Accounting and Tax Perspectives Regarding the International Road Traffic of Goods Activity

Author(s): Florin Boghean,Marius Blanaru / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

At present, the significant problems faced by most economic agents are represented by the large amount of complex legislation, which is difficult to understand and apply, interpretable and sometimes contradictory to other laws. This is true for companies working in the field of international road transport of goods, a distinct field in Romania which is characterized by a period of growth that has accounted for 3.5% of the registered number of employees in the economy. In the paper I presented a series of additional information on the completion of individual labor contracts in order to obtain a favorable opinion in the case of an inspection carried out by the Labor Inspection Authority (LIA) supervisory bodies, the obligations and problems resulting from the Minimum Wage Law in Germany. I also proposed an alternative solution with a reduced tax burden for applying the provisions of the MiLoG Law. Regarding the research on the evolution of the transport activity this was done for the period 2010-2017 based on the data provided by the National Institute of Statistics and the Ministry of Public Finance.

Activity-Based Costing in Health Care Organizations

Author(s): Ljilja Antić,Vesna Sekulić / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2016

The concept of Activity-Based Costing (ABC) provides informational support to the performance of key management activities in different organizations. Focused on activities and processes within the organization, this concept, using appropriate cost drivers, provides more accurate information on activity costs and costs objects. The paper analyzes the specificities of applying the traditional and improved model of activity-based costing in health organizations.

ADAPTING PUBLIC SERVICES TO CITIZEN REQUIREMENTS: TREND OR NEED?

Author(s): Marin Mirea / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

Public services are the basic elements in the evolution of a local administration. They can be developed with the help of IT sector and received by the decision makers in due time, so that citizens can continue their life and evolution in relation to the new standard of living using computer technology. The technological level of a territorial administrative unit, as well as the opening to urban and computer technology, of the urban representatives, are directly proportional to the degree of the area development, either local or national. Thus, an adequate technological equipping of all public institutions can generate both information and a pool of information that will lead to a quicker, better justified and grounded decision that satisfies the needs of the citizen when requesting. Through this paper, the author aims to highlight the need to adapt new information technologies in public services, as well as the benefits of implementing and using them.

Addressing the paradox of public expenditure – economic growth nexus: an econometric approach

Author(s): B. Venkatraja / Language(s): English / Issue: 5/2017

Since the introduction of economic reforms, Indian economy has been rapidly growing. Simultaneously, the government spending has also increased by multiple times. Interestingly, rapid rise in public expenditure has occurred during the era of speedy privatisation. The central issue of discussion is whether high growth is attributed to increased government spending and/or higher government spending is owing to rising economy. There are several theoretical propositions and empirical findings attempting to solve this puzzle but with no unanimity and their inferences are rather highly divided and fragmented. In this pretext, the present paper makes an effort to re-examine the direction of flow of relationship, nature of relationship and size of the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth in India in the long run through econometric modelling. In the course of investigating the nexus of relationship between economic growth and government spending, the study also aims to test whether Indian scenario validates the Wagner’s law or supports the Keynesian growth hypothesis. The underlying subject is investigated based on the data covering the economic reform period from1991-1992 to 2015-2016. Application of appropriate econometric techniques like cointegration test, estimation of Vector Auto Regression (VAR) model, Granger causality test, impulse response function and variance decomposition provide evidences of long-term relationship between growth and government spending. Results show that the size of the public sector is defined positively by the level of GDP growth in the long run and similarly, the variability in GDP is explained positively by the government expenditure. The findings of the study have evidences to support both Wagner’s law and Keynesian theory.

Addressing the Threat of Fraud and Corruption in Public Procurement: Review of State of the Art Approaches

Compendium

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2013

The present compendium of selected best practices addresses the threat of fraud and corruption from multiple perspectives, with the underlying purpose of providing practitioners from Romania and Greece with a set of state of the art approaches for addressing the threat of fraud and corruption in the complex multi-layered national public procurement systems. This publication is based on ideas presented at the international seminar EU's Financial Interests under Threat: New Approaches in Assessing the Risks from Public Procurement and EU Funds Fraud, organised on 31 October – 1 November 2013 in Sofia, with the support of the European AntiFraud Office (OLAF).

Adekwatność poziomu i struktury rezerw dewizowych Chin

Author(s): Dominik Skopiec / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2016

The aim of the article is to analyze the strategic aspects of the management of Chinese foreign exchange reserves in the context of dynamic reserve accumulation in this country. It is hypothesized that due to the rapid accumulation of foreign exchange reserves their level in China remains at the suboptimal level and this makes the effective management challenging and creates costs and risks for the Chinese economy. The methods applied include the analysis of statistical data concerning foreign exchange reserves and macroeconomic variables that characterize the Chinese economy as well as comparative analysis and literature study. It is found that the level of Chinese foreign exchange reserves has exceeded the traditional adequacy metrics and remains suboptimal. Bearing this in mind, the author points out that the management of Chinese foreign exchange reserves does not meet one of its primary objectives, namely ensuring adequate level of reserves. It leads to the increased costs of holding reserves since the fraction of reserves deemed as excessive is not necessary to ensure the proper fulfi llment of their functions. Moreover, the analysis of geographical, currency and investment structure of Chinese foreign exchange reserves indicates that the investment strategy remains conservative since the vast majority of reserves is invested in dollar assets, especially in US treasury securities. The aforementioned concentration leads to various costs and risks. However, the analysis suggests an ongoing change in the investment strategy with the aim of increasing reserves profi tability. The main symptoms of such a change is a rising share of equities in the Chinese foreign exchange reserves.

Administrative and Financial Reforms in the Nigerian Public Sector

Author(s): Osezua Ehiyamen / Language(s): English / Issue: 11/2017

The paper x-rays administrative and financial reforms in the Nigerian public sector. The purpose is to explore several programmes and policies initiated in Nigeria and examine the effect of these reforms as it foster transformational change in the country’s public sector. This is imperative given observable professional revolution between government and the workers on one side and among professionals on the other side. This paper adopted an exploratory approach in carrying out the research. Findings of the study reveal that there were abundant of literature on public sector reform with no study or review on administrative and financial restructuring programmes in the public sector. Therefore, the study concludes that reform programmes are key and indispensable in ensuring efficient service delivery in the Nigerian public sector as well as national development. It finally recommends inter alia: continuous and systematic review of programmes and policies of government to ensure alignment with national objectives; mobilization of adequate resources for successful execution and implementation of programmes; and collaboration among all tiers of government and professionals.

ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL REFORM: IT’S ROLE IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN RIVNE REGION

Author(s): Vitaliy Okorskiy / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

The paper provides a brief description of the administrative-territorial reform in Poland and the Czech Republic, as well as the analysis of issues related to the reform of local self-government in Ukraine, the example of the Rivne region. The comparative analysis of the socio-economic development indicators Rivne region with the neighboring regions allowed us to determine the main directions of development of local selfgovernment. One of the major challenges for sustainable development of territories is a shortage of water resources, so the primary task of local government should be a question of preservation and restoration of surface and groundwater.

Administrowanie czy rozwój – 20 lat doświadczeń finansowania polskiego samorządu terytorialnego

Author(s): Krzysztof Surówka,Katarzyna Owsiak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 56/2018

The reform of local government from the organizational side has been completed. Nevertheless, the decentralization process is not. Local government units are entities of the public finance sector responsible for the implementation of established public tasks covering about 30% of all tasks. With this in mind, local government units should be provided with financial means to perform these tasks. The scope of financial autonomy of local government units is, however, diversified, depending on the adopted concept of its functioning. The system of financing local government units should be different if it is to ensure the adequacy of income to the scope of the tasks being performed, and otherwise if the local government authority is to bear responsibility for running its own development policy. It is impossible not to indicate that the more financial independence the more opportunities for development. The purpose of the article is to try to determine whether it is possible to talk about the risk of LGU financial independence.

Against the political expectations and theoretical models: how to implement austerity and not to lose political power

Author(s): Viljar Veebel,Liina Kulu / Language(s): English / Issue: 1+2/2014

During the global financial crisis in 2008–10 Estonia symbolized a pathway of fiscal consolidation and austerity. Moreover, despite opting for austerity and all the social and political consequences of achieving fiscal consolidation, the governing coalition in Estonia succeeded also in avoiding a negative political reaction from the voters and remained in power. The current article analyses the variables that made the austerity reforms in Estonia in 2008–11 electorally successful. The economic success of Estonia has otherwise been attributed to a combination of political, institutional, and economic factors: timing; a fiscal policy that was not pro-cyclical; the availability of reserves in Estonia; and the ownership structure of the banks. The present study asks more specifically about the variables that saw the economic success in the implementation of the austerity measures accompanied by a positive electoral outcome. As it will be argued, these factors include the communication strategy chosen intentionally or otherwise by the government, the design of the austerity measures, the peculiarity of the electoral cycle, lack of political alternatives, and the performance of neighbouring countries in implementing austerity measures.

Age as a Determinant of Pensions for Insurance Periods and Old Age in Bulgaria

Author(s): Plamen Yordanov / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2014

Age is one of the qualifying conditions which entitle insured persons to receive cash benefits from insurances for old age. Nevertheless, at this stage, the practice of linking the amount of pensions to the age at which they are awarded is rather limited in pensions insurance practice. The objective of this research is to study the significance of age to the pension insurance systems of EU states and hence propose a mechanism which makes it possible to link the amount of pensions for insurance periods and age in Bulgaria to the average life expectancy afterretirement.

Aktywność gospodarcza a korelacja między podatkami i długiem sektora general government

Author(s): Wiesława Ziółkowska / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

Correlation differences between taxes (X) and tax receipts increased by social insurance contributions (X’) and general government sector debt (Y’) in the European Union member states have been studied at two different phases of economic development. The intensity of interdependence and the relationships between the variables analysed under different circumstances existing in individual countries turned out to be very varied. In all analyses conducted, a positive correlation coefficient was predominant. This means that the higher the tax burden the lower the tax base, lower public revenues and a higher deficit. At the same time, the lower the tax burden, the lower the deficit and debt. The results obtained in the course of the analyses performed must be interpreted with caution since the categories used in the analyses are subject to a variety of conditions. However, the results of a statistical study and a descriptive analysis allow us to conclude that the objective of the research has been achieved. Studies on its verification though must continue. 

Aktywność inwestycyjna a problem zadłużenia jednostek samorządu terytorialnego

Author(s): Jakub Kwaśny / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 56/2018

The aim of the article is to show off the lack of adequacy of financial resources in relation to the tasks imposed on local self-government units (LGU) in Poland. The scientific problem discussed in the article is the level of decentralization of public finances in the context of local government units investment activity and the level of their indebtedness in 2006–2016. The study was divided into five parts, i.e. literature analysis on LGU income sources, metodology, case study of the Malopolskie Voivodship, including statistical analysis of property expenditure and local government debt and conclusions. Analysis of the case study allowed to observe higher investment activity of municipalities and poviats. In addition, significant disproportions were noted regarding the debt between urban and rural municipalities with the same name and between the municipalities and poviats. The basic conclusion contained in the article is the necessity to reform the territorial organization of the country; more effective division of income and competences between local government units and further decentralization of public finances in Poland.

Aktywność zawodowa kobiet a świadczenie wychowawcze

Author(s): Małgorzata Gajewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 544/2019

Zagadnienia związane z miejscem kobiet na rynku pracy są szeroko komentowane przez dziennikarzy czy ekonomistów oraz stanowią jeden z kluczowych elementów gry politycznej. Polityka prorodzinna powinna być nastawiona na godzenie ról społecznych rodziców, czyli rodzicielstwa i pracy zawodowej. Pierwszym po 1989 roku systemowym narzędziem wsparcia rodzin jest program Rodzina 500+. Traktuje on politykę rodzinną jako inwestycję na rzecz rodzin. Jest początkiem zmian w podejściu do polityki rodzinnej. Od momentu jego wprowadzenia w życie ekonomiści obawiali się, że może on w dużym stopniu wpłynąć na spadek aktywności zawodowej kobiet, która była wyraźnie niższa niż kobiet bezdzietnych i ojców. W artykule ukazano charakterystyczne wskaźniki aktywności ekonomicznej kobiet w Polsce i w województwie dolnośląskim w okresie przed i po wprowadzeniu świadczenia wychowawczego Rodzina 500+. W tym celu wykorzystano literaturę przedmiotu, dane statystyczne GUS, badania BAEL oraz informacje MRPiPS.

Alina Mihaela Dima (ed.), Doing Business in Europe. Economic Integration Processes, Policies, and the Business Environment, Springer, 2018, 449 pages, ISBN: 978-3-319-72238-2

Author(s): Mihaela Cristina Dragoi / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

As the European Union is based upon everchanging processes, legislation, procedures and the Member States, the Single Market raises increasing challenges for the business sector. Building and maintaining a common area for the Union’s economic agents has been one of the main characteristics of the European Union since its early beginnings; however, the accentuated diversity of each regional and national market, the heightened competition, the regulations aimed at addressing the challenges of the new, modernised millennium – such as pollution, demographic changes or technological development – add new pressure on the private sector’s economic agents. Nevertheless, as the European integration process has already shown during the past decades, each challenge may turn into policy and business opportunities, thus ensuring the progress of the European construction.

ALLOCATING TAX REVENUE TO SUB-CENTRAL GOVERNMENT LEVELS: LESSONS FROM GERMANY AND POLAND

Author(s): Małgorzata Magdalena Hybka / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2016

Tax sharing arrangements provide considerable financial resources to sub-central government levels. This statement is true both for unitary and federal states although tax revenue sharing mechanisms differ significantly across countries. The basic aim of this article is to compare the mechanisms adopted in Germany and in Poland. It assesses the degree of tax autonomy granted to sub-central government levels in the countries analysed, overviews the principles of apportionment of joint (shared) taxes and presents statistics on tax revenue composition of sub-central government levels.

Alokacja funduszy unijnych a wydatki inwestycyjne gmin

Author(s): Jacek Sierak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2018

The aim of the article is to demonstrate the impact of obtaining EU funds on the intensity of investment projects of communes and poviat cities. The underdevelopment of the basic technical infrastructurein many of them is still a major barrier to development and, therefore, requires further financialoutlays. For many local governments, obtaining EU subsidies is an opportunity to acceleratethe development processes and to eliminate the quantitative and qualitative infrastructure gap.

Always Welcome

Author(s): Ádám Török / Language(s): English / Issue: 01/1996

The review of: Külföldi tőkeberuházások Közép-Kelet-Európában (Foreign Investment in East-Central Europe) by László Árva; Budapest: Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó, 1995. 192 pp.

America first a amerykańskie przywództwo w sferze wolności gospodarczej

Author(s): Andrzej Kondratowicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2017

The article analyzes the chances of the United States regaining the world leadership in economic freedom. Present and past levels of economic freedom, as well as the respective international rankings are assessed using the Economic Freedom Index (EFI) by Fraser Institute (1970–2015) and the Historical Index of Economic Liberty by Prados de la Escosura (1850–2007), respectively. Future EFI values for the US are forecasted using both quantitative and qualitative methods. It is shown that the US currently is not the world leader in economic freedom. According to available historical estimates, it was not the world leader between 1850–1935/39 either, but it may be considered one in the period 1935/39–1970. Probability of the US regaining the leadership in the years to come seems low. To the contrary, one can suspect that Donald Trump policies will cause both a decrease in the US EFI level and in its position in the world ranking. The article also deals with political and ideological bases of Trumponomics, i.e. of the economic policies of the Trump Administration.

Ameryka Południowa wobec problemu zadłużenia zagranicznego

Author(s): Grzegorz Górniewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2010

In the present present work, on of the most essential problems of modern international finances that is external debt of developing countries, has been presented. The major aim of the work was to demonstrate the causes of occurrence of external debt and the methods that have been used to diminish it so far. Especially, the case of South America countries is considered.