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The economic security of Polish consumers in the context of European Union membership

Author(s): Mira Malczyńska-Biały / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The Article is based on an analysis of the acts of EU Community law, national law and subject literature. It aims at presenting the economic security of Polish consumers within the context of European Union membership. The main purpose of the article is to show how EU membership influences the economic security of Polish consumers. It is assumed that there were two factors that affected this issue: firstly, the change of socio-economic system after the 1989 and the introduction of open market economy; and secondly in 1991 the process of the amendment of Polish legislation in the area of consumer protection to meet European standards, which culminated in accession to the European Union in 2004. Selected acts of EU and national law in the field of consumer safety have been chosen and named in the publication. The article presents the analysis of selected elements of the legal protection of Polish consumers in the light of accession to the European Union. Furthermore, the article shows the improvement in economic security of Polish consumers involved in cross-border shopping after accession to the European Union. It also mentions the tightening of legislation pertaining to unfair contract terms and improvements connected with it.

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UNIUNEA EUROPEANĂ, CONCRETIZARE A TEORIEI INSTITUȚIONALISTE

Author(s): Lisa-Maria Achimescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 04/2019

Institutionalism, a doctrine that stems from the theory of the institution, formulated by the Maurice Hauriou at the beginning of the century, remains particularly stimulating for a theoretical analysis of the law, as an understanding of its social dimension and an incursion in the emergence and development of the institutional construct of the European Union. The article attempts to analyze all the facets of institutionalism, at least, from a theoretical point of view and create the link between the European architecture and institutionalism as a doctrine. Like all significant concepts that contributed to the creation of the European architectural design, institutionalism has a genesis and evolution that can be traced back to legal doctrine. Therefore, viewing institutional idealism from a critical standpoint, and taking into account the contribution of institutionalism analyses, outside the sphere of the legal doctrine, we deconstruct the interest prompted by critical reflection on the theory and doctrine of institutionalism, as well as, its use.

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THE EUROPEAN UNION AS A HERALD OF INSTITUTIONALISM

Author(s): Lisa-Maria Achimescu / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2019

Institutionalism, a doctrine that stems from the theory of the institution, formulated by the Maurice Hauriou1 at the beginning of the century, remains particularly stimulating for a theoretical analysis of the law, as an understanding of its social dimension and an incursion in the emergence and development of the institutional construct of the European Union2. The article attempts to analyze all the facets of institutionalism, at least, from a theoretical point of view and create the link between the European architecture and institutionalism as a doctrine. Like all significant concepts that contributed to the creation of the European architectural design, institutionalism has a genesis and evolution that can be traced back to legal doctrine. Therefore, viewing institutional idealism from a critical standpoint, and taking into account the contribution of institutionalism analyses, outside the sphere of the legal doctrine, we deconstruct the interest prompted by critical reflection on the theory and doctrine of institutionalism, as well as, its use.

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Migration Crisis and Its Impact on the Internal Situation in Turkey

Author(s): Dominika Liszkowska / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

The aim of this article is to discuss the impact of the migration crisison the social situation in Turkey. The article consists of three parts. In the first part, the author discusses the role of Turkey in overcoming the migration crisis along with statistics concerning the number of refugees in this country. The second part presents the state’s policy towards Syrian refugees and its evolution. The third part includes an analysis of the consequences which the migration crisis and the influx of refugees has caused in the socio-political situation of Turkey. This part also contains an analysis of public opinion surveys on the attitude of Turks towards the refugee community.

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Szwecja wobec kryzysu migracyjnego: aspekty polityki i bezpieczeństwa

Author(s): Artur Gruszczak / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

This article aims to make an insight into the conditions of immigrationpolicy and actions undertaken by the Swedish authorities and political parties in the face of the migration crisis in Europe after 2015. A hypothesis presented here assumes that a decisive evolution of the attitudes of the Swedish authorities, political parties, and society towards a restrictive approach to immigration arose from the awareness of the negative consequences of migration management for the Swedish socio-economic model and the political scene. The theoretical framework used in this article is the concept of policy responsiveness, including the ability of political authorities to respond effectively and lawfully to the needs and expectations of the citizens. Process tracing was applied as a research method useful for following the transformation process of Sweden’s immigration policy. Statistical data, documents issued by the government and political parties, as well as the subject literature were the sourcesutilised in the research. Conclusions drawn from the research point to the tightening of immigration policy as a result of the fear of a prolonged pull effect on foreigners and concern surrounding the appropriate handling of immigration in full accordance with the adopted model of immigration policy.

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Towards sustainable development in post-transition European Union states

Author(s): Laura Diaconu (Maxim) / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

Even though the sustainable development concept has been largely debated in the literature and its essence is very clear, the way in which it is implemented differs between countries and regions. The main challenge for the European Union is to tackle the differences in the development level between and within the member states, especially in the countries that joined the EU in the 21st century. The purpose of the present paper is to analyze the challenges and opportunities of the sustainable development in the post-transition European Union states, between 2010 and 2018. Although our results show that all the investigated states have made considerable progress in achieving a higher level of sustainable development during the analyzed period, the decision makers should take a more holistic long-term approach. This would involve closer cooperation between public sector, private sectors and nongovernmental organizations in taking environmental and socio-economic decisions.

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PARLAMENTUL EUROPEAN DUPĂ ALEGERILE DIN MAI 2019

Author(s): Cristina Vohn / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2020

The present article analyzes the composition and the structure of the European Parliament, which resulted from the European Parliamentary election from May 2019. The European Parliament is the most democratic European institution and its composition influences the functioning of the other European institutions and it can influence the future of the European project, in one way or another.

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Dezbaterile privind viitorul Uniunii Europene: poziții ale statelor membre

Author(s): Ovidiu Lungu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: LIX, 2/2020

In the conditions of the challenges facing the european community in the last period, the attention of specialists, politic people, and of the citizens is pointed to the future of the European Union. Considering this aspect it's important to find out, how member states position themselves on this subject, how they shape their image in relation to the trajectory that the community will have to follow in the near future. The study aims to identify member states positions, in relation to the future of the European Union. In other news, the particular positions of the member states will be presented and the common/similar and distinct views on the direction to be embraced will be identified.

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The EU Migration Crisis in Terms of Asylum Applications Received. A Cluster Analysis over the Period 2015–2018

Author(s): Andreea Florentina Nicolescu,Gabriela Drăgan / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

This research sets out the importance of studying the refugee crisis andthe phenomenon of migration, the way refugees reach European territoryand in which states they aim to settle. The fi rst part of the article shows theevolution of illegal entries on the routes that refugees use to enter the European continent in the period between 2009–2018. The second part of the article aims to highlight the European States which were affected by therefugee crisis in light of the asylum requests submitted by the applicantsfor international protection in the EU between 2015–2018. Therefore the analysis led to the classification of the European States into four clusters:(i) states with a high number of asylum applications; (ii) states with a medium to high number of asylum applications; (iii) states with a small tomedium number of asylum applications; (iv) states with a small number ofasylum applications. The objective of this classifi cation is to identify thestates that were affected by the refugee crisis.

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Coherence on Trial: The Coronavirus Outbreak as a Critical Test for the European Union

Author(s): Goran Ilik,Vesna Shapkoski / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

Starting in Wuhan in December 2019, and making its way all the way to Rome and New York in April 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has put the states, alliances and others, square in the face of a serious challenge. However, the question that happens to be a stumbling block this time has never been posed as a problem or obstacle before – the question of public health; a question that has taught the European Union a lesson about what is a top priority and how all the other policies, plans and strategies may seem unimportant overnight. This paper provides an analysis on how the European Union coped with the global threat given its limited legal possibilities, and the unprecedented situation of its Member States becoming the second outbreak point of the pandemic. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic, once again, has opened up the question of solidarity and the coherence within the EU. The conclusions drawn from this research are of great importance as a way to show whether the EU will come out of this situation with a positive outcome, confi rming its values of solidarity and coherence, or whether it will have to undertake drastic reforms in order to consolidate the latter .

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A Critical Analysis of Europeanism as an Ideology. Its Preconditions and Tenets

Author(s): Krzysztof Feliks Śliwiński / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

This paper looks at European integration and specifically at its institutional form – the European Union from an ideological perspective. The authorclaims that ‘Europeanism’ has become a new ideology shared among intellectual, political, judicatory, societal, and even dominant economic elitesthat influence or shape the European Union as an institution and its major policies. As an ideology, ‘Europeanism’ is a somewhat exotic mixture ofvarious, seemingly incoherent trends that give the current European Union its intriguing characteristics. On the one hand, economically, one caneasily identify numerous elements of neoliberalism, especially regardingthe fi nancial aspects of European integration. Likewise, arguments usedby the major proponents of European integration vis-à-vis USA, China,or Japan are of neoliberal character. At the same time, regarding international trade in agricultural products, intellectual property, or internal (single market) competition (freedom of labour) one rather quickly spots distinct elements of protectionism and over-regulation. Finally, in terms of philosophical outlook and especially moral issues, ‘Europeanism’ seemsto be mostly focusing on the progressive agenda.

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MULTILINGUALISM AND THE IDEAL OF UNITY IN DIVERSITY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION. KEY CONCEPTS AND CONTEXT

Author(s): Roxana Maria Nistor,Delia Pop-Flanja / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

In a world challenged by cultural diversity, this article aims to look at the great diversity of languages and cultures that coexist within the European Union. Building on the story of the Tower of Babel that explains, from a religious point of view, the cultural and linguistic diversity existing in the European Union, the authors tried to contextualize EU’s motto of “unity in diversity”, interpreted as an ideal involving a lot of effort and sometimes even many conflicts, but one that we should all fight for and strive to maintain.

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Az Európával való azonosulás értékalapozottsága

Author(s): Zoltán Grünhut / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2020

The paper’s aims are fourfold: (1) to propose a typology about integration theories which address ‘Europe’ as a political project bounded by principal objectives, and which due to their scientifi c status have the potential to infl uence political-public discourses and idea-formulations on the same issue; (2) to reveal and identify specifi c framings behind these theoretical arguments; (3) to relate these framings to certain values as foundations of subjectivity; and fi nally (4) to examine empirically if people with diverse value-sets and routinized framings have dissimilar perceptions about Europe and due to that, divergent attachment to their Europeanness. The paper strives to point out that iden tifi cation with Europe is grounded in a certain subjective stance, and this interrelation is a generative logic behind the arguments of integration theories as well. These concepts, thus, mainly have reconstructive and reproductive contributions.

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CONTROVERSELE UNEI ADERĂRI: DISCURSURILE OFICIALILOR TURCI FAȚĂ DE INTEGRAREA EUROPEANĂ A TURCIEI. 2016-2019

Author(s): Paul Emanuel Tap / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

The EU is one of the most important transnational organisations. Its values, economic development and global influence have transformed its membership into an ideal for many countries. Since the formation of the first European Community in 1951, the EU has broadened its borders by integrating new members. Even though most countries that pursued the European accession came from the European continent, some outsiders (e.g. Turkey) pursued European membership also. Turkey is an appropriate example and its accession process dates back over 50 years. This article analyses the perspectives of Turkish officials regarding European integration between 2016-2019. Due to the failed coup in 2016, the bilateral cooperation between the EU and Turkey has strained. The article uses directed qualitative content analysis to describe the official position of Ankara regarding European integration after 2016. The findings emphasise that Turkish officials support European integration. However, due to the European officials’ statements about Turkey’s inability to meet the integration conditions, Turkish officials perhaps will reconsider Turkey’s future accession to the EU.

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THE PATH OF NORTH MACEDONIA TOWARDS THE EUROPEAN UNION

Author(s): Agon Demjaha / Language(s): English Issue: 13-14/2020

In addition to being delayed as compared to the rest of the European post-communist states, the accession of the Western Balkan countries to the European Union has also been long and cumbersome. The Republic of North Macedonia, on the other hand, was the first country of the region to sign the Stabilisation and Association. Agreement and was awarded the candidate status as early as December 2005. Although the Commission has since 2009 several years in the row issued recommendation to open accession negotiations, the European Council has repeatedly refused to set a date for EU accession talks with Macedonia. As a result, during the last decade, in terms of the progress towards the European Union, Macedonia has been lagging behind as compared to a number of other Western Balkan countries. The main aim of this paper is to analyse the path of the Republic of North Macedonia towards the European Union. More specifically, the paper will focus on several internal and external factors responsible for delaying country’s progress towards the EU. It will be shown that long-lasting name dispute with Greece, the conflicting views with Bulgaria about shared history, slow pace of reforms and the process of antiquisation as well as the “enlargement fatigue” coupled with other internal problems of the Union, represent the most significant factors that have delayed Macedonia’s accession to the EU. While the EU and all member states have praised Macedonia’s historic agreement with Greece and friendly agreement with Bulgaria, some countries like France and the Netherlands still have objections to set the date for opening of the negotiation. Currently, the entire country is anxiously waiting Council’s eventual decision in October 2019 to begin accession negotiations.

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Wpływ Niemiec na formowanie się Komisji Europejskiej w latach 2005-2019

Author(s): Bogdan Koszel / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 02/2020

The European Commission, acting as an executive power and initiator of the EU legislative process, was in the 21st century at the center of Germany's European policy. First of all, German politicians wanted to: 1. ensure the appointment, in accordance with their wishes, of the President of the Commission 2. provide the German candidates with the most important and prestigious positions in each college; 3. obtain the possibility of influencing the course of the EC's work. In the opinion of the author of the article, the Germans under Chancellor A. Merkel succeeded in achieving most of these goals, due tothe growing importance of the Federal Republic of Germany in the European Unionand in the international arena. The article uses the institutional and legal, comparative and decision-making methods.

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LEGAL ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE SECURITY CONCEPT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Author(s): Ivan Petrović / Language(s): English Issue: 29/2020

The patience and perseverance of the countries of the European Union on the path of their own and world security is reflected in the adoption of documents, through decades of creation. The entire system of the project called the European Union was accompanied by the situations of the creation of such a system, its changes, uneven speed of organization and uneven speed of creating elements of the Union, as well as the impact from outside and inside on the Union itself. The European Union has developed at the level of member states, at the level of their mutual relations and at the level of supranationality. This development has become more and more complicated over time. Today, there is a minimal possibility that the member states of the European Union would endanger security through conflicts or wars, that they would not worry about the basic goals of the Union in the first place, and especially the goals of the Common Foreign and Security Policy. However, there is a limitation to this policy contained in the capacity constraints, especially at the international level. Regardless of that, the European Union is continuously striving to become a serious participant, which means strengthening the security identity, and especially the political and military components of the EU. This paper analyzes the development of the creation of European security from the middle of the last century and in the first decade of this century. It points to changes in the creation and development of European security and defense policy.

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Prospects of the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy and Russia’s Disinformation Campaign in the South Caucasus

Author(s): Nino Machurishvili / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This paper aims to provide an empirical analysis of EU policy towards the South Caucasus in the framework of the CFSP and CSDP along with perspectives of further development, taking in to consideration Russia’s military and ideological intervention in this region, and to address the issue of the EU’s role in shaping Common European Security. Methodologically, the research is based on qualitative techniques of analysis, key assumptions are raised through a comprehensive review of existing studies/primary sources and, more specifically, presents a case study of August2008’s Georgia–Russia military confrontation and creeping occupation. The comprehensive review continues with Russia’s disinformation campaign and series of anti-government protests in Georgia (after the so-called“ Gavrilov’s Night”), testing several theoretical explanations such as the democratic peace theory and the Europeanization Conflict concept concerning the EU’s conflict resolution instruments’ evaluation and offen siverealism to explain Russia’s involvement/intervention in South Caucasus territorial conflicts. As for its structure, the paper includes an introduction, with two important stages of model building – conceptualization and operationalization, an interpretation part – an overview of EU Foreign and Security Policy instruments, relationships with other global/regional actors, conflicts in the South Caucasus, specifi cally the, Georgia case, and, finally, a summarizing part, where key findings are highlighted.

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GHINION, SUMMIT-UL DE LA SIBIU, O BANALĂ FOTOGRAFIE DE GRUP

Author(s): I. Gabriel Năstase / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 46/2021

The summit of Sibiu was an informal meeting with historical claims, a political failure that Romania has registered. A failure which was extended to U.E., the increasingly tired and confused. For U.E. and for Romania, it will follow an increasingly bleak period due to the skepticism of some of the member countries who have invested hopes in the virtues of the „European Family”.

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2019-2020 Alternative Report on the Application of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the European Union Membership: Political Criteria

Author(s): / Language(s): English Issue: 60/2021

For Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as other Western Balkan countries, integration and membership in the European Union (EU) is a key strategic, political and economic priority. Bearing in mind the importance of the EU integration process, the members of the Initiative for Monitoring the European Integration of Bosnia and Herzegovina have been monitoring the European integration process since 2013 in a transparent, professional and non-partisan manner. 2019-2020 Alternative Report on the Application of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the European Union Membership: Political Criteria is the result of the work of the members of the Initiative. The report refers to the political criteria for EU membership, and also contains Special Reports on the local elections in Mostar held in 2020 and the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on the protection and respect of human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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