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Unia europejska jako podmiot w procesie instytucjonalizacji stosunków międzynarodowych

Author(s): Joanna Stryjek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2013

European Union is principal example of the so-called fourth current of institutionalization of international relations. What makes it special in the context of other state-like communities is the level of integration and what follows the level of institutionalization of intra-communal relations. There are two levels of institutionalization of intentional relations in integration organizations. On the first level international relations are institutionalized within the community of states. The second level concentrates on institutionalization of relations between the community and other subjects of international relations. The European Union is an example of organization that is advanced on both levels of institutionalization. This paper analyzes institutionalization of international relations between EU and developed states (Australia and New Zealand) and Mercosur - another integrational organization. Recommencement of negotiation between EU and Mercosur on a treaty of association, as well as commencement of negotiations between EU and Australia on the conditions of a Framework Agreement, have taken place at the moment when it was certain that world economy has to cope with the effects of a serious recession. Those actions, although they may seem irrational, are thoroughly rational as they increase the chances of reaching a compromise. Crisis helps to concentrate on the core problems and states (or organizations of states) are more willing in that distinctions to reach an agreement, provided that the balance tilts in their favor (even if the results of negotiations are very different from what was assumed at the beginning).

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Europejska polityka kosmiczna jako polityka publiczna UE

Author(s): Joanna Kwiecień / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

The paper deals with the European cooperation in outer space, which in the course of half a century has led to the creation of the European space policy, another European public policy. At the beginning of the paper, the definition framework for public policy was outlined and the European space policy was briefly presented. The analysis begins with an indication of the reasons for establishing cooperation for space, then it covers the history of European space efforts as well as the attempts to institutionalize that cooperation. In the further part of the paper, the process of working out the European space policy and the most recently announced European space programme are analysed. Finally, the conclusions resulting from the analysis give the answer to the questions raised in the paper about the ability to effectively design and execute the space policy, the results of implementation of particular space policy programmes, allocation of resources for the benefit of society, the position of the EU in international relations.

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Sprijinul Uniunii Europene in dezvoltarea comunitatii

Author(s): Laura Albu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 5/2016

This article aims to illustrate the importance of European structural funds which encourage the solidarity for each Member State. Funds are available for any person, citizen of Romania, freelancers, individual enterprises, associations or cooperatives. During the second part of the paper, there are presented some projects in our town. These projects were funded with European structural funds. The European Union assists countries to develop qualitative and effective

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Anul european al dezvoltarii: lumea noastra, demnitatea noastra, viitorul nostru

Author(s): Andra-Maria Moise / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 5/2016

The European Movement recognizes the importance of the EYD2015 in the context of its own work and regards the role of the European Union as a global actor. Where possible, the European Movement will contribute to the goals of the EYD2015 in its communications work, projects, and in its diverse activities with civil society actors world‑wide. 2015 is a special year for development. It is the first ever European Year to deal with the European Union’s external action and Europe’s role in the world. For development organizations all over Europe it is an unparalleled opportunity to showcase Europe’s commitment to eradicating poverty worldwide and to inspire more Europeans to get engaged and involved in development. 2015 is also the year in which the Millennium Development Goals that the world agreed to reach in 2000, and in which the international community will agree on the future global framework for poverty eradication and sustainable development.

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Poland’s policy towards membership in the Economic and Monetary Union

Author(s): Katarzyna Kołodziejczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Poland’s accession to the European Union determines future membership in the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). The subject of the research is the analysis of Polish policy towards EMU membership during the first 15 years of Poland’s membership in the EU. The research is political nature and intentionally does not focus on the economic benefits and challenges associated with Poland’s membership in the EMU.The aim of research is to focus on changes taking place in the policy towards Poland’s membership in the EMU conducted by the ruling parties, successively by the coalition of the Civic Platform (PO) and the Polish People’s Party (PSL) – PO-PSL in years 2007–2015 and then by the Law and Justice (PiS) in years 2005–2007 in consultation with the Self-Defence (Samoobrona RP) and the League of Polish Families (LPR) as well as 2015–2019 in the coalition with the Jarosław Gowin’s Agreement (Porozumienie Jarosława Gowina) and Zbigniew Ziobro’s Solidary Poland (Solidarna Polska).The main research questions relate to how has Poland’s membership in the EMU been perceived by the ruling parties since 2004 and what are the reasons for the fact that joining the eurozone by Poland until recently had been the strategic goal of the ruling elite of the country, and nowadays the strategic goal has become non-entry into the EMU.The main research methods were the analysis of the content of documents and a comparative method. The first method allowed presenting the perspective of Poland’s entry into the euro area from the side of the ruling parties policy. That is why the text was mainly based on source materials, i.e. reports, government documents, political speeches, party election programs and press articles. The second research method allowed to compare the concept of Poland’s membership in the EMU presented in various programs of the ruling political parties.The result of the conducted research indicates the radicalisation of the views of the Polish political scene. It also proves that date of adoption of the single European currency depends not only on meeting the convergence criteria, but also on which political option will rule in Poland.

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Mapping Western Balkans States’ Progress Levels for EU Membership

Author(s): Amer Kurtović / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2019

In this article, the European Commission’s annual country progress reports on the level of preparedness of the four Western Balkans candidate countries – Albania, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia – are used to create a map of each country’s level of preparedness (to join the European Union). This map, figurative in nature, consists of contemporary (i.e. 2019) grades for each chapter and the overall grade for each country, as well as a comparison of the initial grades each candidate country received and their current grades, also by chapter and overall. These are juxtaposed to each other in order to ascertain how much each country improved or worsened their level of preparedness in the relevant reporting period and identify fluctuations in the level of preparedness throughout the reporting period. This comparison also aims to spur future research into the causes of the grades and the grading method, which should be able to provide practitioners with a normative framework as how to mimic best practices and achieve satisfactory level of preparedness for EU accession.

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DOES THE EUROPEAN GOVERNANCE STRENGTHEN AS A RESULT OF THE REFORM PROCESS ADOPTED BY THE TREATY OF LISBON?

Author(s): Adrian Stelian Dumitru / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The importance of the Lisbon Treaty has been and is still widely debated in the academic environment. The insufficiency of the European Union model required adapting the Union to the reality of a 27 members that would bring it closer to its citizens, deepen democracy, increase efficiency and prepare the EU for the future as a global player. The discussion about governance arises in this context of the need to increase the transparency of the decision-making process and the implementation of public policies in a Union with different levels of decisionmaking. The objectives of ensuring the connection of citizens with democratic institutions so that they feel represented was an initial condition for more relevant and effective policies. In this article, I intend to first analyse the concept of governance and then I will focus on the mechanisms by which it has been strengthened once the new provisions of the Lisbon Treaty were implemented, with an emphasis on citizens' initiative, the role of national parliaments, the role of regions and local authorities, finally presenting the figures from the end of 2019 that show the confidence of citizens in the EU, compared to 2009 before the reform. We will see that more than 10 years after the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, citizens' confidence in the EU reaches a modest threshold of 43% and 2% higher when it comes to democracy - 45% of citizens agree that their voice matters in the EU.

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Unia Europejska między Brexitem a nowym Traktatem Elizejskim

Author(s): Andżelika Kuźnar,Jerzy Menkes / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 01/2020

The aim of the study is to analyze the effects of the new Élysée Treaty in correlation with Brexit. We formulate the thesis that Brexit in conjunction with the new Élysée Treaty sets out a new formula for institutional European integration – the construction of a unipolar system with France-Germany as a pole. The research is interdisciplinary – economic and legal. The results of the study allow to recognize that 1) deepened German-French cooperation creates a new actor in regional and global relations; 2) the Treaty based (French-German) duumvirate changes the EU system; 3) Brexit has destroyed the balance of power in the EU, as well as deprived the union of the benefits of triangulation of the bloc of the three largest EU Member States.

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ANAYASAL İSİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ BAĞLAMINDA KUZEY MAKEDONYA’NIN AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NE ÜYELİK SÜRECİ

Author(s): Oğuz Güner / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2020

The aim of this study is to discuss the membership process of North Macedonia (formerly Republic of Macedonia) to the European Union on the basis of the name dispute with Greece since its declaration of independence in 1991. Northern Macedonia became a candidate country for EU membership in 2005. However, because of its constitutional name, it went through a dispute which would last around 27 years with its neighbouring country Greece. In this study, initially the causes and historical dimension of the name dispute and then the solution process leading to the Prespa Agreement are discussed. The study also describes the role of the European Union in the process and discusses the m

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Stanowisko Niemiec i Francji wobec unijnej perspektywy rozwoju polityki wschodniej po pierwszej dekadzie Partnerstwa Wschodniego

Author(s): Sylwia Zawadzka / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 01/2020

The Eastern Partnership inaugurated in 2009, is the foundation of the Eastern dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy. Six Eastern European and Southern Caucasus countries have been included in this program and have become strategic partners for the EU after a decade of co-operation. Nevertheless, the attitude of individual Member States towards developing Eastern policy varies. This is determined by a different degree of involvement in ENP projects and by prioritizing specific dimensions. The article presents the position of Germany and France towards the establishment and vision of the development of the Eastern Partnership after a decade of its functioning. The aim of the article is to clarify the priorities that these countries follow in their vision of developing EU Eastern policy and to what extent these priorities can be considered as political constraints for deepening cooperation within the Partnership. The analysis is based on the assumption that despite the lack of a comprehensive EU strategy for the future of this cooperation, both France and Germany, forming the European „tandem”, follow a similar concept of the Partnership program development, based on three basic issues: limiting political cooperation for deepening economic integration; giving priority to relations with Russia, a firm opposition to political declarations related to the recognition of the aspirations of partner countries for EU membership. The main research method used in the article is the analysis of official documents of EU institutions and French and German government institutions in the field of foreign policy (including European policy), as well as official speeches of representatives of both countries. The comparative method was applied at the level of comparing the EU approach, as well as that of the German and French authorities, to the development of the Eastern Partnership in the medium and long term.

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Efektywność wsparcia Unii Europejskiej i USA dla Ukrainy od 2014 roku

Author(s): Renata Duda,Renata Kunert-Milcarz / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 01/2020

The research goal of the presented article is to analyze the support provided by the European Union and the United States for the reform process in Ukraine and to evaluate the effectiveness of this assistance. We assume that the European Union acts as a system of „connected vessels” and actively supports its own close neighbourhood promoting democratization of its structures and ensuring economic and military security. The time frame of the article covers the period after the Revolution of Dignity in Ukraine, in Kiev Maidan (2013-2014), which led to the overthrow of the then President Viktor Yanukovych and confirmed the European aspirations of Ukraine. The annexation of Crimea and the destabilizing actions taken by the Russian Federation (FR) in Eastern Ukraine (2014) also formed an important turning point, especially with regard to the assistance package provided by the US. This event directly resulted in a significant increase in the scope and amount of support. The final date of the analyzed events is 2019 and the presidential election in Ukraine (held in two rounds on 31.03.2019 and 21.04.2019, respectively), which brought victory to Volodymyr Zelenski. Although this choice meant the consolidation of Ukraine’s pro-European course, the lack of explicit EU’s statement about the prospects of Ukraine’s membership means that in the future this option should not be taken for granted. Due to the character of the research material, the methods used in the article are mainly based on a critical literature review (especially scientific articles) and secondary data analysis (desk research). In the part of the article relating to American military assistance, the basic research material is analysis created in Polish and American think tanks. Due to the time frame (2014-2019) and topicality of the subject, relatively little research material was obtained from literature of the subject, which, however, was a valuable source for the introductory part of the article.

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Proces Berliński i jego znaczenie z perspektywy polityki zagranicznej Polski

Author(s): Renata Podgórzańska / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 01/2020

Since the 1990s many formats and initiatives for stability and security of the Western Balkan states have emerged, which include a broad array of support instruments. One of the formats of cooperation involves the Berlin Process, which increasingly affects the Balkan reality. A number of political factors determined Poland’s joining in the mechanism. The aim of the paper is to identify and systemize them as well as analyse the importance of this initiative from the perspective of Polish foreign policy. It has been assumed that after 1989 due to the focusing of Polish diplomacy on the pursuit of strategic interests, the area of Southeast Europe, the discussed Western Balkan states included, was located at the margin of Polish foreign policy. The temporary increase in the activity of Polish diplomacy towards the region did not mean its appreciation from the perspective of Polish foreign policy but resulted only from a search for ways to boost the efficiency of implementation of its guidelines. What is more, modification of emphasis in the foreign policy after Poland’s accession to the European Union did not result in a modification of the Western Balkans’ position from the perspective of Polish interests. Taking the above into account a question arises about factors that determined the enhancement of Polish activity towards and for the region, an example of which includes joining in the mechanism of the Berlin Process. At the same time one needs to examine the forms and character of Polish involvement, and primarily to establish what resources and what instruments were supposed to support political declarations about the need to intensify Poland’s activity towards the Western Balkans region. The paper’s main hypothesis boils down to an observation that Poland, searching for ways to ground its position as a country involved in the development of the situation in the Western Balkans, joined in the initiative of the Berlin Process motivated, on the one hand, by the pursuit of Poland’s own interests resulting from the desire to boost its impact on the course of political processes in an international dimension, while on the other, its activity was dictated by the endeavour to intensify the region’s interrelations with the European Union. The detailed hypothesis, corresponding to the adopted research assumption, boils down to a statement that Poland has not become a key country in the context of the region’s integration with the structures of EU cooperation. Therefore, postulating the EU “open door” policy for years, regardless of its resources and capabilities, Poland became involved in various mechanisms supporting the expansion process. The main research methods used in the text include an institutional and legal analysis, a critical analysis of documents and the literature of the subject, and the comparative method.

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Misja Obserwacyjna Unii Europejskiej EUMM Gruzja w latach 2008–2019

Author(s): Julia Kołodziejska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

The article concerns the functioning of the European Union Monitoring Mission EUMMGeorgia in the years 2008–2019. The EUMM mission was presented as a tool to guaranteethe sustainability of the Sarkozy-Medvedev agreement. It is considered to be crucial todecide what results led to the functioning of the Mission and to determine whether thecurrent situation in the region allows to state that the objectives of the Mission have beenachieved and its further occurrence is justified. The article includes the issue of the negative impact exerted by the limited nature of the mission’s mandate on the practical activities ofobservers for the stabilization and normalization of post-conflict situations. The balancesheet of the Mission’s activity and perspectives of its functioning were presented in theform of a scenario of future events.

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Proces akcesyjny Chorwacji do Unii Europejskiej - implikacje do dalszych rozszerzeń Wspólnoty

Author(s): Maciej Górecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

This article analyzes the possible implications of Croatia’s accession process for further expansion of the Community (officially aspiring to membership in the European Union aspires five countries – Albania, FYROM, Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey). In order to carry out the present historical relations between the EU – Croatia, the characteristic way of Croatia’s accession process on each of its stages, the state of its accomplishment by the designated official candidates, assessment of their nature of the relationship with the European Union and possible prospects for future membership.

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Brexit and Its Impact on Poland’s Policy Towards Europe

Author(s): Adrian Chojan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Brexit has betrayed the disadvantages of the European project along with the fact that European institutions have no desire to conduct deeper reforms. Brexit cannot be considered without the stance that the British have developed not only in the last few years but generally over the period of its integration with continental Europe. A study shows the political consequences of the UK’s exit from the European Union alog with the potential scenarios of Poland’s European policy in the next 2–3 years. This article presents three scenarios for the development of Poland's European policy, i.e. the British scenario, a conservative scenario and a pro-European scenario. In addition, this article aims to show the potential activities of the Polish government in the context of selected scenarios for the development of the situation in Europe. Currently, the most likely is the British scenario, where the Polish government concentrates on those areas of integration that are important to it. The European Union will be treated by Poland as an economic organization providing access to the common European market as well as political support in the event of disputes with the powers. The adoption of the British scenario by Poland assumes an evolutionary drift towards polexit. The least realistic choice of scenario is the strongly pro-European approach. This would require a total change in Poland's European policy strategy and the abandoning of internal reforms.

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The Role of the Public Broadcaster in Informing Montenegrin Citizens about European Integration with Special Emphasis on Chapter 27

Author(s): Nataša Ružić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

As a media outlet established, funded and controlled by the public, the public broadcaster has a special obligation in regard to informing the people about topics of public interest in accordance with professional reporting standards. European integration represents one of these topics, bearing in mind the fact that Montenegro started its journey towards theEuropean Union in 2008. So far, 32 chapters have been opened, excluding Chapter 8 which is related to competition. In recent years, public opinion polls have shown a decline in the number of Montenegrin citizens who support Montenegro’s accession to the EU. This result can be explained by the impact of Brexit and the pessimistic estimates of experts that the European Union is going to fall apart in the near future.It is clear that the media – above all the public broadcaster – plays an important role in the process of informing the public on the accession process and shaping public opinion. Therefore, this work shall be dedicated toan analysis of the public broadcaster’s reporting on Chapter 27 which isrelated to the environment and climate change. This chapter was chosen precisely because Montenegro defines itself as an ecological state.

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EUROPEAN RURAL AREA AND THE CONCEPT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT. INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES

Author(s): Claudiu Gabriel Bonaciu / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2020

The rural space is not a material and uniform space. Uniformity can be considered in two aspects: the first is related to physical space - topography, basement, soil and microclimate; the second refers to demography - density, polarization from small communities to large urban areas. Through this article, we propose a conceptual analysis of rural Europe from the perspective of five disciplines: historical, geographical, sociological, political and functional economic. The purpose of this conceptual analysis, in which the literature has been used, is to understand the evolution of European rural space and rural development in the context of the transformations to which it has been subjected

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PROCESS OF ACCESSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA TO THE EUROPEAN UNION - CONTENT AND IMPLICATIONS

Author(s): Mariana IAȚCO,Natalia Putină / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2020

At the current stage, for the successful European accession and integration of the Republic of Moldova, it becomes essential to study this process in terms of given dimensions, because the expected result depends on their effective implementation. It should be noted that the accession process has registered both successes and failures on the path of Europeanization of the Republic of Moldova, there are impediments at the institutional level, although in terms of legislative connection to European standards Moldova has only successes. The purpose of the research is to study the process of European integration and to identify the institutional impediments in the way of Euro integration of the Republic of Moldova. In order to achieve this goal, the following objectives were formulated: conceptual identification of the integration process of the Republic of Moldova; appreciation of the evolution and involution of the stages of accomplishment of the European integration process of the Republic of Moldova; estimating and evaluating the perspectives in the process of European integration of the Republic of Moldova in the current national and international equation.

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ROMANIAN COMMUNITY IN AUSTRIA SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

Author(s): Marian-Ionel CUTOI / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2020

Migration is a social phenomenon that has profoundly affected Romanian society for the last three decades. Due to migration, in some receiving states, more representative communities of Romanians began to develop. One of these communities is that of the Romanians in Austria, which in recent years has developed steadily, becoming the second-largest minority community in this country. The influencing factors and the contextual environment influenced both the immigration and the socio-economic integration of the Romanians into the Austrian society. Evidence of this integration is given by a high rate of engagement in the labour market, entrepreneurship and the school system. Romanians are not only a well-integrated community, but also human capital that plays a particularly important role in certain areas of socio-economic life in Austria.

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THE RESULTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA WITHIN THE EASTERN PARTNERSHIP IN THE LIGHT OF THE “EASTERN PARTNERSHIP INDEX” STUDY

Author(s): Victoria Goreainov / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2020

This paper is an in-depth analysis of the results of the Republic of Moldova within the Eastern Partnership in the light of the “Eastern Partnership Index” study. For ten years, the Republic of Moldova has had different results in the Eastern Partnership, being considered even the “success story” in a certain period of time, and then giving way to Ukraine and Georgia in certain areas of development.

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