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The purpose of this research is to try to identify development potential for Polish voivodship capital cities in the area of the housing market, with particular consideration of the number of apartments/flats delivered. The Shift Share Analysis (SSA) method has been used to identify development potential of the analyzed cities. The space-time analysis of flats delivered has been carried out in three market aspects regarding flats planned for sale or rent, flats built individually, and other flats (including: condominiums, council flats, company flats and social housing).
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Studies on the impact of government expenditures on regional and municipal development mainly focus on examining local budgets. Simultaneously, each territory has various channels for financing public needs and collecting taxes and other payments. Therefore, this research develops and tests a methodology to construct the public sector financial balance at the municipal level. The presented approach in based on the System of National Accounts (SNA), which considers expenditures and revenues of the federal, regional or municipal budgets as a single institutional sector, regardless of their affiliation. Therefore, in order to achieve the municipal financial balance, it is necessary to analyse tax payments at various budget levels, grouping them in accordance with the SNA classification. For calculating municipal expenditures, an original technique was developed to consider the costs of all public sector financial flows, including direct federal and regional sources. We use official information on municipal payroll obtained from the Federal State Statistics Service database. The net lending/borrowing ratio is taken as a balance indicator of supply and use. Public sector financial balances were constructed for 69 municipalities of Sverdlovsk oblast. Calculations have shown that, on average, pub lic sector expenditure is almost equally divided between regional and federal budgets (one half) and municipal budgets (another half). Various municipality types were identified: 9 donors of public administration resources in Sverdlovsk oblast; 5 territories (including Ekaterinburg city) with a moderate deficit of internal resources; 35 municipalities with a significant lack of finances; 11 areas completely dependent on public administration resources. This work is part of the research aiming to develop the System of Territorial Accounts, tat is, an SNA analogue that can be implemented at the regional and municipal levels.
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The history of social policies is relatively short, about a century. As a scientific discipline, social policies have an even shorter history of about half a century. The concrete conditions and the different needs that are required to be covered make the ways of achieving social protection different. Thus, the programs are based on differentiated premises in the case of social insurance - intended to cover personal needs due to temporary or permanent loss of work capacity - or in the case of worker protection at work-environment, working conditions-needs that are transferred on production costs and the satisfaction of which is included in the price of the product. The main objective of this study is the analysis of the concept of unemployment and social protection, which is to reduce or even eliminate the consequences of risks on the environment and living standards of some segments of the population. At the same time, a detailed analysis of unemployment in modern economies is carried out in parallel with the situation in Romania.
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The objective of this paper is to analyze the relations between Romania and the IMF in the context of the IMF member state status of our country. Romania is a member of the IMF, full in 1972. Since then Romania has obtained a series of rights and at the same time must comply with certain obligations arising from these rights. The IMF is an international organization which has 183 member countries, founded in July 1944, at the end of a monetary conference, organized in small town Bretton Woods. The conference ends with the drafting of the IMF status draft, which will become a reference text for the functioning of the international monetary system. The broad guidelines given to the Monetary Fund at the end of this conference, in general, are still valid today. and for providing temporary financial assistance to countries, under appropriate security conditions to help adjust the balance of payments
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Research background: The great importance of food consumption for the sustainability of food systems means that active public policy in this area can have a lot of positive effects. Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to present the challenges facing the agri-food sector and to study consumer attitudes towards seasonal and organic food, local food, urban agriculture, food waste and meat consumption, carbon footprints and how these attitudes relate to the acceptance of public policy tools (a tax on junk food, a green public procurement, a deposit on plastic bottles, a tax-free donation of food to public benefit organisations, a fee for wasted food for large retailers) that could transform food distribution and consumption. Research methodology: cardinality tables and interdependence analysis using Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient Results: The study revealed that most respondents buy seasonal food when possible and limit meat consumption to some extent. They are rarely influenced by the impact of food on the climate. Most people are in favour of offering dishes based on local food in public institutions with catering (hospitals, schools, prisons, etc.). Most respondents were negative about gardening for food production. Involvement in local food was associated with a higher acceptance for green public procurement and higher VAT on junk food. Novelty: Both the range of considered policy instruments and the analysis of their acceptance in the context of selected behaviours and attitudes have not been previously studied and make up a new area of inquiry essential in the debate on sustainable food consumption.
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Research background: Economic relations between countries members of the EU and EU candidates are very strong. Germany and France have the leading economies of the EU, are in the top ten economies worldwide, and drivers of EU development. Serbia has strong economic relations with Germany and France, especially with Germany. Therefore, it is necessary to examine whether Germany and France impact the development of Serbia. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to determine if there is a positive influence of a developed country on a developing country. The aim of the paper is to determine whether there is a long- and short-term positive relationship between Germany and France (EU members) and the Serbian economy (EU candidate). Research methodology: A Vector Error Correction Model is used to analyze quarterly data from 2002Q2 to 2018Q2. Results: The results showed a statistically significant long-term relationship between Germany and France and Serbia’s real GDPs, so EU members have a long-term positive impact on the economy of EU candidates. In the case of the French, there is a short-run positive impact on the Serbian economy. For Germany, it is not the case. Novelty: This paper fills the literature gap about the influence of a developed country on a developing country. Recommendations for policymakers in EU candidates could be that if they want to motivate people to accept the process of access to the EU, they must provide them with more information about long-run economic benefits from the association to the EU.
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Banking loans are a provided to organizations or individuals. Banking loans are organized by contract agreement between banks and organizations or individuals to guarantee a specific interest rate. Therefore, banking loans are affected by a set of external and internal factors. Identifying the variables that affect banking loans the most is useful for analysis purposes. Identifying the important variables it’s a challenging process and in order to overcome this issue, we employed the model selection of quantile regression for modelling the relationship between banking loans and a set of independent variables (factors) through computing relative importance to model variables studied by using the function (SSVSquantreg) within package MCMCpack.
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The COVID-19 outbreak is an unprecedented situation in which people must take a lot of hard decisions shortly. This study has represented the characteristics that make a company more resilient and successful in times of turbulence. It is shown the pandemic effects on individual aspects of the world economy, focusing on primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors. Besides, it is discussed the CFO and customer short term expectations about corporate profits and consumption.
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The situation in which the pandemic crisis has placed universities has provoked their vitality and creativity, and practice shows that workable solutions have been found in many aspects. However, there are still many issues and concerns that need to be addressed urgently. It is now clear that a return to the 'normal' as we know it will not be possible, at least in the medium term, and adaptation is needed. Especially having in mind the emerging social and economic problems. This study attempts to examine the context; to systematize the practices that different universities are currently applying or preparing; to analyze their effectiveness and to propose possible measures adequate for Bulgarian higher education.
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The main methods for risk analysis in a long-term investment project provide for the decision to be taken only until the beginning of the project. Further, most often the project develops according to its logic, regardless of the will and desires of the person who made this decision. In practice, however, there is always the possibility of a preliminary decision, the implementation of which is forthcoming, to make adjustments, ie. to make certain decisions in the course of the project implementation. This approach requires operational project management in conditions of uncertainty and risk. Its goals are to realize the expected income, reduce the risk in case of unfavorable developments or increase the risk in case of an expected favorable state of the business environment.
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In the context of the goals and scope of the fourth industrial revolution, the article presents modern / new paradigms, characteristics and interrelations of sustainable development, transformational leadership and corporate entrepreneurship. The main criteria for competitiveness in the digital economy era are outlined. Options for applicability of transformational leadership and corporate entrepreneurship as tools for sustainable development of business organizations in the conditions of Industry 4.0 are proposed.
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The purpose of this article is to briefly review the developments of the eGovernment and eHealth in Bulgaria since the start of their introduction. The paper studies and is limited to the strategic, regulatory, co-ordinational, and organizational dimensions for a period of more than 20 years. The milestones of the eGovernment and eHealth progress are underlined and summarised by years. The paper also examines the state of the Bulgarian information society incorporating up-to-date statistical data and analysis as indicative measure for the progress and prospects. Besides the overview of this long-term process, we discuss some challenges. Further in-depth researches of the effectiveness and efficiency of electronic governance policies and practices in Bulgaria for the studied period could provide a significant contribution to the discussion of the entire public policy evaluation and its future developments.
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EU planning for the years 2014–2020 introduced a new instrument for financing territorial cohesion policy – namely Integrated Territorial Investments (ITI). There is a notable lack of analyses concerning the evaluation of Poland’s use of this innovative instrument for the uptake of EU funds. The aim of the article is to evaluate the implementation of ITI in Poland in the context of the system of obtaining and spending EU funds for the territorial cohesion policy in the years 2014−2020. The analyses were carried out in a normative economic perspective using secondary data on EU funds within the framework of regional operational programs. The research shows that the implementation of ITI in Poland has had the intended effect of meeting the conditions for obtaining EU funds for integrated territorial investments. However, this opportunity was not fully exploited due to the lack of tradition of cooperation between local government units other than in urban functional areas. Furthermore, the implementation of ITI in Poland indicates the danger of evaluating the effects of ITI in the context of contracting or certification of EU funds, which is not in line with the European Commission’s guidelines for this instrument. Thus, the 2014–2020 period was not fully used by Polish beneficiaries to prepare for the new rules for receiving EU funds under the regional cohesion policy.
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The study aims to explore the divergences around the implementation of the Basel III agreement, since this agreement is considered the core of the international regulatory response to the financial crisis, setting the strictest criteria for capital structure and risk assessment. This paper explains the current level of legislation that applies in Kosovo, as well as possible divergences with the criteria set by Basel III. It is argued that the national authority, explicitly the CBK, to decide on the implementation of Basel III, had to agree on three aspects and potentially conflicting between them: the stability of the banking sector, competition, and care for economic growth. Finally, the study concluded that Kosovo is implementing Basel III regulations with greater ease and attention, contributing to banking sector stability, competitiveness, and economic growth.
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Changes in economic performance, unstable economic growth are the characteristics of the economic cycle. The phases and characteristics of the economic cycle have been analyzed by such researchers as Štreimikienė and Ramanauskienė (2012), Berthoud and Sosa (2011), Rosier (2003), Fanning (2007), Bormotov (2009), Mackevičius (2012), etc. but scientific literature on the characteristics of Lithuania‘s economic cycle has been lacking. The aim of this research is to analyze the characteristics of Lithuania‘s economic cycle and the impact of the country‘s economic indicators on its construction sector during 1999-2013. Analysis of economic indicators shows the phase of the economic cycle a country‘s economy is in: expansion or contraction, peak or trough. These phases are characterized by changes in production, employment rate, consumption, investment, incomes, etc. Economic indicators are monitored and regularly analyzed, measures are taken depending on the duration of the phase, its impact on a country‘s economy, etc. Analysis of a set of economic indicators allows to evaluate the state of a country‘s economy. Analyzing Lithuania‘s economic indicators during 1999-2013, it was found that from 1999 until 2007 the country‘s economy was in the growth phase, from 2007 until 2010 there was a decline in GDP and domestic consumption and a rise in unemployment but from 2010 until 2013 the country‘s economy showed the signs of recovery and growth. Analyzing the performance of the construction sector during the same period, it was found that in 2009 the sector encountered major difficulties and reached the lowest level. Economic forecasts allow to say that the construction sector will grow. Economic indicator analysis helps better prepare for difficult times and soften negative impacts therefore they should be regularly analyzed.
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Our study investigates the recessions that can be identified in Romania within the 1995-2016 timeframe. Technically three such occurrences have been recorded, but as the last two are very close we can say there was two major recessions. Our study investigates certain similarities and differences between the recessions as they appeared and disappeared. We also analyze parts of the economic policies as are they found within the components of GDP. The conclusions attempt to identify some predictable issues regarding Romania's future recession.
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This article aims to bring out the main factors for the successful realization of the knowledge triangle, and an attempt is made to define the place of the state. Fruitful and successful work in the knowledge triangle is a process based on the deeply realized need of all stakeholders. Awareness in question is a natural and slow process that could not be implemented administratively, but this does not mean that it should not be actively supported. Against this background, the increase in the cost of innovation would have a positive but disproportionate effect. No less important than the provision of financial resources is the creation of conditions and prerequisites for effective work in this direction. The conditions and prerequisites in question include: a long-term vision that does not suffer from political turmoil, a legislative, regulatory and regulatory framework where, in our view, the state should find its place and role.
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The COVID 19 pandemic has once again exposed a number of important risks and problems for the world's economies. Although the present analyzes of the literature are more and more often aggregated between fields, emphasizing the capacity of digitalization and international relations to improve the transition to the circular economy, resilience speaks not only of positive aspects but also of vulnerabilities. Thus, the article deals with the link between vulnerabilities and capacities of the socio-economic domain at EU27 level. The study uses Eurostat data for the period 2011-2020, systematized in the panel form. The results once again demonstrate the need to strengthen public support for health and education, for research and development, in order to reduce socio-economic vulnerabilities at EU27 level, demonstrating the need to correlate policy efforts with results.
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