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Filozofija i tehnika

Author(s): Heda Festini / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/2003

From the beginnings of philosophy, the problem of a method has a double meaning/level- it was every sort of research, and, at the same time, special research. In philosophy, second meaning was prevalent - every research was a proposition for a method, but in science such a method could be, at the same, a new theory. Consequently, the method is a general instruction for some technique. Techne, ars, technology ... are the principles of using the knowledge, i.e. general instructions for directing human activities, and could be divided on rational and magic, i.e. religious technique, the former more distinctively into symbolic, technique of behaviour and technology of production (Abbagnano). The solutions for the critique of science as a stetement of anti-technology are offered as follows: l) the call for a renewal of spiritual life and retum to precedent stages of development; 2) Husserl's call for intelligent behaviour; 3) Heidegger's quietistic reconcilation and waiting for something; 4) Abbagnano's searching for new corrective techniques. The author is pleading for the last solution, by intensifying it with a help of aporetic question: atomic bomb in World War II - yes or no? The answer is included in a fact that scientific research should not, and could not be stopped by any kind of principles. Bioethics too, could function as a corrective technique (Čatić), but it, as well as philosophy, should be directed towards politics and management, and not against science and technology.

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Tijelo i tekst: genealogija praksi razdvajanja

Author(s): Dušan Ristić,Dušan Marinković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/139/2015

In this paper we are identifying transformations from individualization and localization of practices over a specific corporeality to collective political practices over the body-population. In this way we take a genealogical approach to the problem of the erosion of paleosymbolism and the occurrence of discursivity of the body through the discontinuity of the body and text. In the processes of the general social deritualization – primarily of public communication, which signifies the rationalization of the Western society, at the end of the 18th century, occurred new forms of utterances: medical, psychiatric, legal, pedagogical, psychological, which were grouped into text/knowledge/power. With reference to Foucault’s analytics of power, we analyse deritualization of the practices of uttering that occurred in parallel with the changes within the practices of punishment and that includes the new technology and mechanisms of power over the human bodies. In the paper we conclude that the same matrices of texts and practices that were earlier constructed for concrete, individual bodies will be applied to the new body – society.

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«ГЕРАКЛИТ» ХАЙДЕГГЕРА, ALETHEIA И ПАРАДОКС ЛЖЕЦА

Author(s): Vsevolod Ladov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2015

In this article I analyze Heidegger’s interpretation of the Greek word «aletheia» (truth) from a logical point of view. Heidegger asserts that Greek philosophers considered «aletheia» to be «Die Unverborgenheit» (un-concealed). How the Liar Paradox will look like if we use Heidegger’s «Die Unverborgenheit» instead of «truth» in the logical reasoning? I assert that if Heidegger’s concept of truth is utilized a clear logical formulation of the Liar Paradox will be impossible. This fact casts doubt on Heidegger’s interpretation of the Greek idea of «aletheia», because the Liar Paradox is one of the oldest paradoxes formulated in Greek philosophy.

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ДРЕВНЕГРЕЧЕСКАЯ ТРАГЕДИЯ КАК ИСТОЧНИК СПЕКУЛЯТИВНОГО МЫШЛЕНИЯ

Author(s): Evgeny Nayman / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2015

This article focuses on the role of the ancient Greek tragedy in the formation of a speculative philosophy. The author argues that the tragedy model is a prototype for the Schelling’s and Hegel’s speculative metaphysics. Its dialectical structure acts as the general means of resolving the philosophical contradictions between dogmatism and criticism, freedom and necessity, the subjective and the objective. The speculative system restored the identity of freedom and necessity through conflict. The comparative analysys of the idealistic “philosophical tragedy” and ancient Greek tragedy revealed their deep internal relationship. Based on Szondi, Lacoue-Labarthe and Bataille, the author argues that the speculative tragedy, based on the principles of Aristotle’s theory of catharsis, and the mimetic nature of dialectical thinking are closely linked with the poetics of the tragic action, recreating the ritual forms of sacrifice.

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Białe kłamstwo w praktyce medycznej z perspektywy wybranych teorii etycznych

Author(s): Krzysztof Sobczak,Agata Janaszczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2015

Does a medical practitioner have a moral obligation to mislead a patient about hiscondition, if he has subjective certainty, that revealing the truth to the patient mayharm him even more? Or, perhaps the practioner is always bound to fully inform thepatient about true state of his health? Idea that pertains to those questions is, in itsnature, achronic. It has accompanied medicine since its birth and has also becomean issue pondered by philosophers. Over the course of centuries, various ethicalfundaments have been created by social and historical contexts. Their purpose wasto evaluate the so called ‘white lie’. The intention of this article is to classify and describemain ethical concepts, within which a solution to this issue has been sought for.

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Teologia jako nauka formalna

Author(s): Łukasz Remisiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2015

Among philosophers of science there are a lot of views about nature of theology in relate to others disciplines. In the article author defends an account according to which theology is a formal science. Firstly he introduces two necessary features of science: semantic exclusivity and practical egalitarianism. Next he examines theological definitions of theology and using Bocheński’s meaning partition he indicates that matter of theology has operative meaning, but not eidetic. In the face of this difficulty, author shows examples of theological researches and exposes its schemes. Furthermore, he presents a final conclusion that theological researches are nothing more than establishing mutual relations between a finite number of terms, in other words the creation of some new conceptual schemes that would be syntactically coherent and logically consistent with other, previously approved, conceptual schemes. Finally he indicates how theology bases on four kinds of rules of sentences’ transformation: rule of syntactic, sources, conclusion-formulating and assigning the truthfulness.

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ЛИРИКА Ф.И. ТЮТЧЕВА В СВЕТЕ ФИЛОСОФИИ ПОЗДНЕГО М. ХАЙДЕГГЕРА

Author(s): Albina Mazgarovna Sayapova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2016

The paper presents an interpretation of F.I. Tyutchev’s vivid philosophical system in relation to the views of M. Heidegger, whose philosophical reasoning is clearly similar to the thoughts of the Russian poet expressed in a number of his works. The symbolic and capacious images of F.I. Tyutchev motivated by “the feeling of anguish and horror” are considered in the context of the late philosophy of M. Heidegger, who was concerned with the problem of the century of industrialization disrupting the harmony between humans and the universe, when a human individual ceases to be “a reflection of the Whole”. The method of “point” hermeneutics provides a possibility to investigate the resonances in the types of attitudes and artistic thinking of M. Heidegger, whose style is characterized by the poetry of word, and F.I. Tyutchev, whose poetry is based on reflection. The creative relationships in the works of both thinkers in the context of the ontological problem designated by M. Heidegger as “the essence in general” are studied.

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Korzenie myśli libertariańskiej

Author(s): Hubert Staśkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2016

In this article I discuss the roots of libertarian thought. First I draw a little-known late-scholastic philosophy of the Renaissance period. Then, the theoretical basis for the libertarian direction created: Anglo-Saxon philosophers the Age of Enlightenment and French anti-statists nineteenth century. A fundamental contribution to the popularization this philosophy played in turn: Austrian economics, which created such outstanding figures as Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises and Chicago school of economics under the direction of Milton Friedman.

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Rukopisný irmologion Jána Juhaseviča Skľarského z rokov 1800-1801

Author(s): Mária Prokipčáková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 02/2015

Presented paper brings new information about hitherto unexplored manuscript of significant scribe and cantor Ján Juhasevič Skľarskyj (1741-1814). The fifth known irmologion of Juhasevič was written (copied) in the village called Nevické in the years 1800-1801. The paper focuses on the description of its form and repertoire. In the addition to the basic musical and textual comparison the article puts emphasis on the system of writing tradition and liturgical musical praxis in the Carpathian region.

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Dejiny slovenskej literatúry a srbská Vojvodina. Dva vojvodinské katechizmy a latinská ekloga Beata Bacska

Author(s): Erika Brtáňová,Oľga Vaneková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 03+04/2018

The goal of the paper is to show that Lower-land Vojvodina (Northern Serbia), which was inhabited in the second half of the 18th century by Slovak evangelicals of the Augsburg confession for economic and religious reasons, was an enviroment where specific literary culture was created being mainly based on religious and educational literature. It focuses on one of the significant manifestations of this sort of literature, i. e. catechism production, which features two characteristic lines: the original domestic catechism (Matej Ambrózi Jádro náboženství křesťanského ku prospěchu evangelických konfirmantů/The Core of Christian Religion to the Benefit of Evangelical Confirmands, 1844) and the adaptation of a translation of a foreign (German) catechism (Leopold Abafi – Heinrich Wendel: Výklad malého katechismu D. Martina Luthera/ The interpretation of Dr Martin Luther´s Small Catechism, 1870). The second part of the article deals with occasional print by Michal Godra (1801-1874) Carmen pastoricium (Novi Sad, 1841). The paper focuses on the first of two eclogues titled Beata Bacska. Ecloga I. (Blessed Báčka, eclogue I.), which is composed of 97 lines written in hexameter. The article includes a transcription of the Latin text, a prosaic translation into Slovak and the interpretation of its themes and motifs.

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Fictional Names, Fictional Characters and Persons Referred to in Narrative Fiction

Author(s): Petr Koťátko / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

The paper is based on a strict distinction between the notion of a person referred to by a fictional name, as uttered within a text of narrative fiction, and the notion of a fictional character. The literary functions of such a text require the reader to interpret the occurences of a fictional name as records of utterances of that name by the narrator, referring to that individual which has been assigned that name at the beginning of the chain to which these utterances belong. This, according to the author’s view, provides proper basis also for interpretation of various kinds of extratextual use of fictional names. A literary character is, on the contrary, an element of a construction of a literary work and is identified by a set of requirements (e.g. of the kind mentioned above) imposed by the text’s literary functions on the reader. The author attempts to justify the assumption that the referential function of fictional names so understood is to be interpreted as directed to the actual world (rather than to an artificial world created by the writer), to specify the (rather limited) role reserved for pretense within this approach, to explain the implications of this account of fictional characters for the dispute between realists and anti-realists in this field etc.

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Fikce, skutečnost a radikalni vypraveni

Author(s): Petr Koťátko / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2013

The article focuses on the nature of the worlds of narrative fiction, ways of their representation, the status and identity conditions of fictional entities and correlatively on the role of singular terms in literary texts. According to the author, the basic question providing a proper framework for addressing such topics is: what does the reader have to do (to presuppose, to accept, to imagine) in order to allow the text of narrative fiction to fulfill its literary functions? The alternative is to start with the “text itself’, i.e. sentences with their linguistic meanings (in abstraction from their literary functions), and ask what kind of material does the text provide to the interpreter, what does it enable him/her to identify and determine and what does it leave principially unidentifiable and underdetermined. According to the author, such an approach blocks the access (or makes impossible the return) to the text’s literary functions. The author defends certain specification of the interpretative attitude required by the literary functions of a text of narrative fiction from its reader. Among other things, he attempts to demonstrate its general applicability by analyzing a highly non-standard type of narration (labelled “radical”).

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Отчим наш“ и „хлеб насушный“ Церковнославянский язык в фольклорных текстах: глоссолалия или герменевтика?

Author(s): Andrey Borisovich Moroz / Language(s): Russian Issue: 02/2018

The article deals with the reflection of the Church Slavonic language and single church slavicisms in folkloric and parafolcoric (i. e. non-folkloric, but used in some folkloric rites) texts. Usually, slavicisms are deliberately or unwillingly distorted by performers who do not understand the liturgical language. Often, distortions completely desemantisize single lexemes or the entire church Slavonic text, that becomes glossolalia. This does not confuse the performers, since it is believed that the sacred text should not and can not be fully understood. At the same time, there is another trend: slavicisms are being distorted with means of paronymic attraction. Words is filled with a new meaning according to a situation of texts performing or to a wider historical or cultural context. Thus, we have a twofold relation to the Church Slavonic: refusal to understand in favor of attributing them a sacred status or changing its meaning with a new actual one.

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THE DIALECTIC PORTAL: THE SACRED AND THE PROFANE IN THE MYSTICAL ELEMENTS OF THE FAUSTIAN WANDERING

Author(s): Vasile R. Todoran / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 38/2024

,,The Dialectic Portal: The Sacred and the Profane in the Mystical Elements of the Faustian Wandering” presents the complex interplay between sacred and profane dimensions in the context of the protagonist's spiritual and mystical quest in 'Faust'. The dialectic portal functions as a symbolic space of transition, where the sacred and the profane confront, coexist, and influence each other, generating a perpetual tension between the desire for divine knowledge and the tempting allure of the material world. This wandering, both physical and spiritual, reflects Faust's effort to transcend the limits of the human condition through his pact with Mephisto and the exploration of occult dimensions. The mystical elements that mark his path symbolize an endless search for absolute truth, and the intersection of the sacred and the profane is the focus of this Faustian dialectic. Thus, Faust's journey becomes a profound exploration of conflict and reconciliation between opposing forces, in a transformative process of spiritual becoming.

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Unlocking the Voices of the Nonhuman: A Hermeneutic Analysis of Eighteenth-Century Animalographies

Author(s): Paul Mihai Paraschiv / Language(s): English Issue: Suppl. 1/2023

Voicing the literary animal is a task of immense responsibility. Exploring two eighteenth-century novels, namely The Life and Perambulations of a Mouse (1784) and Biography of a Spaniel (1797), this essay aims to analyze the use of nonhuman narrators and their surfacing insights into humananimal relationality. By employing Hanna Meretoja’s concept of “narrative hermeneutics” and Anat Pick’s “creaturely poetics,” the analysis questions the ways in which animalographies empower the voices and agency of nonhuman entities in literature and shift the narrative away from a human-centric one to a more inclusive, multispecies one. To this end, the literary animal’s employment and portrayal delimitates ethical spheres of interaction within the narrative, reassessing the hierarchical model constructed by anthropocentrism and challenging the traditional, dominant narrative that prioritizes human experience and perception.

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The Use of S. Khoruzhyi's Ideas of Energetic Hesychasm in the Educational Strategies of Postmodern Society

Author(s): Vitalii IHNATIEV,Oksana Patlaichuk,Olga Stupak,Andrii BOBRYK,Hennadii MOSKALYK,Andrii SHYMANOVYCH / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Through the prism of the study of the theology of Hesychasm, the authors of this article consider the philosophical work of S. Khoruzhyi as a present-day system of non-classical pedagogical paradigm. On the other hand, this paradigm is a philosophically framed historical tradition of Orthodox ontological experience of human existence, which in our time has gone beyond the end of history. Moving beyond confessional boundaries into a universal philosophical meta-anthropological project provides a heuristic effect for the construction of spiritual pedagogy as well as for its synergy with the educational strategies and spiritual practices of the common man of the postmodern era. The authors sought to identify the basic intentions of religion and postmodern consciousness and to characterize S. Khoruzhyi's theosophical paradigm in terms of its unconscious and unintentional correlation with the social philosophy of pedagogical of postmodernism. For this purpose, we used comparative typological and meaningful methinks, as well as elements of hermeneutics and intertextual analysis. As a result of the study, the authors formulated a number of conclusions and results. The most general one defines the peculiarity of S. Khoruzhogo's narrative, in which the philosopher not only insists but also systematically embeds Hesychasm in the context of the post-non-classical philosophical and pedagogical paradigm. In essence, S. Khoruzhyi forms an alternative to the classical philosophical paradigm, which (even despite the author's formal objections) is open to a horizontal postmodern dialogue and constructed in a personal Hesychasm practice " bottom-up" from -because of "human energy".

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Friedrich Nietzsche, "Der Meister des Verdachts". Über die Nietzsche-Lektüren von Michel Foucault und Paul Ricœur

Author(s): Yvanka Raynova / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2024

The term "masters of suspicion", which summarizes the critical views of Marx, Nie-tzsche, and Freud, has found its way into contemporary philosophy through Paul Ricœur and is considered his kind of "patent". It is less well known that Michel Foucault also wrote a text on the subject of "Nietzsche, Freud, Marx" in which he speaks of suspicion. The author therefore asks herself where this thematic agreement comes from and undertakes a comparison of Foucault's and Ricœur's readings of Nietzsche. In doing so, she puts forward two theses that she attempts to prove. The first thesis is that Ricœur actually begins where Foucault left off and leads us in a direction that is opposite to that of Foucault. The second thesis is that Foucault stays closer to Nietzsche by trying to advance his "suspicion" instead of overcoming it, as Ricœur does.

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Život a dílo Josepha Flavia

Author(s): Steve Mason / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2024

The works of Josephus (37 – ca. 100 CE) have been extensively cited ever since he wrote them. Strangely enough, however, hardly any of his many users, prior to the 1980s, asked basic questions about the structures, themes, and audiences of these compositions – about what he meant to convey, using his typical language, rhetoric, and contexts guides. Yet how can we use his material if we do not know what he meant by it? This essay provides a brief orientation to Josephus’ life and to reading his works as intelligent compositions. It is not meant to be definitive on any point, but it provides enough documentation that readers may further investigate these questions without limit, for their own purposes.

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Hermeneutical Reflections on the Human Condition as Established in Quranic Chapters Al ‘Asr “Time” and At-Tin “The Fig”, Informed by Inspirations from Exegete Said Nursi, in Light of Man’s Accountability in this World

Author(s): Naailah Duymun Demirtaş / Language(s): English Issue: 41/2024

This philosophical article is located at the intersection of hermeneutics and literary analysis. Scriptures and exegeses have been studied as literature for a long time (Berlin, 2016). The premise is that the Quran is a literary text and so is the exegesis the Risale-i Nur (Nursi & Vahide, 1995; Nursi, 2005) which is a contemporary interpretation of the Quran, relevant to this discussion. The article presents a textual analysis and a discussion of general human condition in light of key verses from two surahs/chapters from the Quran, supported by interpretation and further explanation from selected thoughts of the Risale-i Nur (The Treatise of Light) (Nursi & Vahide, 1995; Nursi, 2005) and selected Hadiths/the Prophetic Traditions. The discussion leads to a synthesis where the extent of man’s accountability in life and in this world is presented primarily in light of Nursi’s interpretation. While weighing the impact of man’s actions and the degree of his responsibility in his personal and social life, the article concludes by affirming the wisdom of surah Asr “Time” (Quran:103) in positioning the human as a contingent being who is at the mercy of a Higher Being who is in control of everything while sustaining man. The article showcases the condition of man as a state of ‘loss’ which is two-fold. Firstly, it is in terms of man’s contribution to generating a lost society that is ravaged by man’s egocentric actions, which may result in frustration, conflict, wars, economic and political turmoil, general chaos, and fear, among others. Secondly, it involves man’s inability to deal with setbacks and calamities triggered by natural phenomena, which include diseases and other problems. Unless man remains patient, resilient, and submitted to the Higher Being, he cannot cope with and deal with these issues in his life. Thus, once he relies on the Higher Being and does not complain, man confirms the verses in surah At-Tin “The Fig” (Quran: 95), that states that man is of “best of stature”, as God intended him to be. It is only patience in adversity, belief and trust in God, and gratitude that bring solace to man’s condition.

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Šta je slobodan čovjek? / Izgubljene slobode

Author(s): Gabriel Marcel / Language(s): Montenegrine Issue: 13/2025

O problemu kojim se ovdje bavim — šta je slobodan čovjek — ne može se valjano raspravljati isključivo na apstraktan način. O njemu se ne može raspravljati van konteksta istorijskih situacija, shvaćenih u njihovoj konkretnoj punoći: u samoj suštini ljudske sudbine je da se čovjek uvijek nalazi u nekoj situaciji, što previše apstraktni humanizam često zaboravlja. Dakle, ovdje se ne pitamo šta je slobodan čovjek sam po sebi, šta je suštinski pojam slobodnog čovjeka — jer to pitanje vjerovatno nema nikakvog smisla. Mi se pitamo kako se u istorijskoj situaciji kakva je naša, sa kojom se moramo suočiti ovdje i sada, može shvatiti čovjekova sloboda i kako joj možemo svjedočiti.

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