HEIDEGGERIO TECHNIKOS SAMPRATOS UŽUOMAZGOS ANKSTYVOSIOSE SENOVĖS GRAIKŲ INTERPRETACIJOSE

Author(s): Tomas Nemunas Mickevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 90/2016

In this article an attempt is made to explicate the influence that the early Heidegger’s interpretations of Ancient Greek philosophy had on his later conception of modern technology. It is shown, first, how the conception of Being as produced, which has arisen while searching for origins of Ancient Greek philosophy, reflects itself in the later thought on the modern technological opening of Being, named machination (Machenschaft) and, later, enframing (Gestell). Secondly, it is shown how one of the essential structural elements of productive behaviour (herstellende Verhalten) – namely the conception of causality – is important for the later explication of modern technological understanding of Being. And finally, it is shown how the early Aristotelian conception of tέχνη as a mode of truth (ἀλήθεια) or mode of being in truth (ἀληθεύειν) reflects itself in the innovative Heideggerian conception of technology as a mode of understanding of Being.

NIETZSCHE VERSUS GADAMERIS: „PRASMĖ“ KAIP DOGMATIZMO IR RELIATYVIZMO PROBLEMA

Author(s): Arūnas Mickevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 92/2017

The article aims to show the similarities and differences between Nietzsche’s interpretative knowledge and Gadamer’s interpretative understanding. Emphasizing the “interpretative” nature of knowledge and understanding both authors faced the problem: how is it possible to avoid the dogmatic affirmation of one and only “correct” interpretation without lapsing into absolute relativism, which rejects any possibility of speaking about “validity” of competing interpretations. The dilemma of dogmatism and relativism in understanding of “meaning” is also the central problem of modern hermeneutics that had sparkled the debate between H. G. Gadamer and E. Betti, J. Derrida and J. Habermas. This article is intended to support two theses. First, there are irreducible differences between positions of Nietzsche and Gadamer, therefore, any attemptsto reduce Nietzsche’s “perspectivism” to Gadamer’s “philosophical hermeneutics” are not valid. Second, the problem of relativism and dogmatism of “meaning” in Gadamer’s hermeneutics can be solved through the provision of Husserl’s phenomenology, which describes how we recognize the meaning of a “thing” as a “thing in itself” through different “profiles”. However, Nietzsche’s perspectivism, which criticizes dogmatism of “meaning”, does not solve the problem and hence slides to the other extreme – relativism.

F. NIETZSCHE’S IDĖJŲ RECEPCIJA M. FOUCAULT GENEALOGIJOJE: ISTORIJOS IR SOCIALINIŲ PRAKTIKŲ KRITIKOS GALIMYBĖ

Author(s): Arūnas Mickevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 91/2017

The aim of the paper is to explicate Foucault’s interpretational access to Nietzsche’s basic concepts; second, to show Nietzsche’s importance for the development of M. Foucault‘s genealogy; and third, to disclose how Foucault’s genealogical research in polemics with J. Habermas turns to the problem of legitimizing the question “How can genealogical history and a variety of social practices criticism?” This article is intended to support the thesis that genealogical research developed by Foucault can be seen as legitimate historical and social practice and an alternative to Habermasian project.

Veidas ir transcendencija šiuolaikinėje lietuvių poezijoje (teologinės ir filosofinės etikos akiratis)

Author(s): Dalia Jakaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2017

The face is a literary image that has a long and rich tradition and is also a part of contemporary Lithuanian poetry. The source of the selection of sources in the article by choosing a carnal, visually recognizable lyrical subject or his other face, this phenomenon is perceived more broadly - according to the concept of E. Lévin's face. The face of contemporary poetry (the latter - in the sense of identity) is intended to be revealed in the study of the work of poets of different generations, starting with the 20th century. the ending (last decade) and finishing with the latest works: poetry by J. Vaičiūnaitė, J. Juškaitis, O. Balijukonis, J. Jekentaitė, R. Mikutavičius, R. Stankevičius, S. Vilimaitė, S. Kandratavičius and other authors. The fact that in some cases the person acquires a religious outlook on the Christian tradition determines the relevant theoretical basis of the article. The theoretical access to the article is the combination of theological (D. Miethas) and philosophical ethics (E. Lévin) formulated in terms of hermeneutical methodology. The significance of ethical metaphysics is sought in the poetic representations of the lyrical subject, the human and divine, the other, traditional saints.

Lietuviškosios religinės tapatybės raiškos užuomazgos ir jų ženklai XVII amžiaus LDK poezijoje: M. K. Sarbievijaus religinės tematikos tekstai

Author(s): Ona Daukšienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 7/2006

The subject-matter of this research is a Latin religious poetry written at the 17th century, primarily by Jesuit authors, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The texts analysed in the paper are seen as important to the further formation of Lithuanian religious identity and its poetical expression. It is possible to trace the influence of some Baroque Latin texts, especially of those written by M. C. Sarbievius (Sarbiewski), the most popular Latin poet in Lithuania through following centuries, on the religious poetry of the 19th century. Some topics, as presented in the later religious texts and often being explained as a mere reflection of Romantic discourse, seem to be derived from the baroque expression.

Tautiškosios religinės tapatybės svarstymai literatūros teologijos aspektu

Author(s): Dalia Čiočytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 5/2006

The article sets to explore the theoretical principles of literary theology which is employed to discuss and interpret the works by Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas – the classic writer of Lithuanian literature. It is assumed that several Putinas’ works represent different forms of Lithuanian religious identity: traditional Western Christianity and modern individualism. The latter is being interpreted in the context of the deistic notion of God. A hypothesis is being made that some strong emphases on such aspects of Lithuanian Christianity as the fear of God may have been influenced by the emergence of the deistic and atheistic concepts of the Deity.

Literatūros teologija: identiteto paieškos

Author(s): Gediminas Mikelaitis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 5/2006

The emerging literary theology is based above all on a centuries-old tradition. From the philosophy and literary studies of the modern age, it takes on a critical reflection of the phenomena of religion and social views. Thanks to their methodological flexibility and the ability to evaluate religious experiences or the transcendent dimension of life in a more versatile and more insightful way, literary theology basically solves those in the first half and in the middle of the twentieth century. Century common term Christian literature. As a method of literary research, literary theology opens up new possibilities for the development of new semantic and structural layers in the structure of Lithuanian literature.

Ахматова и античная культура: о некоторых смысловых компонентах мифа о поэте в «поэме без героя»

Author(s): Galina Michailova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2006

The article deals with the problem of the adaptation of ancient themes, motifs and images to A. Ahmadova's poetry. The author of the article refers to some of the ancient tragedies and the analogies of their application in the "Poem Without a Hero" peculiarities and structure of images. The author, analyzing a fragment of a "small poem without a hero" - the so-called multiple poetry - finds links to Plato's and Horace's texts. The direct and indirect approximation of the text of the "Poem Without a Hero" text with the philosophical and artistic texts of the Ancient Authors allows us to more precisely define the concept of ethics and aesthetics of A. Achmatova, reflected in this most important work of her. In the author's opinion, ancient texts are primary sources of culture, often understood by poets through the prism of later literature, can be regarded as the source of its so-called "masculine line" of its poetry.

Славянофильский подтекст романа А. Платонова «Чевенгур»

Author(s): Aleksandr Dyrdin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2006

The article discusses the philosophic Platonov’s novel "Chevengur" and analyzes the position of this writer as the successor to Slavophiles, since Slavophile views in the novel are presented in various contexts whose logical connection is different. Like Slavophiles, A. Platonov seeks to reveal the objective essence of the world, combining nature and spirituality. The writer's worldview contacts Slavophilic views in his efforts to distinguish between the Russian type of the fugitive of the truth, which accumulated the faith "as a power of mind" (A. Chomiakov). In the novel Chevengur A. Platonov portrayed various manifestations of the national character and developed a generalized image of the Russian Orthodox Church. The author of the article assumes that the concept of the unique spiritual concept of the Russian people and culture mission can be described, albeit not fully, by the creative philosophy of Platonov.

Kunigo drama: tarp pašaukimo ir metafizinio maišto (Vinco Mykolaičio-Putino Altorių šešėly ir Georgesʼo Bernanoso Po šėtono saule)

Author(s): Vytautas Bikulčius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4/2018

The paper deals with the influence of the Catholic revival (le renouveau catholique) in France on Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas’ novel In the Shadows of Altars. The novel is a natural continuation of Lithuanian literature. It is no coincidence that the author, while primarily focusing on the psychological side of the novel’s protagonist, at the same time demonstrates the tradition of the classic (the Balzacian or the Stendhalian) novel. When Liudas Vasaris begins his studies at the Theological Seminary he realizes that a calling to serve God is his life problem – there is a clash between the priesthood and his ambition to be a poet. But he is not likely to rebel against God as he does not perceive the priesthood to be his own life’s path. Thus, the priesthood does not become Liudas Vasaris’ existential experience, he confines himself to the earthly milieu. In this way Liudas Vasaris differs from the protagonist of George Bernanos’ novel Under Satan’s Sun, Father Donissan, who dares to rise above earthly life and stand up to God and perceive it as a metaphysical revolt. Mykolaitis-Putinas, who probably knew Bernanos’ novel, most likely saw it as an additional material that demonstrates a priest’s path.

Kauko, Mikko, Miika Norro, Kirsi-Maria Nummila, Tanja Toropainen & Tuomo Fonsén, eds. Languages in the Lutheran Reformation. Textual Networks and the Spread of Ideas

Author(s): Eleonora Buožytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2019

The review of: Kauko, Mikko, Miika Norro, Kirsi-Maria Nummila, Tanja Toropainen & Tuomo Fonsén, eds. 2019. Languages in the Lutheran Reformation. Textual Networks and the Spread of Ideas. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 303 p. ISBN 978 94 6298 155 3.

Home: The Sacred and the Profane in John McGahern’s Novel That They May Face the Rising Sun

Author(s): Linara Bartkuvienė / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

The article seeks to answer the question what it is about the place which is called home in John McGahern’s novel That They May Face the Rising Sun (2002), i.e. what it is that substantiates it and being in it and a return to it. It argues that the homeplace in the narrative of the novel is defined by two symbolic planes: home is not only a physical and material and social place/ space within a certain geography in the novel, but also is of the ontological structure which is the meeting point of two trajectories that cross over: one of them is the vertical − the sacred, the other is the horizontal − the profane. The sacred puts into communication the three placial / spatial geographies in the narrative − heaven, earth and underworld; the profane marks the historical and the linear. It is within the homeplace in the narrative of the novel that existential being opens up through the tensions between the sacred and the profane. To build the argument, the paper draws on Mircea Eliade’s hermeneutics in The Sacred and the Profane (1959), Cosmos and History: The Myth of the Eternal Return (1954), and Images and Symbols: Studies in Religious Symbolism (1961).

Broniaus Krivicko kūrybos žmogus ribinėje situacijoje: literatūrinė Dievo patirtis

Author(s): Dalia Čiočytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2020

Bronius Krivickas (1919–1952), a Lithuanian poet and fiction writer, a fighter against the Soviet occupation of Lithuania, reflects carefully the main ideas of existentialism: Søren Kierkegaard’s concept of individual freedom, Martin Heidegger’s notion of being-toward-death, the concept of a limiting situation developed by Karl Jaspers. In the worldview of B. Krivickas’s literary works, these ideas are associated with the context of Catholic philosophy and theology. This article investigates the notion of God within the existential limiting situation (especially the situation of death) in the literary works by B. Krivickas. The main critical perspective is the theology of literature. In the context of the dramatic experience of World War II, B. Krivickas’s short stories, a symbolist play A Tale About a Princess, and poetical prose works interpret God as being perceived through human conscience and a human longing for spiritual harmony. God is being thought of as the ultimate metaphysical mystery. In the period of Lithuanian fights for freedom, B. Krivickas’s poetry reveals an intense partisan self-consciousness. The poetry interprets the fight against the Soviet aggressor as a sacrifice for the nation’s freedom and compares it indirectly with the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ. According to the logic of existentialism, B Krivickas’s poetry claims that a human being is absolutely free, even if this means to choose freedom at the cost of life. God becomes the personal you for the fighter seen in B. Krivickas’s poetry. The main theme of the fighter’s dialogue with God is an existential complaint. The fighter experiences deep theodic dilemmas. He has no doubts about the righteousness of the war against the Soviet occupation, but he has deep doubts about the divine permission for evil to exist in the world. The faith of the poetic fighter is just his will to believe, his desire to believe. Thus the poetic figure of the fighter acquires both patriotic and religious heroism.

Арабско-турецкие фрагменты хорватского писателя-латиниста Бартула Джурджевича в польском антитатарском памфлете Петра Чижевского Alfurkan tatarski (Wilno, 1616/1617)

Author(s): Sergey Yurievich Temchin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2020

The article focuses on the small Oriental texts published in Piotr Czyżewski’s Polish anti-Muslim pamphlet Alfurkan tatarski (Wilno, 1616/1617) directed against the local Tatars of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. These texts consist of a small Arabic-Turkish prayer and the well-known Ottoman prophecy about “The Red Apple” and the expected victory of Christians over the Turks. The author argues that they go back to the Latin-language editions of the Croatian writer Bartul Đurđević/Bartolomej Georgijević (c. 1506 – c. 1566), who, after his return from a long Ottoman captivity, published several books on the Turkish subjects that were translated into many national European languages and disseminated in different editions throughout Western and Central Europe. These editions often contained samples of Ottoman texts accompanied by a parallel Latin translation and Latin-language interpretations of them, as well as small bilingual dictionaries, thus introducing Islam and the Turkish language to Europe. The article demonstrates the widespread prevalence of both Oriental texts (the Arabic-Turkish prayer and the Ottoman prophecy) in the European printed tradition and the presence of interest in them in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, evidenced by a manuscript copy of the Ottoman prophecy (late 17th century) and the Polish translation of both texts published in 1548 and 1615.

Arūnas Sverdiolas ir fenomenologinė kultūros filosofija

Author(s): Dalius Jonkus / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: Suppl./2020

The article deals with the relationship of hermeneutics and phenomenology in Arūnas Sverdiolas’s philosophy of culture. Firstly what is discussed is the problem of the separation between culture and nature, and then the concept of cultural activity and creation is analyzed. In cultural philosophy it is not enough to reflect on the cultural act of creation. Creation is the discovery of the world’s essential forms of expression. Ideas need to be discovered and only then they can be materialized and communicated to others in such an objective way. Therefore, culture must be understood as the communication of meaning. Cultural objects refer not only to the actions that create them, but also to the demands placed on potential perceivers.

Egologija ir hermeneutika: greimiškosios ir kavoliškosios inspiracijos Arūno Sverdiolo kultūros filosofijoje

Author(s): Gintautas Mažeikis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: Suppl./2020

The purpose of the article is to analyze how existential phenomenology and hermeneutics of Sverdiolas helps to understand the formation of culture as a transcendental process in the periods of the social and cultural crisis. Sverdiolas explains in detail the egology of Greimas and the cultural sociology of Kavolis, their understanding of the crisis, the exile and decline of cultures, and the radical choices of public intellectuals. Since much is said about egology and participatory understanding, the article develops the concept of hermeneutical anthropology. In this connection, we discuss Sverdiolas’s relation to the hermeneutical anthropology of Cl. Geertz and the condition of the transgressive being, which partly explains the role of personal choice in the time of cultural crisis. The article asks where and how do existential hermeneutics become anthropological or sociological. Greimas is discussed in the context of the crisis of meaning and phenomenological egology, and Kavolis in the context of group symbolic interactionism, the sociology of trust and friendship.

Arūno Sverdiolo bibliografija

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: Suppl./2020

Bir İşkâl Çözüm Yöntemi Olarak Neshin Aidiyet

Author(s): Muhammed İsa Yüksek / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2021

Mushkil al-Qur’ān is a science of the Qur’ān in which the verses that are considered contradictory at first glance and what ways/methods are used in reconciling them. From the point of view of a commentator or even a believer, the ishkal (contradiction) cannot be attributed to the Qur’ān proper, and the supposed contradictions between verses do not appear in the Qur’ān but the mind of the subject. Therefore, in this science, it can be seen that both the recognition of contradictions and the elimination of contradictions are related to the interpretive context of the tafsīr methodology. This science has emerged on a dynamic ground and has a characteristic feature that determines the interpreter’s ability to interpret. The aspect of the Mushkil al-Qur’ān that distinguishes it from other Qurʾānic Sciences relates to the practical dimension of the tafsīr rather than general determinations and statistical information about the Qur’ān. For this reason, the scope of the Mushkil al-Qur’ān may change depending on the time, culture, perspective of the commentator, knowledge, and school preferences. The fact that disciplines define the concept of mushkil in different ways, and the change in the scope of the subject in the independent works written in the early period and the Qurʾānic Sciences literature written after al-Zarkashī requires a terminological-chronological-methodological analysis of the nature and content of the Mushkil al-Qur’ān scholarship. With its pre-Zarkashī structure, Mushkil al-Qur’ān science differs from its structure that emerged in the later period, both in terms of its target audience and its content. If we look at the works of names such as Ibn Qutaybah, it becomes clear that this science is mandated to cater to the religionless. However, especially with the scope and methods in which it has been dealt with in the recent period, the Mushkil al-Qur’ān is based on the internal dynamics of the shari'a sciences. Therefore, it can be said that al-Zarkashī defined the science of Mushkil alQur’ān, which had a comprehensive content in the early period, with a different name and a narrowing of its content as a field fed by the internal dynamics of the tafsīr, and that this science acquired a unified form after al-Suyūṭī. This process brought about some changes in the subject matter and content of the science of the Mushkil al-Qur'ān. For the Mushkil al-Qur’ān, which in the early days had the purpose of answering the doubts and objections of the deniers of the Qur’ān, developed after al-Zarkashī into a field mainly concerned with removing the difficulties of understanding. Within this framework, the methods and classifications presented in this science with the structure defined by al-Zarkashī are the products of the effort to make sense of the Word of God. The systematization of this effort to make sense under the umbrella of shāri‘ sciences in a terminological and theoretical framework opens the science of Mushkil al-Qur'ān to the fields of kalam and fiqh/method. In the works written on Mushkil al-Qur’ān and in the literature on fiqh, the reasons for the contradictions between the verses and the ways to eliminate them are given. What these ways depend on the context in which the contradiction is dealt with. Those who treat the contradiction in a way that includes the ambiguities in the words while eliminating these ambiguities resort to other pieces of evidence such as narratives, style of expression/context, truth metaphor, reason, analogy, and custom. In case of an apparent contradiction, methods like cem‘ (gathering), preference, naskh, renunciation are used. Despite the differences in the school’s preferences as to which of these methods was used first in the classical period, there is almost a consensus as to the ways followed in eliminating contradictions between verses. In the modern period, some scholars claim that one of these methods, abrogation, is directly related to the Mushkil alQur’ān, and they explain that naskh is applied when the contradictions between the verses cannot be interpreted. This assertion, made in modern times, that naskh is a method that scholars resort to when they cannot remove the impression of contradictions between verses, is closely related to the definition, essence, and content of the Mushkil al-Qur’ān. In this context, it is crucial where the ways/methods used to follow the nature-content pendulum while eliminating the counterparts of the terms and the impressions of contradiction. This is because the acceptance of naskh as a contradiction solution stems from the fact that it is one of the ways to prove that there is no contradiction in the Qur’ān from the perspective of fiqh, and naskh means that two contradictory provisions were valid at different times. The contradiction arises when it is claimed that these two provisions are valid at the same time.

Accuracy and Reception: On Theological and Aesthetic Novelty in Two Novels by Teodora Dimova

Author(s): Ewelina Drzewiecka / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2021

This article raises the question of functioning of the Biblical narrative in modern literature in the context of the local/individual experience of faith and the epistemological and existential question of truth. The focus is on two novels by the Bulgarian writer Teodora Dimova (born in 1960): Марма Мариам [Marma, Mariam, 2010] and Първият рожден ден [The First Birthday, 2016]. This case is particularly interesting because the Biblical story about Jesus has not been used here in order to create a parody or blasphemy, which could be expected as far as the postmodern de-contextualisation and re-evaluation of tradition are concerned, but to offer both an aesthetically original and theologically orthodox vision of the Christian God. So how to paraphrase the Biblical story and remain orthodox? How to actualize the existential potential of the Bible and achieve novelty? The analysis is conducted in the perspective of Paul Ricoeur’s existential hermeneutics and phenomenology of memory, especially his concepts of testimony and mimesis, with regard to the question of the reception of Biblical paraphrases in (Bulgarian) modern culture.

Kur’an-Sünnet Bütünlüğü Bağlamında Kur’an Yolu Tefsirinde Hadis Kullanımında Görülen Problemler

Author(s): Mehmet Ali Çalgan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2021

The Sunnah has an important role in the correct understanding and the protection from wrong interpretations of the Qurʾān. Accordingly, ḥadīth played a crucial role in shaping the opinions of the mufassirs. In this article, the tafsir titled Kur’an Yolu written by a group of scholars and first published by the Presidency of the Religious Affairs in 2003 which is widely read in Turkey is examined from ḥadīth usage point of view. The problems in ḥadīth usage are classified under headings such as insufficiency/incorrectness in the explanation of verses due to insufficient usage of ḥadīth, not including ḥadīth which corroborate the verse, wrong conclusions derived from ḥadīth, problems with citations, ḥadīth translation problems, wrong explanation of ḥadīth, problems with some issues related to Sunnah. Over fifty examples where there were wrong citations of ḥadīth, wrong conclusions were derived, there was mixing up of ḥadīth and translation errors leading to wrong meanings were determined and the most important ones were studied. Due to these problems regarding ḥadīth usage, it was seen that sometimes the unity of Qurʾān and Sunnah was violated and some wrong explanations were given. The article is important due to determination of these mistakes and attracting attention to care and precaution in ḥadīth usage in this kind of works. This study indicates the importance of Qurʾān-Sunnah unity and shows the important role that ḥadīths play in understanding the verses. It is observed that in case hadiths related to a verse are not given or given in an insufficient or incorrect manner the verse in question is understood or interpreted incorrectly. Therefore, the correct translation and explanation of the ḥadīth, avoiding citation mistakes and making use of primary sources are very important. The factors that lead to wrong conclusions are not evaluating a ḥadīth in its entirety (taking into account only the first part of the ḥadīth), not evaluating the ḥadīths related to a subject in entirety (taking into account only certain ḥadīths), not making use of commentaries in order to understand a ḥadīth correctly and wrong citation of a ḥadīth. The fact that the ḥadīth which is about the gladness of Allah due to the repentance of a person has been confused with another ḥadīth and an additional error has been made in the text of this ḥadīth indicates that the authors have remembered this ḥadīth incorrectly and they have not verified this ḥadīth in its source. Given the material mistakes in many other examples under the citation errors title, it has been concluded that the wrong citation of ḥadīths in a way that affects the meaning constitutes a serious problem for the work under examination. As to the translation problems, it is observed that they arise from wrong citation of the ḥadīth from its sources (for instance omitting a word or adding expressions that are not found in the ḥadīth) or not making use of commentaries in understanding the ḥadīth. It is necessary that for the analysis of the ḥadīth the authors make use of the tafsir of Ibn Kathīr who is a ḥadīth scholar along with the works of other scholars who are not specialized in ḥadīth in order to correctly determine the accuracy level and meaning of the ḥadīth. It seems necessary that a commission that includes ḥadīth scholars review this work in order to correct the mistakes that are found and to make use of the suggestions that are put forward. This step is important for correcting the mistakes found in this prestigious and widely used work. Furthermore, since many readers gain knowledge about Qurʾān using this work, consideration of issues raised in this study will contribute to the forthcoming edition of the work. It is surprising that despite proposed corrections since its initial publication, so many material mistakes still exist in this valuable work which is a product of great effort. It is hoped that it will continue to become useful for people by making necessary corrections.