A Well-Funded Public Health System for a Healthy National Economy

Author(s): Ibrahim Almaashi / Language(s): English / Issue: 05/2014

The article focuses on the healthcare financing analysis in Romania in the European context, trying to capture the revenue and the expenses trends over the last years. All time health system was the most important domain for a national economy. It is known that a domestic economy works if it has a good health system. This is the reason for which I took as an example to be followed Netherlands health system that I would recommend to be used even in Romania in order to get the best results.

Ab’nġn Zayif Ekonomġk Halkasi Yunanġstan’in Ekonomġk Krġzġ Dġnecek Mġ?

Author(s): Serap Durusoy,Ömür Şamġloğlu / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2012

The financial crisis that emerged in the USA in the second half of 2007 quickly achieved global proportions and influenced many countries including Greece. However, when the effects of the global crisis merged with the ongoing unsustainable external debt problems of Greece the effects of both crises were compounded. The inability to diagnose the Greek economy, which is without doubt the weakest link in Europe, and the resultant confusion as to its true status, has played a significant role in this development. In this context, it can be stated that both internal and external factors have a contributing role. In fact, the country‟s 2008 macro-economic indicators reflected the unsustainable status and the revenue earning channels services sector which was the locomotive of the national economy, dried up, resulting in production decreases in agriculture and the industrial sectors. Financial support was provided by the EU and the IMF in response to the crisis that was confronted. Using the financial resources provided an attempt was made to avert the situation and widening of the corporate and financial reform scopes were attempted. In pursuit of these aims; tighter controls, internalization of the grey economy, and provision of various incentives to encourage foreign investment were introduced together with the initiation of dialogues with other countries entrepreneurial corporations and institutions in order to promote the flow of resources into the country from tourism and maritime trade. The Greek crisis has resulted in the increase of discussions of the extent of the effectiveness of EU in the process and the Greek economic administration as well.

ABOUT SOME CONTROVERSIAL QUESTIONS REGARDING THE NON-FINANCIAL INFORMATION IN THE ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENT (IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY)

Author(s): Gergana Nikolova / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

The topic of the study is set in the aspect of: the increasing needs of the users of financial and non-financial information in the Annual Financial Statement; legislative changes for disclosure of the non-financial informationin the AFS in force since 1st January 2017; the lack of experience in Bulgaria for disclosure of non-financial information and the search for good practicesin other countries where they exist and are developed.

Absorpcja funduszy Unii Europejskiej a rozwój społeczno-ekonomiczny powiatów województwa wielkopolskiego

Author(s): Marcin Spychała / Language(s): English,Polish / Publication Year: 0

Celem artykułu jest próba określenia zależności między absorpcją funduszy unijnych a zmianami poziomu rozwoju społeczno-ekonomicznego. Badania przeprowadzono w trzech etapach. W pierwszym określono poziom rozwoju powiatów województwa wielkopolskiego. W drugim etapie przedstawiono zróżnicowanie absorpcji funduszy unijnych w tych powiatach. W trzecim etapie określono zależności między wielkością absorpcji a zmianami poziomu rozwoju w układzie czynników tego rozwoju na podstawie analizy regresji.

Access to medical services and the wealth of Polish citizens

Author(s): Marta Pietrzak / Language(s): English / Issue: 9_EN/2018

The article attempts to verify the inverse care law (Hart's law) in Poland on the example of the geographic accessibility of medical human resources by citizens. The aim of the article is to analyze selected economic indicators in relation to the ratio of the number of doctors per 10,000 citizens in individual provinces in Poland. The analysis is to verify whether medical practitioners in Poland are guided by the wealth of the citizens of a given region when choosing the place of providing medical services. A research hypothesis was tested, according to which economic indicators - i.e. gross income per capita, gross domestic product, unemployment rate, local public spending on health care, and private household health expenditure – are correlated with density of physicians, i.e. the number doctors for 10,000 residents in a given province in Poland. The correlation was examined using Spearman’s correlation coefficient, and the results obtained showed that there is a geographical variation in access to doctors in Poland and that Hart's law was partially confirmed. Based on the conclusions, a statement can be put forward that, although access to medical services is universal and provided by the state, it varies and is not equal for all citizens.

Accessibility of Polish and Nordic Cittaslow Towns

Author(s): Alicja Zawadzka / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

The main objective of this article is to indicate transport accessibility (according to two criteria: fly&60 and 6×60×60) and information accessibility (on the Internet) of all Polish (28 ) and all Nordic (9 ) towns — members of the International Network of Cities Where Living is Good. The research was conducted using non-reactive methods: content analysis and desk research. The analysis has shown that the fly&60 criterion is met by eight Cittaslow towns (seven Polish and one Nordic), and the 6×60×60 criterion — by five towns (four Polish and one Nordic), which confirms the thesis on the peripheral nature of Cittaslow cities, which in fact may be perceived as an attracting factor. Their location, away from frequently used routes, may attract (some of them already do so) tourists seeking alternative forms of leisure, following a growing global trend of sustainable tourism. The level of accessibility to online information on the Cittaslow towns is varied, but rather low.

Accountancy in Poland in the period of the centrally planned economy. A few comments from experience

Author(s): Zdzisław Fedak,Anna Karmańska / Language(s): English / Issue: 99/2018

Accounting and Tax Perspectives Regarding the International Road Traffic of Goods Activity

Author(s): Florin Boghean,Marius Blanaru / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

At present, the significant problems faced by most economic agents are represented by the large amount of complex legislation, which is difficult to understand and apply, interpretable and sometimes contradictory to other laws. This is true for companies working in the field of international road transport of goods, a distinct field in Romania which is characterized by a period of growth that has accounted for 3.5% of the registered number of employees in the economy. In the paper I presented a series of additional information on the completion of individual labor contracts in order to obtain a favorable opinion in the case of an inspection carried out by the Labor Inspection Authority (LIA) supervisory bodies, the obligations and problems resulting from the Minimum Wage Law in Germany. I also proposed an alternative solution with a reduced tax burden for applying the provisions of the MiLoG Law. Regarding the research on the evolution of the transport activity this was done for the period 2010-2017 based on the data provided by the National Institute of Statistics and the Ministry of Public Finance.

Accrual Accounting in the Army of Great Britain - Clarity, Transparency, and Accounting Data Analysis Options

Author(s): Miroslav Krč,Vladimír Golik,Jana Vodáková / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

The article "Accrual accounting in the Great Britain army - clarity, transparency, and easy accounting data analyze" analyzes the application of the accrual accounting and resulting consequences of the introduction of resource accounting and budgeting in the Great Britain Armed Forces. The analysis was based on the selected financial statements: Summary of Resource Outturn; Operating Cost Statement, Balance sheet. The horizontal analysis was used to analyze trends of the changes on the annually managed expenditure limits during the period of RAB implementation. The Great Britain army was monitored as a business. Analyzed reports show data for the current and last year. Using data from individual years there was calculated the increase in absolute terms and as well as in percentage terms (growth rate). The original absolute data from financial statements are monitored in certain contexts. Analysis of the trends examined the changes of absolute indicators over time. Change is expressed in percentage or index. How many units of the item has changed over time? (Absolute change) and how many percent of the item has changed over time? (Percentage change). In the horizontal analysis we measured the development of selected items of expenditure limits and capital resources (Resource / Capital DEL) and Annually managed expenditure (AME).

Activity-Based Costing in Health Care Organizations

Author(s): Ljilja Antić,Vesna Sekulić / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2016

The concept of Activity-Based Costing (ABC) provides informational support to the performance of key management activities in different organizations. Focused on activities and processes within the organization, this concept, using appropriate cost drivers, provides more accurate information on activity costs and costs objects. The paper analyzes the specificities of applying the traditional and improved model of activity-based costing in health organizations.

ADAPTING PUBLIC SERVICES TO CITIZEN REQUIREMENTS: TREND OR NEED?

Author(s): Marin Mirea / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

Public services are the basic elements in the evolution of a local administration. They can be developed with the help of IT sector and received by the decision makers in due time, so that citizens can continue their life and evolution in relation to the new standard of living using computer technology. The technological level of a territorial administrative unit, as well as the opening to urban and computer technology, of the urban representatives, are directly proportional to the degree of the area development, either local or national. Thus, an adequate technological equipping of all public institutions can generate both information and a pool of information that will lead to a quicker, better justified and grounded decision that satisfies the needs of the citizen when requesting. Through this paper, the author aims to highlight the need to adapt new information technologies in public services, as well as the benefits of implementing and using them.

Addressing the paradox of public expenditure – economic growth nexus: an econometric approach

Author(s): B. Venkatraja / Language(s): English / Issue: 5/2017

Since the introduction of economic reforms, Indian economy has been rapidly growing. Simultaneously, the government spending has also increased by multiple times. Interestingly, rapid rise in public expenditure has occurred during the era of speedy privatisation. The central issue of discussion is whether high growth is attributed to increased government spending and/or higher government spending is owing to rising economy. There are several theoretical propositions and empirical findings attempting to solve this puzzle but with no unanimity and their inferences are rather highly divided and fragmented. In this pretext, the present paper makes an effort to re-examine the direction of flow of relationship, nature of relationship and size of the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth in India in the long run through econometric modelling. In the course of investigating the nexus of relationship between economic growth and government spending, the study also aims to test whether Indian scenario validates the Wagner’s law or supports the Keynesian growth hypothesis. The underlying subject is investigated based on the data covering the economic reform period from1991-1992 to 2015-2016. Application of appropriate econometric techniques like cointegration test, estimation of Vector Auto Regression (VAR) model, Granger causality test, impulse response function and variance decomposition provide evidences of long-term relationship between growth and government spending. Results show that the size of the public sector is defined positively by the level of GDP growth in the long run and similarly, the variability in GDP is explained positively by the government expenditure. The findings of the study have evidences to support both Wagner’s law and Keynesian theory.

Addressing the Threat of Fraud and Corruption in Public Procurement: Review of State of the Art Approaches

Compendium

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2013

The present compendium of selected best practices addresses the threat of fraud and corruption from multiple perspectives, with the underlying purpose of providing practitioners from Romania and Greece with a set of state of the art approaches for addressing the threat of fraud and corruption in the complex multi-layered national public procurement systems. This publication is based on ideas presented at the international seminar EU's Financial Interests under Threat: New Approaches in Assessing the Risks from Public Procurement and EU Funds Fraud, organised on 31 October – 1 November 2013 in Sofia, with the support of the European AntiFraud Office (OLAF).

Adekwatność poziomu i struktury rezerw dewizowych Chin

Author(s): Dominik Skopiec / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2016

The aim of the article is to analyze the strategic aspects of the management of Chinese foreign exchange reserves in the context of dynamic reserve accumulation in this country. It is hypothesized that due to the rapid accumulation of foreign exchange reserves their level in China remains at the suboptimal level and this makes the effective management challenging and creates costs and risks for the Chinese economy. The methods applied include the analysis of statistical data concerning foreign exchange reserves and macroeconomic variables that characterize the Chinese economy as well as comparative analysis and literature study. It is found that the level of Chinese foreign exchange reserves has exceeded the traditional adequacy metrics and remains suboptimal. Bearing this in mind, the author points out that the management of Chinese foreign exchange reserves does not meet one of its primary objectives, namely ensuring adequate level of reserves. It leads to the increased costs of holding reserves since the fraction of reserves deemed as excessive is not necessary to ensure the proper fulfi llment of their functions. Moreover, the analysis of geographical, currency and investment structure of Chinese foreign exchange reserves indicates that the investment strategy remains conservative since the vast majority of reserves is invested in dollar assets, especially in US treasury securities. The aforementioned concentration leads to various costs and risks. However, the analysis suggests an ongoing change in the investment strategy with the aim of increasing reserves profi tability. The main symptoms of such a change is a rising share of equities in the Chinese foreign exchange reserves.

Administrative and Financial Reforms in the Nigerian Public Sector

Author(s): Osezua Ehiyamen / Language(s): English / Issue: 11/2017

The paper x-rays administrative and financial reforms in the Nigerian public sector. The purpose is to explore several programmes and policies initiated in Nigeria and examine the effect of these reforms as it foster transformational change in the country’s public sector. This is imperative given observable professional revolution between government and the workers on one side and among professionals on the other side. This paper adopted an exploratory approach in carrying out the research. Findings of the study reveal that there were abundant of literature on public sector reform with no study or review on administrative and financial restructuring programmes in the public sector. Therefore, the study concludes that reform programmes are key and indispensable in ensuring efficient service delivery in the Nigerian public sector as well as national development. It finally recommends inter alia: continuous and systematic review of programmes and policies of government to ensure alignment with national objectives; mobilization of adequate resources for successful execution and implementation of programmes; and collaboration among all tiers of government and professionals.

Administrative Capacity as a Constraint to Fiscal Decentralization The Case of Romania and Poland

Author(s): Dana Georgeta Alexandru,Beata Guziejewska / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

This paper considers the problem of administrative capacity as one of the main requirements that the accession countries seeking EU membership had to meet, and as a prerequisite to the decentralization of their public sectors and public finances. The selected decentralization problems are analyzed using the cases of two countries: Romania and Poland. The results of a theoretical and practical evaluation of administrative capacity as a likely obstacle to fiscal decentralization are presented taking account of the different levels of decentralization in Poland and Romania. A comparative analysis of Romania and Poland shows that administrative capacity can be a constraint for fiscal decentralization. In Poland, the main problem is that the local authorities have not yet been granted powers over taxes that are more complicated to administer in legal and financial terms. Romania has the problem of the incomplete devolution of powers and the limited financial independence of local governments, which basically means that the principle of subsidiarity is insufficiently implemented.

Administrative Costs of Taxation in the Slovak Republic

Author(s): Ladislav Pompura / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Administrative costs of taxation are for many years investigated by the economic theory and practice. They are connected with the principle of effectiveness of taxation and the goal for any state is to collect taxes relatively as cheap as possible. The goal of this paperis to present our data about the administrative costs of taxation in Slovakia and to compare results with the situation in other developed countries. We decided to use the already existing and tested Czech methodology to calculate results, to be able to obtain comparable data. Our results suggest that the administrative costs of taxation in Slovakia, expressed by the percentage of costs to tax revenues, are higher than in almost all comparable countries – some actions to improve this situation would be necessary.

ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL REFORM: IT’S ROLE IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN RIVNE REGION

Author(s): Vitaliy Okorskiy / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

The paper provides a brief description of the administrative-territorial reform in Poland and the Czech Republic, as well as the analysis of issues related to the reform of local self-government in Ukraine, the example of the Rivne region. The comparative analysis of the socio-economic development indicators Rivne region with the neighboring regions allowed us to determine the main directions of development of local selfgovernment. One of the major challenges for sustainable development of territories is a shortage of water resources, so the primary task of local government should be a question of preservation and restoration of surface and groundwater.

Administrowanie czy rozwój – 20 lat doświadczeń finansowania polskiego samorządu terytorialnego

Author(s): Krzysztof Surówka,Katarzyna Owsiak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 56/2018

The reform of local government from the organizational side has been completed. Nevertheless, the decentralization process is not. Local government units are entities of the public finance sector responsible for the implementation of established public tasks covering about 30% of all tasks. With this in mind, local government units should be provided with financial means to perform these tasks. The scope of financial autonomy of local government units is, however, diversified, depending on the adopted concept of its functioning. The system of financing local government units should be different if it is to ensure the adequacy of income to the scope of the tasks being performed, and otherwise if the local government authority is to bear responsibility for running its own development policy. It is impossible not to indicate that the more financial independence the more opportunities for development. The purpose of the article is to try to determine whether it is possible to talk about the risk of LGU financial independence.

Against the political expectations and theoretical models: how to implement austerity and not to lose political power

Author(s): Viljar Veebel,Liina Kulu / Language(s): English / Issue: 1+2/2014

During the global financial crisis in 2008–10 Estonia symbolized a pathway of fiscal consolidation and austerity. Moreover, despite opting for austerity and all the social and political consequences of achieving fiscal consolidation, the governing coalition in Estonia succeeded also in avoiding a negative political reaction from the voters and remained in power. The current article analyses the variables that made the austerity reforms in Estonia in 2008–11 electorally successful. The economic success of Estonia has otherwise been attributed to a combination of political, institutional, and economic factors: timing; a fiscal policy that was not pro-cyclical; the availability of reserves in Estonia; and the ownership structure of the banks. The present study asks more specifically about the variables that saw the economic success in the implementation of the austerity measures accompanied by a positive electoral outcome. As it will be argued, these factors include the communication strategy chosen intentionally or otherwise by the government, the design of the austerity measures, the peculiarity of the electoral cycle, lack of political alternatives, and the performance of neighbouring countries in implementing austerity measures.