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Alternativni izvještaj o aplikaciji Bosne i Hercegovine za članstvo u Evropskoj uniji za 2019. – 2020. godinu: politički kriteriji

Alternativni izvještaj o aplikaciji Bosne i Hercegovine za članstvo u Evropskoj uniji za 2019. – 2020. godinu: politički kriteriji

Author(s): / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 60/2021

Za Bosnu i Hercegovinu, kao i druge države Zapadnog Balkana, integracija i članstvo u Europskoj uniji (EU) je ključni strateški, politički i ekonomski prioritet. Imajući u vidu važnost procesa EU integracija, članice Inicijative za monitoring evropskih integracija Bosne i Hercegovine1 od 2013. godine sprovode praćenje procesa evropskih integracija na transparentan, stručan i nestranački način. Alternativni izvještaj o aplikaciji Bosne i Hercegovine za članstvo u Evropskoj uniji za 2019 – 2020. godinu: politički kriteriji rezultat je rada članica Inicijative. Izvještaj se odnosi na političke kriterije za članstvo u EU, te sadrži i Specijalni izvještaj o lokalnim izborima u Mostaru koji su se održali u 2020. godini i uticaju COVID-19 restrikcija na zaštitu i poštivanje ljudskih prava u Bosni i Hercegovini.

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Finland and the European Union

Finland and the European Union

Author(s): DIOLEEN HUNDT / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2021

Finland joined the European Union in 1995 and is a member of the Eurozone. The country uses the Euro to trade as a member of the Economic and Monetary Union. This paper analysis Finland – EU relations, focusing on different fields and highlighting how the membership had influenced Finland, how the European integration process has worked and is working in case of this Nordic country.

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Assessment of the European legal framework of facial recognition technology

Assessment of the European legal framework of facial recognition technology

Author(s): MANON CAPLIER / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2021

In an era where half of our face is hidden by a mask, facial recognition technology keeps improving. Despite the opportunities it represents in many fields, this innovative technology is far from winning unanimous support among European citizens and right advocates. Between abuses of use, security drifts and privacy breaches; many risks have been pointed out. The European Union institutions are thus increasingly aware of the importance to provide facial recognition with its own legal framework, so that it is no longer governed solely by the broader framework of data protection legislation.

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EVALUAREA DIPLOMAȚIEI DIGITALE CA FORMĂ DE PROIECȚIE A PUTERII PERSUASIVE ÎN MISIUNILE PSAC ALE UE

EVALUAREA DIPLOMAȚIEI DIGITALE CA FORMĂ DE PROIECȚIE A PUTERII PERSUASIVE ÎN MISIUNILE PSAC ALE UE

Author(s): Victor Adrian VEVERA / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 03/2021

In this article, we aim to analyze the digital diplomacy of the European Union from the perspective of how it can become a tool of power. The analysis will be made from the perspective of international practice theory, so that the ways of projecting soft power în The Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) missions to manage an international environment affected by crises and conflicts can be identified.

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EVALUATION OF DIGITAL DIPLOMACY AS A FORM OF SOFT POWER PROJECTION IN EUROPEAN UNION CSDP MISSIONS

EVALUATION OF DIGITAL DIPLOMACY AS A FORM OF SOFT POWER PROJECTION IN EUROPEAN UNION CSDP MISSIONS

Author(s): Victor Adrian VEVERA / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2021

In this article, we aim to analyze the digital diplomacy of the European Union from the perspective of how it can become a tool of power. The analysis will be made from the perspective of international practice theory, so that the ways of projecting soft power în The Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) missions to manage an international environment affected by crises and conflicts can be identified.

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Chancellor Angela Merkel’s achievements and failures in the Germany’s European policy (2005–2021)

Chancellor Angela Merkel’s achievements and failures in the Germany’s European policy (2005–2021)

Author(s): Bogdan Koszel / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2021

The aim of the article was to analyse the Germany’s European policy under the rule of Chancellor A. Merkel in terms of solving emerging crises in the European Union in the 21st century. The author presented a thesis that despite the scale of problems, Chancellor Merkel was successful in finding solutions favourable to Europe. Her methods were often controversial and debatable, but she was able to break the resistance of her opponents. After Brexit, her greatest objectives were to maintain the cohesion of Member States and to guide the EU safely through the COVID-19 epidemic.

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Iść wolniej, a w każdym razie inaczej. Jak zbudować opowieść o Unii po pandemii?

Iść wolniej, a w każdym razie inaczej. Jak zbudować opowieść o Unii po pandemii?

Author(s): Marek Prawda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2021

To build the story of the post-pandemic Union, we seek to understand change and its impact on our lives. The year 2020 has eroded faith in a future conceived as a better version of the present. The pandemic has provided the arguments for the assumption that the project of modernity is running out of steam. We now know that we need to slow down, and look for other ways. The EU is trying to read these signs of the times through the Green Deal and the multi-annual budget, which is supposed to be an investment in change. The Community draws strength and oxygen for solidarity from overcoming its own weaknesses. It is moving towards a Union of closer cooperation. It does not only want to equalize differences between the rich and the poor, but also to create a different economic model. It seeks a new role in the world because it knows that it must rely more on itself. Out of this transformation emerges the contemporary European imaginary, a set of perceptions and emotions that guide human actions. They are particularly important for younger generations who have “stopped seeing” Europe. The pedagogical challenge is to explain the contemporary sense of being together. Poland has a chance to make the ongoing changes, including the green transformation, a strong developmental impulse. This is not helped by fostering anti-EU sentiments in the country.

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The EU external policy and the 2015–2018 refugee relocation system in the light of historical institutionalism

The EU external policy and the 2015–2018 refugee relocation system in the light of historical institutionalism

Author(s): Zbigniew D. Czachór / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2021

The main research objective of the text is to analyse the refugee relocation system in the light of historical institutionalism in 2015–2018. Historical institutionalism refers to the interaction between European integration actors in the European Union system, analysed in retrospect from a documentary perspective. The time factor is particularly important, since it enables to follow the institutional process defined by EU norms, procedures and integration rules and their sequential impact on favoured treatment or disavowing of integration visions, preferences, needs and interests.In view of the above, the refugee relocation system proposed and introduced in the period 2015–2018 confirms the above research assumption that the political decision on relocation made by the European Commission and the European Council resulted in a relevant legal act adopted by the EU Council to regulate the issue. Although under the pressure of the situation Member States agreed, some of them began to contest the decisions later.

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Zmiany w polityce antyrasistowskiej Unii Europejskiej w latach 2000–2020

Zmiany w polityce antyrasistowskiej Unii Europejskiej w latach 2000–2020

Author(s): Piotr Burgoński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2021

The aim of the article was to show that the EU’s anti-racism policy changed in the years 2000–2020, and then to present what these changes consisted of and what their nature was. The research material consisted of 62 documents of the main EU institutions: the Commission, the Council, and the European Parliament. The obtained research results show that the main changes consisted in a more nuanced approach to the fight against racism: noticing different groups affected by racism, different ways of experiencing racism, new types of racism (expressive, environmental), new sources (politicians and political parties, artificial intelligence). Among the changes to the proposed measures, one should mention the greater emphasis on measures ensuring substantive equality. It should also be noted that the protection of victims of racism has been strengthened. In addition, there has been an increase in the number of units within the European Commission responsible for combating racism, as well as an increase in the number of external structures that strengthen the capabilities of the European Commission in the field of legal analysis and policies. With regard to the manner of conducting anti-racist policy, the importance of the so-called a new governance. The observed changes were not radical but occurred gradually. They were linear, i.e. they did not signify a break with the past. They consisted in shifting the accents and adding another element, not replacing them. Accordingly, the development of the EU’s anti-racist policy can be characterized as a series of activities that do not compete with each other, but complement each other in order to achieve a predetermined goal.

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Polityka antykryzysowa Unii Europejskiej w obliczu pandemii SARS CoV-2 w obszarze zdrowia publicznego w 2020 roku. W poszukiwaniu rozwiązań funkcjonalnych

Polityka antykryzysowa Unii Europejskiej w obliczu pandemii SARS CoV-2 w obszarze zdrowia publicznego w 2020 roku. W poszukiwaniu rozwiązań funkcjonalnych

Author(s): Tomasz Marcinkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2021

The pandemic crisis has created completely new challenges for the European Union. The question has arisen as to what should be the appropriate response to a threat to the life and health of Europeans. At which level should strategic action be taken: European or national. However, with the development of the pandemic, its cross-border and unprecedented nature, many citizens started to expect action from the EU institutions. This paper presents the public health response of the European Union to the pandemic crisis in the first year of the pandemic. It presents the main directions of proposed actions, based on the analysis of EU documents. It shows how functional solutions were sought during the implementation of anti-crisis actions. Additionally, it presents how the pandemic has influenced the development of EU health policy (e.g. EU4Health or pharmaceutical strategy).

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„Specjaliści” od UE. O myśleniu potocznym jako granicy poznania wspólnoty europejskiej a sprawa polska (esej)

„Specjaliści” od UE. O myśleniu potocznym jako granicy poznania wspólnoty europejskiej a sprawa polska (esej)

Author(s): Marek Kaźmierczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2021

The main hypothesis of the article titled “Specialists” about European Union. Common sense as the limit of cognition of European community in the context of Polish policy is: understanding of European Union is shaped and determined by common sense (colloquial thinking). The author of the paper shows that the fragility of UE is rooted in the experience of the pornography of democracy where the rules and law fundamental for democratic society are used against citizens (compare with Polish or Hungarian perspective). That is why common sense is treated as the limit of political thought. Everybody in this context can be treated as the specialist of economy, ecology, international affairs, history, etc. Common sense makes emotions much more real than the facts that is why we can observe a lot of examples of the discourses of exclusion. There is also another important context: the status of liberalism. The author of the paper is convinced that in thinking about liberalism we should concern “biological turn”.

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Unia Europejska wspólnotą wartości. Spojrzenie z perspektywy języka protestu oraz nowych środków wyrazu w Polsce

Unia Europejska wspólnotą wartości. Spojrzenie z perspektywy języka protestu oraz nowych środków wyrazu w Polsce

Author(s): Krzysztof Molenda,Wojciech Nowiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2021

The article refers in its analysis to the perception of the values of the European Union from the human perspective as the highest good in the context of media changes and women’s protests in Poland at the end of 2020 and social activity demonstrating Poles’ attachment to the EU. At the beginning of the third decade of the 21st century, the important values emphasized in the public space are: the good of individuals, freedom of expression, political, social and economic equality concerning everyone, regardless of race, gender, sexual orientation, culture, religion, political sympathies. They are the basis for the functioning of the human community in this EU. New media, including extremely important social media, have become a space to defend these values.The aim of this article is a practical analysis of the intersection of values with a traditional humanistic meaning, such as the culture of speech and public debate, with the struggle for the freedom to express one’s views and defend values using new media. Contrary to appearances, it is not contradictory. The language of protest of the young generation is not correct, it reaches to profanity, because very often it is not only a generational change, but a response to the language of politics and politicians. The field for analysis is the political and ideological dispute sparked on the Polish political scene. Analysis based on political science research and media science was based on researching the sources of both scientific literatures, the Internet and social media. The case studies are related to the women’s protest in Poland and other protests against government policy. Due to the nature of social media, there is no censorship, no control of forms of expression and content. It is a practical realization of the freedom and the right to express one’s views and protest. This form of freedom leads to a vulgarization of public life. Often, vulgarity, verbal, gestures, symbols and their use have their source in the observation of political life. According to the authors, this form of expressing thoughts, including the one serving to defend basic social values, requires redefining and understanding cultural contexts.

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Europe in changes: the old continent at a new crossroads

Europe in changes: the old continent at a new crossroads

Author(s): Pavle Nedić / Language(s): English Issue: 1183/2021

Katarina Zakić and Birgül Dimirtaş eds., Europe in Changes: The Old Continent at a New Crossroads, Institute of International Politics and Economics and Faculty of Security Studies at the University of Belgrade, 2021, pp. 482.

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EU Military Operations as a Tool in the EU’s Foreign Policy Toolbox

EU Military Operations as a Tool in the EU’s Foreign Policy Toolbox

Author(s): Kamil Zajączkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

The main aim of the article is to characterise and analyse EU military operations, taking into account their objectives, assumptions, successes as well as their limitations and weaknesses. The author focusses his research on EU activities in Sub-Saharan Africa. The following research questions were posed: – what is the specifi city and characteristic features of EU military crisis management operations; – to what extent and in what direction are military operations launched by the EU evolving; – in what way do EU military operations influence the perception of the EU as a civilian and normative power and affect the development of the EU as a security actor; – what are the main limitations and weaknesses of EU military operations and what is their future in EU foreign policy? The author applied the following research methods: factorial, comparative, scenario, quantitative, and qualitative analysis. The main conclusion is that the EU’s military operations and its military training missions should solely be perceived as one of the elements (measures) in EU foreign policy. As has been indicated in the title of the article, they are “a tool in the EU’s foreign policy toolbox”.

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The Eastern Partnership as a Contested Neighbourhood: The Role of External Actors

The Eastern Partnership as a Contested Neighbourhood: The Role of External Actors

Author(s): Agnieszka Legucka,Agata Włodkowska / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

Contestation remains a significant factor in the EU neighbourhood. Theaim of this article is to elaborate on the role of external actors – namely the European Union and the Russian Federation – in managing local and regional contestation. The latter is defined as incompatibilities between two or more competing views about how political, economic, social, and territorial order should be established and/or sustained. Competing interests between the EU and Russia concern many issues; the model of political system in the neighbourhood (democracy vs. authoritarianism), the modeland direction of the economic integration of these countries (European or Eurasia integration), and the infrastructure and availability of gas and oil (energy disputes). The common neighbourhood, which concerns EU Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia,Moldova, and Ukraine), has become an area of rivalry rather than cooperation between the EU and Russia. The first seeks to stabilise the post-Sovietarea, while Russia exploits local destabilisations and conflicts to maintainits influence there.

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The Challenges of Ukraine’s
European Choice in the Context of the Kremlin’s Neo-Imperialist Policies During Volodymyr Zelenskyy’s Presidency

The Challenges of Ukraine’s European Choice in the Context of the Kremlin’s Neo-Imperialist Policies During Volodymyr Zelenskyy’s Presidency

Author(s): Tomasz Stępniewski,Andrzej Szabaciuk / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

This article attempts to analyse the situation in Ukraine in the face of ongoing Russian aggression and increasing pressure from the Kremlin towards Eastern European states. The armed conflict taking place in Ukrainemeans that the geostrategic situation of Eastern Europe has changed. Inthis context, the Eastern Partnership, which was meant to be one of thekey instruments shaping international relations with the states neighbouring the EU in the East, is quite often seen as an ineffective or even obsolete tool. There can be no doubt that the greatest problem for the Eastern Partnership is that the project is seen in geopolitical categories – thinkingof the countries of the Eastern Partnership in the context of the necessity for them to choose between the European Union and Russia (listening to statements by the EU’s political decision-makers, it can often seem that those states have no other option). The key research question is whetherwe will be dealing with an assertive EU policy in tandem with current US policy, or whether there will be another reset in relations between the Westand the Russian Federation.

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The Status of the European Integration Process of the Western Balkan Countries

The Status of the European Integration Process of the Western Balkan Countries

Author(s): Agata Domachowska / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

For many years, the priority of foreign policy determined by subsequent governments of the six Western Balkan countries, i.e., Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia has been their accession to the European Union. Yet, in recent years, this process has slowed down, and so it can be assumed that in the coming years there will be no further enlargement of the EU to include any of the Western Balkan countries. The following article is aimed at analysing the present status of European integration with regard to the aforementioned states, and discusses the causes of regression in this process which can be identifi ed on the side of the non-EU estern Balkan states and the European Union itself. Their integration is also a key issue in the context of the increasingly stronger presence of non-EU players such as China, Russia, and Turkey, all competing with the European Union for influence in this important region. The study was based on discourse analysis (including the critical discourse analysis approach) and content analysis.

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Digital Civic Engagement in the EU: Analysing Examples, Tools, and Sentiment in Latvia and Estonia

Digital Civic Engagement in the EU: Analysing Examples, Tools, and Sentiment in Latvia and Estonia

Author(s): Martins Vargulis / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

The decline of civic engagement has been an issue for several EU MemberStates. To promote civic engagement, digital tools have been perceived asone of the possible solutions both at the EU and national levels. Withinthe context of the COVID-19 pandemic that has intensified digitalisationin many forms and sectors, the issue of digital solutions for civic engagement has regained its relevance and topicality. In the last decade, Latviahas been among other EU Member States in which civic engagement hasbecome a concerning and long-term challenge. For instance, as opposed to Estonia, voter turnout in the most recent national and European parliamentary elections has gradually declined in Latvia. There are also limiteddigital possibilities through which Latvian society can participate and influence the political agenda daily. Therefore, this article provides an overview of the provisions and guidelines at the EU level to address the issue of civic engagement by promoting digital democracy tools. Secondly, it analyses what digital tools exist in Latvia to promote civic engagement. Thirdly, by comparing the digital civic engagement solutions implemented in Estonia and Latvia, the lessons learned are drawn. Finally, usingdata from quantitative (polls) studies (before and during the COVID-19 pandemic), the article provides recommendations for Latvia in the context of I-voting.

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New Space: The European Union’s Evolving Space Policy and Changing European Space Ecosystem

New Space: The European Union’s Evolving Space Policy and Changing European Space Ecosystem

Author(s): Özgün Erler Bayır,Özgür Aktaş,Kevser Mermer Akmaz / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

Throughout the years, the identity and institutional capacity of the European Union (EU) has changed. As a global actor in international politics, the EU has rerceived the need for developing a comprehensive space policyperspective. This perspective has evolved by the changing dynamics of thespace ecosystem i.e., “New Space”, and it is a phenomenon that consists ofnew business models, new technologies, new markets, new value chains,and new actors. New actors in space activities have drastically altered the dynamics of space activities. This paper aims to examine the new actors inthe context of European space governance, and scrutinise the tendenciesof space companies so as to develop a better understanding of the European space system. The article concludes that, being aware of the undeniable importance of space applications and the security of space systems, the EU attaches importance to catching the “New Space” trend in its governance structure and encouraging appropriate changes in the sector.

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The EU and Japan in the Process of Building Creative/Progressive Cultural Relations

The EU and Japan in the Process of Building Creative/Progressive Cultural Relations

Author(s): Bożena Gierat-Bieroń / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

The EU is promoting cultural relations with Asian countries. While building interpersonal and institutional connections, the EU pays special attention to Japan. The image of the EU and its mutual relations with Japan aregenerally recognised as predominantly good and trust worthy. This paper will examine the process of building creative/progressive cultural relations between the EU and Japan based on two hypotheses; fi rst: despite the factthat the EU tried to develop cultural relations within Japan, the embassies of the EU Member States are far more active in cultural programs than the EU Delegation; and secondly: the reception of the EU as a historic and cultural project is rather fragmented (as opposed to being holistic) inJapan. The aim of this research is to analyse, compare, and evaluate boththe effort and achievements made by the EU and Japan in the process of building creative cultural relations. The research will demonstrate an analytical approach in the political sciences discipline.

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