettres et un certain nombre de particularités stylistiques peuvent être attribuées à un peintre local, Nomikos, dont l’oeuvre comprend d’autres églises peintes dans la région au début du xive siècle : l’église Saint-Georges à Marasse / Kitta, l’église Saint-Nicolas à Nymphi et le catholicon du monastère de Phaneromeni. Les peintures et les inscriptions de Gardenitsa pourraient être datées d’environ 1326/1327 et elles seraient, peut-être, parmi les dernières créations du peintre Nomikos. Contrairement aux châtiments individuels de pécheurs tels qu’on les connaît dans les peintures crétoises, chypriotes ou même serbes, le cycle peint sur la voûte ouest de l’église de Gardenitsa présente quelques traits qui le particularisent. Dans les huit cadres, regroupés en deux groupes de quatre sur les côtés nord et sud de la voûte, l’accent est sou-vent mis sur le clergé et les personnes qui lui sont liées (les femmes des prêtres, par exemple). Il n’y a pas de péchés de nature agricole ou familiale, et l’une des scènes représente un personnage mystérieux, ac-compagné d’une inscription qui se réfère au ‘Temps de l’homme’. C’est d’ailleurs la seule représentation d’un pé-cheur à Gardenitsa qui ne trouve pas de terme de comparaison dans les cycles de pécheurs d’autres régions du Commonwealth byzantin. L'auteur identifie un certain nombre de modèles qui semblent avoir fusionné pour créer une représentation entièrement nouvelle. Le premier est certainement la parabole du mauvais riche et de Lazare, dont la place est souvent parmi les scènes accompagnant le Jugement dernier, sauf que le riche représenté à Gardenitsa ne conserve que certaines caractéristiques iconographiques de la scène attendue. Une autre image qui semble avoir été utilisée dans la scène de Gardenitsa peut être celle de l’homme poursuivi par une licorne dans une parabole de l’histoire de Barlaam et Josaphat. L’arbre sur lequel s’appuie le riche de Gardenitsa et les deux chiens noir et blanc (au lieu des souris), symbolisant le jour et la nuit, sont des éléments qui semblent avoir été repris de cet autre modèle. Le troisième modèle pourrait être une série d’images que l’on retrouve dans des psautiers occidentaux. Après un inventaire succinct d’autres représentations occidentalisantes retrouvées dans la péninsule de Mani ou dans le reste du Péloponnèse, l’auteur conclut que les modèles fusionnés par l’artiste de Gardenitsa proviennent de manuscrits. Il pourrait s’agir des mêmes manuscrits que le donateur (aujourd’hui anonyme) semble offrir au Christ dans la scène votive. On suppose que ce fondateur est peut-être à l’origine des innovations iconographiques en question.

Woodcut Illustrations to the Gospel Text in Early Printed Cyrillic Liturgical Tetraevangelia. Part 1: Lviv editions.

Author(s): Jerzy Ostapczuk / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2024

Le présent article se concentre sur les cycles d'images narratives de l'Évangile, présents dans les premiers Tétraévangiles liturgiques imprimés en cyrillique et publiés à Lviv. Les sept éditions des Évangiles publiées par l'imprimerie de la Confrérie de Lviv, ainsi que celle publiée par Mykhailo Slozka, comportent de nombreuses illustrations narratives placées en lien direct avec les versets qui décrivent les scènes représentées. Une étude approfondie de ces cycles évangéliques d'images narratives, ainsi que les changements que les illustrations ont subis dans chaque édition, nous permettent de classer les modèles de représentation en trois groupes, et de diviser les huit Tétraévangiles de Lviv en deux groupes. Deux annexes présentent toutes les images narratives gravées sur bois dans les éditions des Évangiles de Lviv. Le premier appendice contient des représentations d'événements évangéliques dans les Tétraévangiles de Lviv, tandis que le deuxième appendice présente les illustrations narratives de l'édition de Mykhailo Slozka.

Le portrait dans les anciens livres roumains imprimés.

Author(s): Policarp Chițulescu / Language(s): French Issue: 8/2024

The painted, engraved, or sculpted portrait is an attempt to immortalize a person and preserve their memory. Often, portraits served both didactic and aesthetic purposes, particularly in religious texts. In Orthodox books, portraits typically depicted saints rather than individuals contemporary with the time of the book's publication. It is exceedingly rare for an Orthodox book to include the portrait of a person who was alive at the time of publication or who had passed away relatively close to that date. While the practice of including portraits of individuals associated with a book was common in the West, it is a notable exception in the history of Romanian engraving and printing tradition. In this study, we have sought to identify the individuals and volumes printed in the Romanian Lands up to the nineteenth century in which such portraits appeared. We have also examined the motivations behind the inclusion of these portraits, whether engraved in wood or brass. This research was inspired by the portraits of Elder Paisios of Neamţ († 1794), printed in books by his disciples. We will analyze these representations of the great hesychast and then explore several other portraits we have identified in Romanian books thus far.

The Manufactory of Old French Psalters. Part 2. The Genetic Stratigraphy of Douce MS 320 (Continuation) and Its Links with the Maidstone and Orne Fragments.

Author(s): Vladimir Agrigoroaei,Chapel Alessia,Lendinara Patrizia,Delattre Corentin / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2024

Le présent article s’inscrit dans la continuité de celui qui a été publié en 2023 dans la même revue (The Manufactory of Old French Psalters: Part 1…). Ce deuxième volet comprend d’abord une section de addenda qui complètent certaines parties du précèdent article. S’ajoutent ensuite les érasures dans diverses formes verbales, suivies par un recensement des corrections liées aux préfixes ex– et es–. D’autres séries d’érasures concernent différentes parties du discours: articles définis; pronoms personnels; pronoms réflexifs; formes possessives; démonstratifs; avec une étude de cas sur les choix de traduction du génitif eius, dont plusieurs documentent l’existence d’un antigraphe. Il s’agit souvent d’une hésitation entre les formes faibles et fortes. Des sections com-plémentaires sont consacrées aux érasures des pronoms relatifs et de la conjonction que; à l’adjectif pronominal toz / tuit; aux prépositions; à la conjonction é; aux signes de ponctuation; et aux particules négatives. L’ana-lyse des érasures du manuscrit d’Oxford, Bibliothèque bodléienne, Douce 320 se termine par un examen détaillé des corrections liées à différents phénomènes lexicaux. L’article porte ensuite sur les rapports entre le manuscrit Douce et les fragments de Maidstone, dont la transcription a été publiée dans le premier volet. Suivent une transcrip-tion des fragments de l’Orne (Paris, Archives Nationales, dossier AB xix 1734) et une étude sur l’origine de ces derniers et sur leurs liens avec le texte de Douce. Les choix de traduction pour le latin numquid documentent les liens entre Douce, Arundel (Londres, Bibliothèque britannique, Arundel 230) et Orne. Les choix de traduction du latin exaltare permettent en partie de restituer le texte latin de la source de Douce. Les différentes stratégies de traduction d’Orne, de Douce et d’Arundel semblent être des réécritures d’antigraphes similaires. Toutes ces ana-lyses montrent que Douce, Arundel, Orne et Maidstone proviennent de deux ou plusieurs gloses vernaculaires apparentées. L’article propose ensuite une perspective globale sur les approches vernaculaires de la traduction des psaumes en Angleterre jusqu’au xiiie siècle, qui documente l’interaction des langues vernaculaires anglaises et françaises avec les textes (et l’exégèse) latins. Il se termine par une discussion (appuyée sur deux exemples du xiie siècle) concernant le double pliage du Douce, lié sans doute à sa circulation et à son emploi dans la réalisation des psautiers bilingues à deux colonnes. Le troisième volet du présent article est prévu pour 2025. Il comprendra la transcription du texte de Douce (avec l’accentuation originale et l’emplacement des érasures), ainsi que plusieurs études complémentaires.

Promenade dans le labyrinthe de l’art chretien oriental avec Raphaelle Ziade.

Author(s): Ioana Feodorov / Language(s): French Issue: 8/2024

Echoes

Author(s): Ana Dumitran / Language(s): English,French Issue: 8/2024