Действителната свобода като възможна чрез Другия

Author(s): Iliya Todorov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 5/2016

The article aims to reveal the crucial relationship between the concept of freedom and the figure of the Other (another conscious being) as enshrined in the philosophical reflections of Friedrich Schelling and Jean-Paul Sartre. In studies on the two philosophers conducted in the tradition of conceptual clarification of the subject–object relationship, in the light of transcendental idealism philosophy, we find symptomatic similarities used as keys to understanding the problem of freedom defined in the phenomenological perspective.

Shaftesbury as a Popperian: critical rationalism before its time? Part II

Author(s): Lydia Amir / Language(s): English Issue: 36/2016

Shaftesbury has assigned humor an unparalleled role within philosophy, which may be encapsulated in the following tenets: (1) ridicule is the test of truth; (2) humor and good humor have a habilitating function with regard to truth; (3) the most effective criticism is humorous; and (4) humor is the mark of rationality. In the present article, I introduce Shaftesbury’s views on ridicule, good humor and humor in order to assess both the originality and viability of Shaftesbury’s contribution. I argue, first, that Shaftesbury’s views on ridicule as a test of truth and on good-humor as habilitating truth are thoroughly original, but cannot be implemented without adhering to his metaphysics and epistemology. Second, Shaftesbury’s views on humor are only partially original, though these can be implemented independently of metaphysical and epistemological assumptions for the greatest benefit of philosophers in general and critical rationalists in particular. I conclude that not only does Shaftesbury anticipate the view that critical thinking is the core of rationality, the main principle of the view known as critical rationalism associated with the renown 20th century philosopher of science and social philosopher, Karl Popper, but he also offers a viable means to enhance criticism as rationality by taking into consideration the psychological resistance to criticism that Popper acknowledges but refuses to address.

Sve je samo konstrukcija

Author(s): Žarko Paić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 09+12/2016

Gdje vlada razasutost metafizičkoga tereta istine bitka, tamo cvate estetsko iskustvo Stvari. Nigdje kao u suvremenoj umjetnosti gotovo da ne postoji kompromis između ozakonjene institucije njezina djelovanja–u–svijetu i zbiljskoga svijeta o tome da promjena učvršćuje stabilnost, kaos podaruje legitimnost poretku, a entropija ga čuva od propasti. Imamo jezik kojim više ne objašnjavamo što jest smisao bitka. Umjesto toga, služi nam kao alat za razotkrivanje mnoštva značenja. Ona nisu ukorijenjena u onome što se pokazuje kao stvar sama. Jednostavno, proizlaze iz »forme života«. U nju upisujemo znakove i tragove, šifre i kodove.

Ka određenju značenja postmoderne

Author(s): Samir Arnautović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 01/1998

Pitanje značenja postmoderne odavno već nije semantički orijentirano i izražava se u preispitivanju tokova otvorenih nastojanjem prevladavanja situacije u kojoj je već sve općenito izgubilo važnost u tome što je postalo poznato. U tom smislu "postmoderna" je jedna razdražujuća riječ. Ona plaši i mami (Wolfgang Welsch, Wege aus der Moderne, Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1994., str.l) ona je izraz primarnosti promišljanja svih životno određenih momenata, te se u tom smislu pojavljuje kao izraz vremena. Istovremeno, upravo iz ove određenosti "postmoderna" je izraz koji više neće biti okrenut samo ka literaturi, arhitekturi i drugim oblastima umjetnosti, nego će jednako dobro biti sociološki upućena kako i filozofski, ekonomski, tako i teološki, za nju je pronađen priključak i u historiji i antropologiji, pravu i psihijatriji, teoriji kulture, geografiji i pedagogiji (W. Welsch, Ibid. str.l). Jasno je da postmoderna nije nikakvo relativiziranje stvari radi samog relativiziranja, ona nije izraz zahtjeva za partikularizacijom, čime bi bila samo novum moderne, nego potreba dekonstrukcije tradicije i perspektivističkog promišljanja zbilje. Značenje prefiksa "post" treba tražiti u višeznačnosti i spremnosti na polivalentnost u promišljanju.

Възможността, която желае (за една динамична онтология)

Author(s): Boyan Manchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2-3/2017

This article discusses aspects of transformationalist materialism, or modal ontology, attempting to synthetically present its program, as introduced in my books The Body-Metamorphosis (2007), La métamorphose et l’instant - Désorganisation de la vie (2009) and especially L’altération du monde (2009). Today the crucial philosophical question of materialism is posed, as always, imperatively and urgently, and under radically transformed conditions. What will be the future destiny of matter, given that a quasi-organic substance is violently imposed on the world? Is materialistic thought still possible in this seemingly immaterial world? In clear opposition to the new para-materialist or quasi-materialist obsessions with “objects”, I believe that the question regarding the matter of the world, the modalities of its expansion and transformations - in other words, the question of “things” – is, paradoxically, crucial today primarily as an extension and radicalization of the question of subjectivity, and hence of agencies and forces; thereby, the political question of decision, rupture and change is also radicalized. Hence, the central question I pose is the question of change, the question of movement, the question of the dialectical connection between thing and process, thing and change. This way of reflecting on the issue tries to approach the premisses of the decisive questions of contemporary philosophy, science and politics. What is a subject, or in a more general perspective, what is an agent? What is process? What is change? What is it that remains unchanged? What is persistence? What is decision? What is the force of desire? What is the desire of the things, the desire of matter?

Co i jak poznajemy przez obrazy – edycja trzecia

Author(s): Krzysztof Rojek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2016

SVIJEST O VREMENU MODERNE I NJENA POTREBA ZA SAMOUVJERENJEM

Author(s): Jürgen Habermas / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 03+04/1988

The text represents the first chapter from the book on philosophic discourse of Modernism by Jürgen Habermas. The central figures are Hegel and Benjamin. The author discusses Hegel's discovery of subjectivity as a principle of new times. He explains the superiority of the modern world and its crisis, the world of progress and alienated spirit at the same time. The crucial historic events for establishment of the subjectivity principle are: Reformation, Enlightenment and French Revolution. In Modernism, religious life, nation and society are transformed and so are science, morality and art. The structure of Modernism in philosophy includes abstract subjectivity in Descartes cogito, absolute self-confidence in Kant, who places the mind as the highest tribunal, before which relevance has to be justified.

A methodological analysis of the scientific research

Author(s): Kadzik OGANYAN / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The article addresses the structure of scientific research in the context of the methodology of science. This goal is realized through the concrete material of physical theory, detailing the structure of scientific research and its elements; its process and the laws it obeys; its results, which leadthe process; its motives, e.g. the "driving forces" of research and the role of philosophy in the process.The paperexamines the theoretical phase of researches as a synthesis of the empirical and the speculative,in contrast to the existing literature that presents the opposition between theoretical and empirical research. The steps of knowledge of the objective laws in a particular area are analysed: the empirical research,the non-fundamental theoretical,the speculative, and the fundamental theoretical; this analysis allows the generalization of the patterns of scientific research. Particular attention is paid to the speculative research and its main elements. The“methodological mechanism” of formation of new fundamental conceptions in science is unravelled. The essence of this mechanism consists of some non-logical cognitive operations (idealization, choice of “Gestalt”, substitution, generalization). The knowledge of corresponding combinations of these operations made by the investigator facilitates the process of research, decreases the probability of errors in the scientific cognition.

Какъв е залогът във „Време и разказ“ на Пол Рикьор?

Author(s): Chavdar Dimitrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2018

The article is a critique of the language-time relation, characterized by Paul Ricoeur as: return and distanciation in regard to pre-narrativity; opening the logic of story toward historicity; engagement with the fictional. To the forefront is the question of delineation between epistemological and ontological problematics. To this end, first, the mediating role of reflexivity, differentiated on the basis of distanciation and textuality, is examined. Second, in the context of the conception for triple mimesis are distinguished: the function of imagination and ambiguous moments in Ricoeur’s strategy – inconsistency in his plan for processual historical thinking and respectively – a problem with the notion of ‘representing’ the past. The analysis continues with the complementary theme of a “projected world,” where the act of reading brings forth the phenomenon of time through a productive intersection. Here, via the juxtaposition between an emplotment, which is already in a cultural world, and the autonomous literary work, is outlined Ricoeur’s idea about a transition from semantics of action, through a trans-temporal imaginary world, to refiguration. In the next part of the research, an overview of the limits before a positive articulation of narrated time parallels the last possibility, allowed by the specific status of the thesis in Time and Narrative. The perspective of a double hermeneutical key: circularity of triple interpretations, on the one hand, and dialectic of distensio animi (St. Augustin) and discordant concordance (Aristotle), on the other hand, is explained in the conclusion. In this way Ricoeur saves a chance for going beyond the aporetics of time, but leaves behind the frame of philosophical investigation.

Qualification of a Crime as a Part of Modern Reality in Terms of Law and Order and Philosophical Approaches to Its Comprehension

Author(s): Vasiliy V. Marchuk / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2018

The purpose of this work consists of defining the qualification premises of a crime based on modern understanding of law and order reality and methods designed to comprehend this aspect of life. Introduction: Philosophical principles of crime qualification methodology can be defined through their synthetic impact on the cognitive process dedicated to understanding of criminal (deviant) behavior that is reflected in the model of the created in accordance with law and constitution limits. This aspect justifies the attempts to invent new innovative approaches and adjust their usage in the cognitive process of the crime event which is regarded as a specific occurrence in the modern reality in terms of law and order. Such events need to be adequately assessed by lawyers and all those whose competence includes the right to give an estimate with regard to such events. Methodology: The study in question was conducted in accordance with the principle of methodology pluralism, which means that multiple methods were deployed while planning as well as doing the research. The methods used include such as dialectic, natural law, hermeneutic – phenomenological, structurally – functional, and epistemological explication approaches. Results: The philosophical and methodological premises, or principles, that play a major role in the attempts to qualify a crime have a special meaning, namely a meaning of the postulating ideas that are often viewed as directing the cognitive process and are buttressed by the main branches of philosophical knowledge: ontology, axiology, and epistemology

„Рекламно“ измештање реалности

Author(s): Bojana Radenković Šošić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2017

Postmodern advertising is based on the usage of postmodern conditions in communication with consumers. Every condition has its several manifestations which could be identified on verbal, audio or iconic level of interpretation. In this paper, lexical, syntactic and rhetoric features of Italian advertising slogans were analysed in the context of decentring, a postmodern condition constructed on Derrida's idea of decentralization, method of deconstruction and intertextuality.

KLASİK ARAP ŞİİR VE TEORİK HİTABINDA TAZMÎN (EN‐ JAMBMENT) VE YAPISAL UYUM ÜZERİNE

Author(s): Amidu Sanni,Ömer Kara / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 30/2014

First section of this paper assesses the importance of tadmin, “implication of meaning,” in medieval Arabic literature, and also reflects on its significance for the language today. What is particularly interesting about the term is that once its usage became fully established it was employed not only by some of the grammarians but also a number of scholars of rhetoric and legal theory. A further important aspect of tadmin addressed by this essay is its relationship to other syntactic and rhetorical devices. In the second section, the author handled issue of tadmīn how it transformed from a prosodic defect to a poetic device in an earlier article. But when he looked at this subject with only perspective, he felt the need to write a new article dealing with reasonable causes of this development and detailed kinds of tadmīn. In this article, he examined tadmīn in detail by separating into three as “grammatical tadmīn”, “rhetorical tadmīn” and “hermeneutic tadmīn”.

Pomirenje nauke i života. Filozofska propedeutika i međuratni prosvetni program iz rukopisne zaostavštine Svetislava Banice

Author(s): Dragan Prole / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 24/2015

The paper investigates the writings of Svetislav Banica, and based on them, reflects the scholarly projects which were devoted to the promotion of educational policies in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. With insight into their complexity, we see that the Interbellum work on the enhancement of the pedagogical and educational status of schooling of philosophical propedeutics in grammar school terms had a far greater reach and interest when compared to the first decades of the 21st century. On one hand, it related to the need to investigate the moral and psychological specificities of the youth, while on the other dealt with the systematic strengthening of the institutionalized infrastructure of the entirety of the cultural development. Unlike the modern faintheartedness, the Interbellum professors of philosophy perceived the schooling as one of the motors of future development, which will ensure a far more significant place for the Slavic peoples on the cultural map of Europe. With that in mind, the author concludes that the art of education for a future society, of which they spoke so emotionally and fondly, remains today the crucial challenge for every philosophy teacher.

Helenizmo kultūros samprata Antano Rubšio biblistikoje

Author(s): Romualdas Juzefovičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 38/2004

The prelate Antanas Rubšys (1923-2002), in the middle of the 20th century, was already involved in the archaeological research of historic places mentioned in the Holy Scripture, the results of which were later applied to text-analytical studies of the Old and New Testaments. From this point of view, the following voluminous works of Rubšys may be excluded: “Key to the Old Testament” and “Key to the New Testament”. These works, in addition to other issues, analyse the interaction between culture and religion, and present premises for internal and external change in the Near East. All propositions presented by Rubšys are grounded on ideological principles formulated by unknown authors of the Old Testament, and historical parallels thereof, which partially reveal the internal split in Jewish culture during the Hellenist period. The purpose of this article is to discuss one of the many historical aspects analysed in Rubšys’ works, i.e. reflections of Hellenist culture and its evaluation in narrations of the Old Testament.

Septynios Šventosios Dvasios dovanos ir jų sąveika su dorybėmis pagal šv. Tomą Akvinietį

Author(s): Jolita Balčiūnaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 36/2004

St. Thomas Aquinas describes the gifts of the Holy Spirit as a help for a moral Christian life. It is through the gifts of the Holy Spirit that perfection of human nature occurs, as the gifts themselves are perfections, which incline a person to follow the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. Furthermore, this inspiration is God’s special help for a person springing from the abundance of God’s goodness. They let the Holy Spirit act in a person freely and spontaneously and are a kind of permanent right of the Holy Spirit to interfere in the life of a baptised person. Analysing the activities of each gift separately, St. Thomas Aquinas divides them into contemplative and practical, taking into consideration the powers of the human soul, i.e., the powers of reason and appetite. Thus every gift of the Holy Spirit makes perfect a certain power of the human soul so that the Holy Spirit can embrace all spheres of human activity. St. Thomas Aquinas includes the gifts of the Holy Spirit in an integral structure of virtuous life, where seven gifts of the Holy Spirit interact with seven virtues: four cardinal virtues and three divine or theological virtues. Finally, it is revealed that according to St. Thomas Aquinas, gifts and virtues act in a person differently. The gifts of the Holy Spirit, with their activity descending from God, bring human actions to perfection in a supernatural way, contrary to virtues, which bring human actions to perfection in a natural way. That is why a Christian reaches his final purpose - eternal life . not only by practising virtues, but first of all by co-operation with the Holy Spirit and letting It act through Its gifts.

Septynios Šventosios Dvasios dovanos ir jų sąveika su dorybėmis pagal šv. Tomą Akvinietį

Author(s): Jolita Balčiūnaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 35/2003

St. Thomas Aquinas describes the gifts of the Holy Spirit as a help for a moral Christian life. It is through the gifts of the Holy Spirit that perfection of human nature occurs, as the gifts themselves are perfections, which incline a person to follow the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. Furthermore, this inspiration is God’s special help for a person springing from the abundance of God’s goodness. They let the Holy Spirit act in a person freely and spontaneously and are a kind of permanent right of the Holy Spirit to interfere in the life of a baptised person. Analysing the activities of each gift separately, St. Thomas Aquinas divides them into contemplative and practical, taking into consideration the powers of the human soul, i.e., the powers of reason and appetite. Thus every gift of the Holy Spirit makes perfect a certain power of the human soul so that the Holy Spirit can embrace all spheres of human activity. St. Thomas Aquinas includes the gifts of the Holy Spirit in an integral structure of virtuous life, where seven gifts of the Holy Spirit interact with seven virtues: four cardinal virtues and three divine or theological virtues. Finally, it is revealed that according to St. Thomas Aquinas, gifts and virtues act in a person differently. The gifts of the Holy Spirit, with their activity descending from God, bring human actions to perfection in a supernatural way, contrary to virtues, which bring human actions to perfection in a natural way. That is why a Christian reaches his final purpose - eternal life - not only by practising virtues, but first of all by co-operation with the Holy Spirit and letting It act through Its gifts.

Літургічний сакральний текст у середньовічній і новочасній європейській культурній парадигмі

Author(s): Olga Leonidivna Zosim / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2018

The purpose of the research. The aim of the article is to create a coherent picture of the transformation of the forms of liturgical texts as representatives of the sacredness from the Middle Ages to the Contemporary Period in the context of the medieval and modern its paradigms. Research methodology is a combination of historical, cultural, comparative, liturgical, contextual methods, with the help of which the specificity of the liturgical texts of various Christian denominations from the Middle Ages to the present as representatives of the sacral was characterized. Scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that in Ukrainian science for the first time the mechanisms of transformation of the forms of sacred texts in liturgical music from the Middle Ages to the Modern and Contemporary Period were shown. Conclusions. In the Middle Ages the sacred text of the divine service appears as a syncretic unity of the verbal and transcendent, where the latter is represented through the aesthetic component. Religious communication in medieval divine service is accomplished through the transcendental dimension of the sacrament of the Eucharist, in which the prayermeditative function is a priority, and the proclamation of the Word of God is in the background. The anthropocentric dimension of the culture of the Modern Period has modified the form of the manifestation of the sacredness in the church art, which led to the separation of the verbal component from the transcendent and, accordingly, from the aesthetic. In the new Protestant churches the modification is associated with the rejection of the sacrament as a transcendent dimension of the rite and is marked by the strengthening of the verbal factor through the proclamation of the Word of God in the sermon. In traditional churches, while maintaining the classical sacramental theology, there is a two-vector approach to the use of liturgical texts, where during the XVII–XX centuries actual become services alternately either in sacral or in national languages.

Symbolic Transformation of the Widow`s Image in Biblical Cultural Tradition: Semantics, Analogies, Universal Features

Author(s): Oleh Mikhaylovich Shepetyak,Svitlana Anatoliyivna Khrypko / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

The purpose of the work is to analyze the specific features of a widow‘s image and status on the Bible pages, to consider semantic contexts of an image, to follow the parallels between the images of an orphan and a widow, to conceive a loneliness phenomenon and orphans‘ and widows‘ protection in Biblical tradition. Axiological variety and poly vector spiritual and semantic representation of Biblical women‘ images are the main focuses of the issue. Methodologically the issue is based on the original source of the Bible. The work is based on methodical description of the women‘ images, who are selected from the Old and New Testament in order to highlight valued features of each image. Moreover, the methods of semantic analysis and hermeneutics are applied to consider semantic differences. The principles of comparative analysis are applied in order to reveal the traits of a widow‘s image in the blocks of historical texts and compare Ukrainian context of widows‘ existence with biblical one. Scientific novelty is in the poly semantic analysis of the women‘ Biblical context and widows‘ images separation with further analysis of their fates, valued statuses, which allowed them to embody the problems of motherhood and marriage, future children birth and solitude, the problem of divine protection in different ways. The issue is devoted to the consideration of symbolic and axiological poly vector transformations of the mentioned problems. Conclusions. The social polarity and spiritual separation of a widow‘s place and role in ancient tradition, and poly vector semantics of a widow‘s Biblical context are conceived. The attention is drawn to the varied contexts of solitude, selectiveness, devoted life, vocation, divine protection of a widow. A widow‘s image is compared with orphans‘ statuses, levits, foreigners, etc. A widow‘s figure is shown as a symbolic one. The ideas of selectiveness, God blessing, obedience, and humility, a miracle of sacred and virgin life are embodied in a person, whose name is translated as ―tears of sea‖. Virgin Mary is a crown of a widow‘s image understanding in Biblical tradition.

Літературна спадщина Миколи Гоголя як джерело дослідження історії бюрократії

Author(s): Valentyna Vasylivna Bezdrabko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2019

The purpose of the article is to identify the general social characteristics of the capital bureaucracy of the Russian Empire in the first half of the nineteenth century on the example of Mykola Vasylovych Hohol «Petersburg Stories». The methodology consists of methods of scientific criticism, historical-chronological, historical-typological, structural-system methods for the study of belles-lettres as a historical source and the presentation of intrinsic results. The scientific novelty of the research is to update the works of M.V. Hohol as a fact of objective reality, a historical source in the study of the history of bureaucracy. Conclusions. Reform of the bureaucratic apparatus of the Russian empire of the first half of the nineteenth century determined: changes in the quantitative, qualitative composition of the bureaucracy; mental transformations; professionalization and features of activity; increase of educational qualification; reduction of the role of family ties, that is, patronage; development of the service hierarchy. The formation of class bureaucracy as a special stratum with a specific subculture illustrates the images of the Hohol titular counselor and collegiate assessor, depicted against the backdrop of general social history, the history of everyday life, the everyday life of the individual. Their official activity was conditioned by special qualification and rewarded with titles, pledges, and other honors. The multi-vector of the plot lines of «Petersburg Stories» enables a multidimensional perception of the image of the bureaucrat and the historically predetermined background of his existence.

Linguistic Image of Non-Christian Jews in Early Christian Narratives as a Function of Inter-Group Conflict (Theoretical Background)

Author(s): Amadeusz Citlak / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

This article is an attempt to apply a modern social psychology thesis to reproduce a linguistic image of non-Christian Jews in chosen narratives taken from the Greek canonical Gospels of the New Testament. In the first century AD, non-Christian Jews and primitive Christians found themselves in a state of growing ideological conflict resulting in marked changes in their social relations and mutual perceptions. While remaining in close connection with the usage of language and discourse creation, these changes led to the adoption of new linguistic strategies among primitive Christians, thanks to which the image of non-Christian Jews took on over the course of the following years characteristics of negative stereotypes. A structural model has been used to analyse Christian texts, allowing for consistent and uniform comparisons of available sources. The aim of this paper therefore is an attempt to recreate linguistic characteristics of Jews in primitive Christian documents. There is also an alternative proposal for the analysis of stereotypes against that which has been used for many years in the study of anti-Judaism in historical documents. I will present the theoretical context (a short historical outline) and accepted psychological theories.